Mother Height Research Articles

Mitigating the Impact of Intergenerational Risk Factors on Stunting: Insights From Seven of the Most Food Insecure Districts in South Africa.

A large body of research investigates the determinants of stunting in young children, but few studies have considered which factors are the most important predictors of stunting. We examined the relative importance of predictors of height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) and stunting among children under 5 years of age in seven of the most food-insecure districts in South Africa using data from the Grow Great Community Stunting Survey of 2022. We used dominance analysis and variable importance measures from conditional random forest models to assess the relative importance of predictors. We found that intergenerational and socioeconomic factors-specifically maternal height (HAZ: Coef. 0.02, 95% CI 0.01-0.03; stunting: OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.94-0.98), birth weight (HAZ: Coef. 0.3, 95% CI 0.16-0.43; stunting: OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.35-0.72) and asset-based measures of socioeconomic status (HAZ: Coef. 0.17, 95% CI 0.10-0.24; stunting: OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.67-0.89)-were the most important predictors of HAZ and stunting in these districts. We explored whether any other factors moderated (weakened) the relationship between these intergenerational factors and child height using conditional inference trees and moderation analysis. We found that being on track for vitamin A and deworming, adequate sanitation, a diverse diet and good maternal mental health moderated the effect of birth weight or mother's height. Though impacts are likely to be small relative to the impact of intergenerational risk factors, these moderating factors may provide promising avenues for helping to mitigate the intergenerational transmission of stunting risk in South Africa.

Poverty induced inequality in nutrition among children born during 2010-2021 in India.

Almost two-fifth of the children in India is stunted and among various factors, poverty differential in child undernutrition is the largest. Using the latest population-based survey of National Family Health Survey, 2015-16 and 2019-21 this paper examined the poverty induced inequality in child stunting across the sub-populations of India. A sample of 213,136 children aged between 0-5 years from NFHS fourth round and 98,222 children in the same age group from the NFHS fifth round constitute the study sample. The wealth index is used as the proxy of household's economic wellbeing and height-for-age (HAZ) z-score of a child is used to identify the stunting status of the child. Box plots are drawn to understand the distributional characteristics of the HAZ score for both the study sample. We calculate the Erreygers corrected concentration index and decomposed the concentration indices using Gonzalo-Almorox and Urbanos-Garrido method. During 2015-16, more than half of the children from the poorest wealth quintile were stunted (52%), compared to 22% among the children from richest wealth quintile. In 2015-16, stunting was as high as 65% among the children of mothers with low stature (height less than 145 cm) and from the poorest wealth quintile whereas, the prevalence was observed 56% from the same sub-population during 2019-21. Among various factors, the concentration index of stunting was observed highest among the children of 36-47 months (-0.28) followed by children of age 48-59 months (-0.27) and among the fully immunized children (-0.25). Similar to NFHS-4, NFHS-5 also shows a predominantly higher socio-economic inequality among 24+ months children and among the fully immunised children. Factors like child age, birth order and sanitation showed positive elasticity. Decomposition analysis of NFHS-4 data shows that due to uneven distribution of wealth, mother's education as a determinant of child stunting solely explained 33% of the overall inequality followed by improved access to sanitation (24%), mother's height (8%) and place of residence (5%). Similar to NFHS-4, NFHS-5 data also shows that mother's education, sanitation, mother's height and place of residence predominantly contributes to the overall wealth inequality in child stunting. In India, poverty differential in child undernutrition is acute among the different sub-population of children. And the concentration of stunted children is higher among the different sub-population with higher wealth poverty. Mother's education, improved sanitation and mother's height explained larger variation in the overall inequalities in child nutrition across India.

Association of nighttime sleep duration at 1.5 years with height at 3 years: The Japan Environment and Children's Study.

