Health Of Mothers Research Articles

Effectiveness of Consumption of Moringa Leaves, Fe Tablets with Dates and Fe Tablets Against Increasing Hemoglobin in Pregnant Women with Anemia

Anemia is a significant health issue with serious consequences, including increased maternal and infant mortality and reduced performance in various activities. In pregnant women, nutritional anemia not only jeopardizes the mother's health but also affects fetal development and pregnancy outcomes. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of consuming Moringa leaves and dates in increasing hemoglobin levels in pregnant women with anemia. A quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test was used, involving 210 pregnant women divided into two groups. Group 1 received Moringa leaves and Fe tablets, while Group 2 received dates and Fe tablets, with interventions lasting 30 days. Initial tests showed moderate anemia in both groups. After the intervention, significant improvements in hemoglobin levels were observed in both groups. However, the combination of dates and Fe tablets proved more effective than Moringa leaves and Fe in raising hemoglobin levels. The findings suggest that both Moringa leaves and dates are effective in combating anemia in pregnant women, with dates showing slightly better results.

Differences in the Time to Achieve Bromage Score (2) in Post-Spinal Anesthesia Caesarean Section Patients between the Use of Conventional Methods and Eracs

Pregnancy, labor, and delivery lead to significant physiological changes, and having accurate knowledge of these changes is crucial for an effective spinal anesthetic technique during a caesarean section. Optimizing the mother's health before, during, and after a caesarean section is the goal of the ERACS care method, which is a specialized approach to surgical procedures. Issues with lower limb mobility, anxiety, and dependence on others are some mental health problems that may arise from prolonged recovery periods. Spinal anesthesia patients are evaluated using the Bromage scale to determine if they are ready to be released from the post-anesthesia room. Researchers at Panglima Sebaya Hospital aimed to compare the time taken by standard operating room procedures and ERACS to reach a Bromage Score (2) after spinal anesthesia in caesarean section patients. This study employed a cross-sectional design based on observational analytical research, which is a non-experimental quantitative technique. Out of 84 patients, 47 were treated with standard SC techniques, and 47 were treated with ERACS SC. The findings indicated that the conventional method took 181–240 minutes (3–4 hours) to achieve a Bromage score (2), while the ERACS method only took 60–120 minutes (1–2 hours). A significance value of 0.000 (2-tailed) was determined based on the independent t-test results. The results showed that the ERACS method required less time than the conventional method to achieve Bromage Score (2) in CS patients post-spinal anesthesia.

Exploring the far-reaching consequences of malnutrition during pregnancy and beyond: A comprehensive review

In India, maternal and infant malnutrition continues to be a significant contributor to health problems. Fetal malnutrition can result from an inadequate nutrient supply, necessary nutrition services, and ideal practices before, during, and following pregnancy. This comprehensive review delves into the complex relationships among hormone changes, microbial ecosystems, and nutrition, and how these relationships affect the health of mothers and their offspring. The review highlights how important it is to maintain good nutrition during pregnancy and to comprehend the dietary modifications that pregnant people make on their own to create interventions that work. Important minerals like calcium, iron, folic acid, iodine, and vitamin D are covered. Acknowledging the mutualistic association between the eating habits of mothers and the diverse microbiomes found in their gut, vagina, and oral channels, the review explores the influence on hormone levels and their consequences during gestation. Diverse fetal developmental needs are depicted by the table that outlines food requirements for each of the three trimesters. The detrimental effects of poor prenatal nutrition on a mother's health and its repercussions for neonates are examined. The effects of malnutrition after delivery, including difficulties throughout pregnancy, healing periods, and general effects on mental and physical health, are well studied. The study, which adopts a worldwide viewpoint, finds that societal norms, information gaps, and poverty are the main causes of malnutrition. Prevention techniques are discussed, emphasizing the significance of taking a comprehensive approach to addressing this vital issue in both the Indian and global contexts.