Adequate nighttime sleep duration has been considered beneficial for linear growth in children; however, there is limited and conflicting evidence regarding the association between sleep duration and subsequent linear growth. To investigate the association between sleep duration at 1.5 years and height at 3 years of age. The Japan Environment and Children's Study is a nationwide prospective birth cohort study. Data from 52,140 term singleton births born at an appropriate-for-gestational age without background disorders that could potentially affect linear growth in the analyses were included. Nighttime and total sleep durations were calculated based on a self-administered questionnaire completed by caregivers. Tall stature was defined as height at or above the 75th percentile among participants. After adjustment for height at 1.5 years, sex, monthly age, mother's height, presence of siblings at 1.5 years, environmental tobacco smoke at 1.5 years, daily TV/DVD screen time at 2 years, attendance at nursery at 2 years, household annual income at birth, and parents' educational status, multivariate odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for tall stature at 3 years were 1.09 (1.01-1.17), 1.09 (1.01-1.17), and 1.25 (1.14-1.37) for 9.5 or 10, 10.5 or 11, and ≥ 11.5 h of nighttime sleep duration at 1.5 years, respectively, compared with those with ≤ 9 h sleep (p for trend <0.0001). Total sleep duration was not associated with tall stature. This study underscores the importance of nighttime sleep duration, not total sleep duration, in the linear growth of very young children.

Faktor- Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kejadian Stunting Pada Balita Di Indonesia Tahun 2024

Stunting caused by malnutrition during the growth and development process has a higher risk of illness and death in adulthood, so it can hamper motor skills and reduce the level of productivity and competitiveness of a nation (Rahmadhita, 2020). National nutritional status survey data (SSGI) in 2022, the prevalence of stunting was 21.6%. The target stunting rate in Indonesia is 14% in 2024 and the WHO standard target is below 20%, therefore how important it is to handle stunting in Indonesia. The aim of this research is to determine the factors that influence the incidence of stunting in toddlers. The method in this research is a full text critical review in Indonesian. Articles were selected in stages using the appraisal tool preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta analyzes (PRISMA), then duplicate filtering was carried out, screening was carried out based on title and abstract, full text, feasibility studies and until the final stage 11 articles were found that met the inclusion and study criteria. appropriateness. The results of this research show that the factors that influence the incidence of stunting in toddlers are exclusive breastfeeding, low birth weight, infectious diseases, mother's height, mother's education, family income, and nutritional status of pregnant women.

The association between parental height and stunting in children aged 10-13 years in Jimbaran, Badung Regency

Background: Parental height is one of the factors influencing a child's growth. During the growth period, a child's growth is significantly influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Parental height is one of the factors associated with the occurrence of stunting in children. This study aimed to determine the relationship between parental height and stunting in children aged 10-13 years in Jimbaran, Badung Regency. Methods: This was a cross-sectional research. Data were collected from primary sources, and a questionnaire was distributed consisting of three main sections covering the characteristics of the research sample, father's height, and mother's height. The sample was taken from children aged 10 to 13 years in Jimbaran, Badung Regency. Comparative categorical Chi-square analysis conducted with the independent variables being the height of the father and mother, and the dependent variable being stunting. Results: A total of 189 children meeting the inclusion criteria participated in this study. The analysis of the correlation test between maternal height and child height resulted in a low correlation with a correlation coefficient of 0.25. This study also indicates that among all respondents experiencing stunting, 14.3% of respondents have a father's height of less than 165cm (p-value &gt; 0.01, 95% CI: 0.20-3.60). Furthermore, among all respondents experiencing stunting, 21.4% of respondents have a mother's height of less than 155cm (p-value &gt; 0.01, 95% CI: 0.46-5.26). Conclusion: Parental height does not have a statistically significant relationship with the occurrence of stunting in children aged 10-13 years.

Case report: physical therapy and rehabilitation process of a patient diagnosed with achondroplasia

Achondroplasia is an autosomal dominant disorder. But 80% of cases are sporadic. Its incidence is between 1/25000 and 1.5/10000. Significant shortening of the femur and humerus occurs in patients with achondroplasia. This shortness causes the appearance of rhizomelic type of dwarfism. Since the skull of patients with achondroplasia is large during delivery, it may cause difficult delivery. During infancy, hypotonia is more dominant. Many patients also have delayed motor development. Our aim in the study is to present the successful physical therapy and rehabilitation process of our patient diagnosed with achondroplasia for one year and her condition from diagnosis to treatment. Our patient was born via cesarean section on 12.02.2020. The weight of the baby girl was 3500 grams. The mother's height was 162 cm. and the father's height was 174 cm. The mother was 23 years old and the father 27 years old. The same diagnosis was not present in any living relative of the patient. The patient was 1 year old when she applied to our center. She had completed head control and had not yet acquired the skills of rolling over, crawling, and sitting without support. Gross motor skills such as assisted standing and stepping were not developed. In this direction, after a 1-year physical therapy and rehabilitation period applied in 2 sessions a week, the patient gained the ability to walk independently.