HUBUNGAN KETERATURAN PEMERIKSAAN ANC TERHADAP KEJADIAN ANEMIA DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS TURIKALE KECAMATAN TURIKALE KABUPATEN MAROS

Regular pregnancy checks will determine the mother's health status during pregnancy because basically the cause of Fe deficiency anemia in pregnant women is caused by two factors, namely direct and indirect factors. Meanwhile, factors that do not directly influence a person's Hb levels by influencing the availability of Fe in food include the low economy.The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between the regularity of ANC examinations and the incidence of anemia in the Turikale Community Health Center Working Area, Turikale District, Maros Regency. The type and research method used is the Cross Sectional Study method. In this study, the samples taken were 36 third trimester pregnant women who had their pregnancies checked in the Turikale Community Health Center Working Area, Maros Regency, using purposive sampling. The research results showed that 29 people (80.6%) regularly made ANC visits and 7 people (19.4%) did not regularly. Six respondents (16.7%) experienced anemia and 30 respondents (83.3%) did not experience anemia. There is a relationship between the regularity of ANC visits and the incidence of anemia with a value of ρ=0.004<from α=0.05, this means that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. It is hoped that it can increase monitoring and screening of pregnant women who experience high levels of anemia through home visits, making class activities more effective for pregnant women and empowering families, especially husbands or parents, to be motivated to invite pregnant women to have their pregnancies checked regularly. The husband or closest family member can be given an understanding of the dangers and efforts to prevent anemia in pregnant women

Maternal pregnancy diet quality, night eating, and offspring metabolic health: the GUSTO study.

We investigated the understudied influence of maternal diet quality, food timing, and their interactions during pregnancy on offspring metabolic health. Maternal diet at 26-28 weeks' gestation was assessed using a 24-h recall and adherence to the modified-healthy-eating-index (HEI-SGP) reflects diet quality. Predominant night-eating (PNE) was defined as consuming >50% of total daily energy intake from 19:00 to 06:59. Outcomes were offspring composite metabolic syndrome score and its components measured at age 6 years. Multivariable linear regressions adjusted for relevant maternal and child covariates assessed associations of diet quality and PNE with these outcomes. Up to 758 mother-child pairs were included. The mean(SD) maternal HEI-SGP score was 52.3(13.7) points (theoretical range: 0-100) and 15% of the mothers demonstrated PNE. Maternal diet quality showed inverse relationship with offspring HomeostaticModel AssessmentforInsulinResistance (HOMA-IR) [β(95% CI): -0.08(-0.15, -0.02) per-10-point HEI-SGP increment; P = 0.012]. Maternal PNE was associated with a higher offspring HOMA-IR [0.28(0.06, 0.50); P = 0.012], with similar estimates after adjustment for children's BMI and diet quality; the association was stronger for boys (P-interaction<0.001) and among mothers with lower diet quality (<median HEI-SGP) (P-interaction = 0.062). Maternal PNE and low dietary quality were associated with a higher level of insulin resistance in early childhood, especially among boys. We demonstrated that maternal predominant night-eating behavior and low-quality diet are associated with higher offspring insulin resistance. Maternal low-quality diet and predominant night-eating behavior synergistically interact to influence offspring insulin resistance, particularly among boys. While maternal diet quality and food timing impact the mother's health, their influence on offspring long-term health outcomes through developmental programming is not well understood. Our findings highlight the significance of maternal food timing and calls for further studies on its influence on child health through developmental programming. Targeting both dietary quality and food timing during pregnancy could be a promising intervention strategy.

Effectiveness of peer support interventions in improving mothers' psychosocial well-being during the perinatal period: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Many mothers experience poor psychological outcomes during their perinatal period. The presence of depression and anxiety has a significant adverse impact on the mother's health and the infant's development. This review aimed to examine the effectiveness of peer support interventions in improving depression, anxiety, and perceived social support among mothers during the perinatal period. This study was a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The reporting of this review was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020. Cochrane's Risk of Bias Tool for randomized controlled trials was used to examine the methodological quality of the included studies. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. A comprehensive search was conducted from inception till May 2024 across seven databases: Pubmed, Scopus, CINAHL, Web of Science, ProQuest, PsycINFO, and Embase. The results of the meta-analysis of the 12 included studies showed that peer support interventions could reduce depression and anxiety levels but not perceived social support levels. Sub-group analyses based on the mode of intervention delivery showed significant reductions on depression levels in online and face-to-face groups but not telephone call groups. Follow-up data analyses showed that peer support interventions could improve depression, anxiety, and perceived social support across a duration of 1-6 months post-intervention. This review provides a deeper understanding of the effect of peer support interventions on mothers in the perinatal period. This can have a positive impact on current knowledge aimed at improving the well-being of mothers and thus, their infants, partners, and entire family unit. Findings showed that peer support interventions can positively improve psychological well-being of mothers in the perinatal period in the short and long term. Peer support can ultimately be considered as a standardized part of perinatal care. Future recommendations include implementing a combination of face-to-face and online approaches to peer support interventions delivered with both individual and group components.

Asuhan Keperawatan Pada Ny. J Dengan Hiperemesis Gravidarum di Ruang Nusa Indah RSUD Dr. Soeselo Kabupaten Tegal

Pregnancy is a natural and physiological process that starts from ovulation, namely the release of an egg, until the birth process. During pregnancy, special attention is needed to ensure that the baby is born healthy. Hyperemesis gravidarum is a condition where pregnant women experience nausea and vomiting that is so severe that it interferes with daily activities. This condition causes a decline in the mother's health due to dehydration. Predisposing factors for hyperemesis gravidarum include organic, psychological and endocrine aspects. Organic factors include medical conditions or disorders that can affect pregnancy. Psychological factors relate to stress or emotional problems that may affect the mother's condition. Meanwhile, endocrine factors are related to hormonal changes or hormonal imbalances during pregnancy. The author is expected to be able to create, organize and implement nursing care for Mrs. J who experienced hyperemesis gravidarum in the Nusa Indah ward at RSUD dr. Soeselo, Tegal Regency.

Hubungan Paparan Informasi dengan Tingkat Kecemasan Pada Ibu Hamil

Anxiety is a common experience during pregnancy and can have significant implications for both the mother's health and the developing fetus. One factor that can contribute to maternal anxiety is exposure to information. The vast amount of information available to pregnant women through various sources, such as books, websites, and social media, can be overwhelming and confusing. Furthermore, the quality and accuracy of information available online can vary widely. This can make it difficult for pregnant women to determine which sources are reliable and trustworthy. As a result, they may become overwhelmed with doubt and uncertainty, leading to increased anxiety. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between exposure to information and the level of anxiety of pregnant women. The study used a descriptive cross-sectional correlation design using the Pregnancy Anxiety Questionnaire-Revised for All Pregnant Women Regardless of Parity (PRAQ-R2). The sample used 80 respondents using consecutive sampling technique. Data analysis using Chi Square test. The results showed that information exposure including exposure to information (p=0.01), confidence in information (p=0.009), and information support (0.021) were associated with the level of anxiety of pregnant women. This study highlights the importance of providing clear, accurate, and supportive information to pregnant women to help reduce anxiety and promote positive mental health outcomes.

FAKTOR – FAKTOR YANG BERPENGARUH TERHADAP PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN PEMILIHAN TEMPAT PERSALIN DI PUSKESMAS LIBAREK KABUPATEN JAYAWIJAYA

Inappropriate choice of birthing place and birth attendant will have a direct impact on the mother's health. The most ideal place for giving birth is a health facility with equipment and health workers who are ready to help at any time if birth complications occur or require emergency treatment. The aim of this research is to determine the factors that influence decision making in choosing a place to give birth at the Libarek Health Center, Jayawijaya Regency in 2023.This type of research is quantitative research with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study was all mothers giving birth normally during 2022, namely 51 respondents and domiciled in the work area of the Libarek Health Center, Jayawijaya Regency. The samples in this study were 34 samples taken using purposive sampling technique. The statistical test used is Chi-square.The research results obtained factors that influence the choice of delivery location. For the factors of knowledge, family support and access (distance to location of health facility), the p-values were respectively 0.003, 0.01 and 0.035, which means that the factors knowledge, family support and access (distance to location of health facility) influence the choice of delivery location.Conclusion: knowledge, family support and access (distance to health facilities) are factors that influence the choice of delivery place at the Libarek Health Center, Jayawijaya Regency. Keywords: Delivery place, knowledge, family support, access