Spatial distribution analysis and risk factors for stunting in Kerinci Regency, Jambi Province Indonesia

There are variations in the prevalence of stunting cases at the village level in Kerinci Regency. There have been no studies on the spatial distribution and risk factors of stunting cases in Kerinci Regency. This study aimed to determine the risk factors and spatial distribution of stunting. This research was conducted in Kerinci Regency from March to November 2020 using a case-control design and a total sampling technique. The study participants consisted of 223 patients and 223 controls. Children who experienced stunting were recorded at the health office. The controls were non-stunted children with an age range (±3 months) and sex who came from the same village as the cases—data collection through interview techniques and observation of the Mother and Child Health book. The chi-square test, logistic regression, and spatial distribution analysis were performed using the open-source software SatScan 10,1 and ArGIS 3,30. The analysis shows stunting cases clustered in Kayu Aro, Gunung Tujuh, and Keliling Danau Districts. A low father's education level (aOR=1,76), father's height &lt;161 cm (aOR=1,52), mother's height &lt;150 cm (aOR=1,83), and incomplete immunization status (aOR=1,6) were risk factors for stunting. In conclusion, cases of stunting clustered in three sub-districts, and the leading risk factor was the mother's height. The health office should make specific intervention efforts before and during pregnancy and focus on cluster-indicated areas.

Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Stunting Pada Balita Di Puskesmas Syamtalira Aron

Stunting is a condition where children under the age of 5 cannot grow properly due to chronic malnutrition, leading to them being too short for their age. The aim of this study is to analyze factors related to the growth and development delay of toddlers in the Syamtalira Aron Community Health Center. The research design used a cross-sectional correlational approach on the population of mothers with stunted toddlers in the working area of the Syamtalira Aron Community Health Center. The sampling technique employed total sampling, and 38 mother-child pairs with stunting were obtained as research respondents. Data collection took place from October 18 to 29, 2021. The data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test (α=95%). The results showed a correlation between the mother's height (p = 0.014), family income (p = 0.000), and exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0.033) with the prevalence of stunting in toddlers. Meanwhile, the variable not associated was the mother's educational level (p = 0.062). In conclusion, the research indicates a correlation between the mother's height, family income, and exclusive breastfeeding with the incidence of stunting in toddlers. It is recommended that relevant authorities collaborate to prevent stunting early on. Mothers are encouraged to proactively engage in preventive efforts by increasing knowledge and awareness to control pregnancy, understanding how to achieve and meet the nutritional needs of toddlers, ensuring that the process of toddler growth and development is optimized.

Socio-economic differences among low-birthweight infants in Hungary. Results of the Cohort '18 -Growing Up in Hungary birth cohort study.

As Hungary had the fifth-highest rate of low-birthweight (LBW) in the EU27 in 2020, LBW still remains a public health problem for the country. Our goal is to examine whether LBW in Hungary is determined by the mothers' educational attainment, adjusted for other maternal characteristics (SES, health behaviour and psychological status during pregnancy) among mothers who gave birth in 2018-2019 in Hungary. Source of data is the first and second wave of the Cohort '18 -Growing Up in Hungary longitudinal birth cohort study (n = 8185). It is based on a nationwide representative sample of pregnant women who gave birth between March 2018 and April 2019. All data were self-reported by mothers. We examined the association between maternal educational attainment and the risk of giving birth to an LBW-child (<2500g) by using logistic regression analysis. The highest educational attainment of the mother is measured by a five-value categorical variable (ISCED 97: 0-1; 2; 3C; 3-4; 5-6). 5.9% of women had LBW children. This rate is 18.0% among the lowest educated women with ISCED 97: 0-1; and it is 3.6% among the highest educated women with ISCED 97: 5-6. The adjusted predicted probabilities of LBW for these two groups of women are 13.5%, and 3.4% respectively, adjusted for household income quantiles, Roma ethnic background, residence place, smoking, alcohol consumption, and depression during pregnancy; controlled for mother's height, age at birth, parity and child's sex. Compared to women with the lowest level of education, the risk of giving birth to an LBW child decreases by 34.6% for those with the second level of education, by 60.1% for those with the third level of education, by 72.5% for those with the fourth level of education and by 77.2% for those with the highest level of education. Smoking during pregnancy significantly increases the risk of giving birth to an LBW by 54.9%. Being depressed at 7th month of pregnancy decreased the risk of giving birth to an LBW child in our sample by 13.2%, however the relationship is not significant. Our analysis confirmed that maternal educational attainment has a significant impact on the risk of LBW net of by other maternal SES and health behaviour factors. Nevertheless, even after adjusting for these covariates, inequality in LBW by maternal educational attainment persists.

Determinant factors of stunting incidence in Muara Enim Regency, South Sumatra Province

Early-life chronic malnutrition causes stunting. In 2021, Muara Enim Regency had a 24.8% stunting incidence, which is still higher than the stunting prevalence in South Sumatra at 24.4%. This research aims to look into the factors contributing to stunting in the Muara Enim. The study's design was cross-sectional, with a sample of children aged 6-59 months living in the Rambang sub-district of Muara Enim Regency. There are 269 children under five were selected as samples using a stratified random sampling procedure. The chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analyses were utilized for data analysis. The findings revealed that five variables, including birth length (p=0.224 OR=1.684), exclusive breastfeeding (p=0.009 and OR=2.590), mother's height (p=0.028 OR=1.834), mother's education level (p=0.001 OR=0.488), and ownership of latrine (p=0.045 OR=0.470), had a relation with stunting incidence. According to the multiple logistic regression test result, the most influential variable associated with the stunting incidence was the mother's level of education, with OR=2.369 (95% CI OR=1.376-4.078), indicating that mothers with lower levels of education were 2.37 times more likely to have children with stunting than mothers with higher levels of education.

The association of sociodemographic, nutrition, and sanitation on stunting in children under five in rural area of West Java Province in Indonesia.

The prevalence of stunting in Indonesia has decreased gradually. The strategy to reduce stunting is currently prioritized on improving socio-economic levels, fulfilling food intake, and sanitation conditions. This study aims to analyze the association between sociodemographics, nutrition, and sanitation on stunting in rural West Java Province in Indonesia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in May-August 2022 among 247 mother-children pairs, selected by systematic random sampling from a rural area of West Java Province in Indonesia. The sociodemographic characteristics were measured using a structured questionnaire. The nutritional status of the children under five was assessed by length/height-for-age (HAZ), and was calculated using WHO Anthro software. Sanitation is assessed using observation and interviews with a structured questionnaire. The prevalence of stunting in children under five was 20.7% (5.3% severely stunted and 15.4% stunted). Binary logistic regression analysis using SPSS version 22.0 show that mother's height as the dominant factor associated with stunting in children under five (AOR = 3.45, 95% CI: 1.12-4.67, p = 0.008). In addition, children's age (AOR = 0.250, 95% CI: 0.104-0.598, p = 0.002); balanced diet practices (AOR = 1.57, 95% CI: 0.965-2.56, p = 0.069), and building materials (AOR = 1.869, 95% CI: 0.87-4.00, p = 0.108 are also related to stunting in children under five. Efforts to improve maternal nutrition need to be carried out from the period before pregnancy to the first 1000 days of life. Education on healthy home indicators, especially the use of this type of building materials for houses, needs to be done to improve sanitation as an effort to prevent stunting in children under five.