What Are the Challenges of Mothers with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Children in Hebron District: Cross-Sectional Study

Aim: To identify the most frequent challenges of mothers raising ADHD children. Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral childhood disorder. The impulsivity and inattention by the child make parenting challenging. Methods: A cross-sectional study with67 mothers of ADHD children recruited from ADHD child management center, filled out the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), simple linear regression analysis was used to find an association between total burden score and variables (p&lt;0.05) Results: 70% of mothers had a high Burden of care,24% with a moderate burden of care, and 6% with a low burden. Feelings of loss of control and insufficient time for self were the most significant correlated variables to the high burden of care (p&lt;0.05), deterioration of the mother's health and social life, stigma, mistrust about proper treatment, and lack of school cooperation Conclusions: Mothers of ADHD children face difficulties and challenges in raising ADHD children, high level of burden among mothers correlated to psychological and social difficulties. Relevance to clinical practice: Positive parenting programs are recommended for parents with ADHD children to empower them in the management of their ADHD children's behavior to gain a better quality of life for ADHD children and their caregivers.

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Associated with Magnesium and Vitamin D Nutrients during Pregnancy-A Narrative Review.

This narrative review comprehensively explores the cardiometabolic implications of two vital nutrients, magnesium and vitamin D, during gestation. Magnesium, a key regulator of vascular tone, glucose metabolism, and insulin sensitivity, plays a crucial role in mitigating gestational hypertension and diabetes, a point this review underscores. Conversely, vitamin D, critical for immune response and calcium level maintenance, is linked to gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. The authors aim to enhance comprehension of the complex interaction between these nutrients and cardiometabolic function in pregnancy, knowledge that is pivotal for optimizing maternal-fetal outcomes. The mother's health during pregnancy significantly influences the long-term development of the fetus. Recognizing the impact of these nutrient deficiencies on the physiology of cardiometabolic cycles underscores the importance of adequate nutritional support during pregnancy. It also emphasizes the pressing need for future research and targeted interventions to alleviate the burden of pregnancy complications, highlighting the crucial role of healthcare professionals, researchers, and policy makers in obstetrics and gynecology in this endeavor.

Faktor Resiko Umur &gt;35 Tahun dan Anemia Ringan

Based on data obtained from the Pangkah Health Center, Tegal Regency in 2022, the number of maternal mortality rates (MMR) was 2 cases caused by amniotic fluid bleeding and embolism, whereas in 2023 it was zero or non-existent (Recap of PWS KIA data from Pangkah Community Health Center 2023). The aim of this study was to examine obstetric cases with high risk aged &gt;35 years and mild anemia. This research uses a case study approach. The research subject was pregnant mother Mrs. A is 36 years old with high risk, aged &gt;35 years and mild anemia. Data was taken from October to November 2023. Data was taken using interviews, observation and documentation, the results during pregnancy, the subjects accepted to have their Hb checked because at visit 2 the Hb was low and the results were the same as at visit 3-4 the Hb was high and normal. Pregnant women aged &gt;35 years are still often found or are more at risk because the mother's health has declined, as a result pregnant women at that age have a high probability of preeclampsia, bleeding, preterm labor and others. Suggestion: if a similar case is found, collaboration with a doctor is necessary. during pregnancy until postpartum, apart from that it is necessary to involve the family, especially the child during pregnancy and after the baby is born.

Importance Assigned to Breastfeeding by Spanish Pregnant Women and Associated Factors: A Survey-Based Multivariate Linear Correlation Study.

Breastfeeding education, across all disciplines, is often inconsistent and lacking in expertise and confidence. However, recommendations from health professionals, the sociocultural environment, and previous knowledge and experiences significantly influence women's decision to breastfeed. This study aimed to identify factors that promote the assignment of greater importance to breastfeeding and associated practical benefits. This retrospective cross-sectional study included 276 participants who completed a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed, and multivariate linear models were applied to identify factors influencing the importance assigned to breastfeeding. Most participants were married or in a relationship, were native Spaniards, had secondary or higher education, and had an average age of 32.6 years. Seventy percent met the physical activity recommendations, and 91% felt comfortable with their body image during pregnancy. The importance assigned to breastfeeding was high across various aspects, except for postpartum weight loss and body image. Group prenatal care was only significantly associated with the importance assigned to the breastfeeding technique (how to breastfeed). The obesogenic environment and the importance assigned to nutritional aspects and physical activity also turned out to be predictors, although not for all models. In our region, the educational strategy of antenatal care groups could contain gaps regarding the mother's health, which should be addressed in the future to improve results regarding the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding.