Scoring Card for Characteristics of Mother, Child, and Environtment in Early Stunting Detection Efforts

Stunted children at an early age have lower fluid intelligence. 48.6% of children aged 7-8 years have less cognitive ability. This study uses a case-control research design. The sample in this study included 113 case groups and 113 control groups. The independent variables in this study were maternal anemia, Choric Energy Deficiency (CED) in pregnant women, pregnancy complications, maternal infection history, smoking habits, mother's height, age at pregnancy, mother's education, birth weight, birth length, gender of the baby, history of diarrheal infection, ARI, gestational age during pregnancy, birth gap, exclusive breastfeeding, weaning food, helminthiasis, child immunization, clean water, and family income. The dependent variable in this study is the incidence of stunting in children under five. The results showed that the variables related to stunting were maternal anemia, CED in pregnant women, mother's height, age at pregnancy, mother's education, birth weight, birth length, baby's gender, history of diarrheal infection, ARI, helminthiasis, and income. The analysis using the ROC obtained a confidence value of 8.5, which means very good, and the cut-off point that can be used in determining the risk of stunting is 8.5. It is necessary to socialize the use of stunting scoring cards to carry out early detection of toddlers to find out whether there is a risk of stunting so health workers can carry out proper assistance to apply the prevention efforts.

Inequalities and Effect of Non-Biological Factors on Perinatal Mortality in Uttar Pradesh.

Approximately 6 million neonatal deaths occur globally, with approximately 99 percent of them occurring in developing countries. This study is an attempt to examine the prevalence and influence of non-biological factors on perinatal mortality in India. National Family Health Survey (2015-2016) data and bivariate and multivariate techniques have been used to fulfill the aforesaid objectives. Findings suggest that approximately 47 perinatal deaths occurred per 1,000 pregnancies lasting seven or more months during the last five years preceding the survey in Uttar Pradesh. Parental education, wealth status, variables related to pregnancy and delivery, mother's demographic factors, mother's height, and child characteristics have shown significant impact on perinatal mortality. For a policy point of view, more emphasis is needed on quality of care of National Health Mission (NHM) strategy at times of greater risk-that is, birth and the first few days of life-which could be the way forward for reducing high perinatal deaths.

Predicting the Height of Individuals with Machine Learning Methods by Considering Non-Genetic Factors

As many parents want to know how many centimeters their child will be in the future, many people in their developmental years want to know how many centimeters their future height will be. In addition, the development of children in terms of height and weight is medically controlled from the moment they are born. As a result, height development is important for both individuals and medical professionals. In this study, it is aimed to predict the height of individuals using personal and family information and factors affecting height. In the study, the 10 most known characteristics among the factors affecting height were selected. These attributes, mother's height, father's height, economic status, jumping and weight sports status, gender, information about the child's age, history of chronic illness in the individual, the longest living region, and the individual's height were taken as input values in machine learning methods. Using these input values, the length of the individual was predicted using Linear Regression (LR) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) from machine learning methods. In addition, three error measurement methods were used to evaluate the success of the model: mean absolute error (MAE), mean square error (MSE) and R-Square (R^2). In the R^2 evaluation metric, the method was 84.48% in LR and 81.74% in ANN.

Relationship Of Maternal Nutrition Status And Mother's Height Of Stunting Events In Tolls At Puskesmas Pagambiran

&lt;div&gt;&lt;table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align="left" valign="top"&gt;&lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Abstract&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Stunting is a chronic malnutrition problem characterized by height for age which is &amp;lt;-2 SD according to the median standard of child growth. Stunting causes poor quality of human resources, which will reduce productivity. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;T&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;he factor causing the problem of stunting In Tools AtPagambiran Health Center, Padang City is the lack of clean water sanitation. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the nutritional status of the mother, the height of the mother, and the mother's knowledge of the incidence of stunting in toddlers at the Pagambiran Health Center, Padang City.This research is an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design. This research was conducted at the Pagambiran Health Center in Padang City with 3457 populations in November 2021-December 2022. The research sample was 174 mothers and children aged 24-59 months. Sampling using Stratified Random Sampling and Simple Random Sampling. Data collection used a questionnaire and the MCH handbook. The statistical tests used are Chi-square and Logistic Regression.The results of the univariate study found that 55 mothers (31.6%) had a history of chronic energy deficiency, and 12 mothers (6.9%) had a height &amp;lt; 150 cm. The results of the bivariate study using chi-square analysis obtained the p-value of each variable, namely the mother's nutritional status (p=0.005) and mother's height (p=0.018). The study concludes that there is a relationship between the mother's nutritional status and the mother's height in the incidence of stunting in toddlers at the Pagambiran Health Center, Padang City.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;Researchers suggest that counseling related to stunting can be carried out for pregnant women and prospective brides as an initial preventive measure.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Keywords: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Chronic Energy Deficiency, Mother's Height, Stunting.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;

Building an Anti-Stunting Village before Genting Based on the Role of Thematic Real Work Lecture (KKNT) Students in Simpang Tiga Sawit Village, Seberang Langkat Regency, Langkat Regency

In Indonesia, the National Strategy (Stranas) for the Acceleration of Stunting Child Prevention for the 2018–2024 period is a guide document for the implementation framework for stunting reduction. Following up on this, the government issued Presidential Regulation (Perpres) Number 72 of 2021 concerning the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction with the intention of strengthening the intervention and institutional framework in the process of implementing the acceleration of stunting reduction. A condition known as stunting occurs when a child's height is much lower than expected for their age. In addition to being physically shorter than classmates, children with stunted development often experience cognitive impairment and weakened immunity. If a child suffers from stunting, the effects are generally never reversible. A solution is in sight, despite the fact that there is still a significant threat to the safety of millions of young people. A number of elements, including the consumption of food throughout the first thousand days of a person's life (HPK). To achieve the target of 14 percent by 2024 as stipulated in the 2020-2024 RPJMN, future stunting eradication measures must be strengthened and accelerated. It is hoped that all parties involved will care and participate in efforts to prevent stunting in children, especially adolescents, who are the future generation Z of millennials. According to the government, one of the contemporary issues affecting adolescent health is the double burden, which refers to the difficulty of malnutrition and overnutrition. It has to do with community service. Previous research on the elements associated with stunting in toddlers was conducted in support of this service. The findings were that maternal characteristics, such as mother's height and level of education, were related to the occurrence of stunting in children. Girls who are now teenagers will become mothers in later generations. The importance of getting education for adolescents, especially in Raising awareness about various methods to reduce stunting can break the chain that leads to the prevalence of stunting in toddlers. It is hoped that teenagers will become cadres in building a stunting antu village before it is precarious by having a strong knowledge of stunting prevention efforts that can be conveyed to their peers. Keywords: Stunting, Village, Nutrition Prevention, Mother, Toddler

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of idiopathic central precocious puberty in girls

IntroductionPrior studies have found inconsistent results regarding the relationship between vitamin D status and Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty (ICPP). ObjectiveTo assess the role of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 [OH]D) levels in ICPP development. MethodThe authors retrospectively collected data from 221 girls with ICPP and 144 healthy girls between January 2017 and December 2019. The participants’ serum 25(OH)D levels were measured using an automatic chemiluminescence method, and the association between serum 25(OH)D levels and the risk of ICPP was assessed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Odds Ratios (OR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI) were calculated as effect estimates. ResultsSerum 25(OH)D levels in the ICPP group were significantly lower than those in healthy controls (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated that girls with insufficient vitamin D levels (OR = 0.201; 95% CI 0.094–0.428; p < 0.001) and sufficient vitamin D levels (OR = 0.141; 95% CI 0.053–0.375; p < 0.001) both had a lower risk of ICPP than girls with vitamin D deficiency. Moreover, the authors found that the height (p = 0.014), weight (p = 0.014), breast stage (p = 0.010), mother's height (p < 0.001), and luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone ratio (p = 0.010) in girls with ICPP could be associated with levels of vitamin D. ConclusionThis study found that a low serum 25(OH)D level is an independent risk factor for ICPP, and several characteristics of girls with ICPP could be affected by their vitamin D status.

Factor associated with Stunting Incidents in Kepyar Village, Purwantoro District, Wonogiri Regency in 2021

Background: The WHO-MGRS (Multicenter Growth Reference Study) recommendations based on the height for age index define stunting as a condition in which the body is short or extremely short. The incidence of stunting among children under five is predicted to reach 21.9% in 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Stunting affects 149.0 million children, who run the risk of developing stunted growth, poor brain development, lower IQ, and disease vulnerability. Objectives: The study aimed to find out the variables associated with the incidence of stunting in 2021 in Kepyar Village, Purwantoro District, Wonogiri Regency. Methods: The research design was case-control with a ratio of 1:1 consisting of 22 samples from cases and 22 samples from controls. 22 individuals who were not deemed to be at risk of suffering stunting made up the control sample for toddlers. Between November 2021 and January 2022, the study was carried out. Low birth weight (LBW), birth length, exclusive breastfeeding, mother's last educational level, mother's height, socioeconomic status, accessibility to weaning food, early breastfeeding initiation, and also considered the mother's age at conception were all independent variables. The dependent variable is stunting, which can be either chronic or mild to severe (-2 SD). Fisher's Exact Test was used to analyze this study. Results: The majority of children were not LBW (90.9%), followed by normal birth length (81.8%), exclusive breastfeeding (56.8%), low education level of the mother (72.7%), mother's height was not at risk (72.7%), early breastfeeding initiation (63.6%), low socioeconomic status (63.6%), proper weaning food (77.3%), and maternal age during pregnancy is not at risk (54.5%). Early initiation of breastfeeding and stunting incidents showed a statistically significant association (p-value of 0.005), then there was also a relationship between socioeconomic status and stunting incidents (p-value of 0.028). Conclusions: Socioeconomic status and early initiation of breastfeeding are associated with stunting incidents. To lower the frequency of stunting in Kepyar Village, early initiation of breastfeeding promotion needs to be optimized.

Analysis of risk factors and construction of a prediction model for short stature in children.

Short stature in children is an important global health issue. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors associated with short stature and to construct a clinical prediction model and risk classification system for short stature. This cross-sectional study included 12,504 children aged 6-14 years of age from 13 primary and secondary schools in Pingshan District, Shenzhen. A physical examination was performed to measure the height and weight of the children. Questionnaires were used to obtain information about children and their parents, including sex, age, family environment, social environment, maternal conditions during pregnancy, birth and feeding, and lifestyle. The age confounding variable was adjusted through a 1 : 1 propensity score matching (PSM) analysis and 1,076 children were selected for risk factor analysis. The prevalence of short stature in children aged 6-14 years was 4.3% in the Pingshan District, Shenzhen. The multivariate logistic regression model showed that the influencing factors for short stature were father's height, mother's height, annual family income, father's level of education and parents' concern for their children's height in the future (P < 0.05). Based on the short stature multivariate logistic regression model, a short stature nomogram prediction model was constructed. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.748, indicating a good degree of discrimination of the nomogram. According to the calibration curve, the Hosmer-Lemesio test value was 0.917, and the model was considered to be accurate. Based on a risk classification system derived from the nomogram prediction model, the total score of the nomogram was 127.5, which is considered the cutoff point to divides all children into low-risk and high-risk groups. This study analyzed the risk factors for short stature in children and constructed a nomogram prediction model and a risk classification system based on these risk factors, as well as providing short stature screening and assessment individually.

Interpretable machine learning to identify important predictors of birth weight: A prospective cohort study.

Predicting birth weight and identifying its risk factors are clinically important. This study aims to use interpretable machine learning to predict birth weight and identity important predictors. This prospective cohort study was conducted in Tongzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Beijing, China, recruiting pregnant women between June 2018 and February 2019. We used 24 features to predict infant birth weight, including gestational age, mother's age, parity, history of macrosomia delivery, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), height, father's BMI, lifestyle (diet, physical activity, smoking), and biomarker (fasting glucose and lipids) features. Study outcome was birth weight of infant. We used 8 supervised learning models including 4 individual [linear regression, ridge regression, lasso regression, support vector machines regression (SVR)], and 4 ensemble estimators (random forest, AdaBoost, gradient boosted trees, and voting ensemble for regression) to predict birth weight. Model accuracy was measured by root mean squared error (RMSE) of 10-fold cross validation on the training set and RMSE of prediction on the test set. We used permutation importance algorithm to understand the prediction from the models and what affected them. This study included 4,754 mother-child dyads. RMSEs were lower in voting ensemble for regression, linear regression, and SVR than random forest, AdaBoost, and gradient boosted tree. The 5 most important predictors for infant birth weight were gestational age, fetal sex, preterm birth, mother's height, and pre-pregnancy BMI. After adding ultrasound-measured indicators of fetal growth into predictors, mother's height and pre-pregnancy BMI remained the most important predictors in predicting the outcome. Mother's height and pre-pregnancy BMI were identified as important predictors for infant birth weight. Interpretable machine learning is a promising tool in the prediction of birth weight.