Maternal Overweight and Obesity and Their Effect on the Growth of the Newborn During the First Six Months of Life.

Maternal overweight and obesity during pregnancy have been shown to have multiple negative effects on the mother's health, which can even affect the infant's growth by increasing weight gain and altering various indicators, such as weight for age, length for age and weight for length. While breast milk on the other hand reduces these risks, and it's the best and most complete food for the newborn. It's a dynamic fluid capable of being modified to meet the needs of each stage of the newborn, but despite this capacity and the fact that maternal body mass index can have an impact on its components, through complex biological mechanisms, it manages to reduce the negative effects accumulated during pregnancy and even promotes a healthy state in the baby.In a country like Mexico, where overweight and obesity affect a large part of the population, it is important to study their causes and which could be the effect of this increased maternal overweight during pregnancy and lactation on newborns. Identify the alterations associated with increased maternal body mass index during pregnancy and breastfeeding on mothers' health and their possible effect on the growth of the newborn during the first six months of life. This was a prospective cohort study. Forty-two healthy binomials (mother and child), without problems during delivery and without serious illnesses during the breastfeeding period, were included. Maternal body mass index at the beginning of pregnancy allowed us to create two comparison groups between mothers: one with adequate weight, another with overweight or obesity. Follow-up was carried out once a month during the first six months of life, evaluating the somatometric development of mothers and children. All mothers completed the six-month period of exclusive breastfeeding. There were differences between both groups of women. The one that included overweight and obese women compared to the group of women with adequate weight had a higher number of pregnancies, abortions, plasma glucose levels in the third trimester of pregnancy, and a lower number of prenatal control visits and plasma platelet levels (all with p<0.05). Regarding the baby's growth, there was a difference between the weight for length classification at 60-, 120-, 150- and 180-day follow-ups.The group to which the mother was assigned with respect to her body mass index at the beginning of pregnancy (adequate weight group and overweight/obese group) was the only factor associated with the risk of the baby being overweight according to weight for lengthindicator at the 180-day follow-up, with an OR = 5.2 (95%CI 1.02-26.59). Maternal overweight and obesity during pregnancy have a negative effect on the mother's health and baby's weight gain in its weight-for-length classification during the first six months of life.Although breastfeeding has been shown to have a positive effect on the growth of the baby, exposure to a higher maternal body mass index during pregnancy triggers important metabolic alterations that promote the development of diseases.It is important to establish weight control guidelines in women who wish to become pregnant to reduce the negative effects on the mother and offspring.

The Spectrum of Thyroid Dysfunction During Pregnancy and Fetomaternal Outcome, A Study from the Premier Institute of Western India.

Thyroid dysfunction evaluation during pregnancy is important for the mother's health, obstetric outcomes, and the child's cognitive development. This study is conducted to know various thyroid disorders that can occur during antenatal and their impact on mother and fetus outcomes. This observational research was conducted over two years at a tertiary center in Western Rajasthan, India. Seven hundred and seventy-two low-risk singleton pregnant patients who met the inclusive criteria were recruited. The estimation of T3, T4, and TSH was done along with a routine investigation in antenatal women. Antenatal having abnormal thyroid profiles were then analyzed for mother and fetus problems. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in antenatal women is 16.5%. Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) was seen in 12.5% of cases, overt hypothyroidism in 3.36%, and subclinical hyperthyroidism in only 0.51% of cases. Anti-TPO was positive in 46 (41.44%) women with hypothyroidism and 1 (25%) with hyperthyroidism. Compared to euthyroid women, women with overt hypothyroid (19.23% vs 3.1%, P = 0.002) and subclinical hypothyroid (9.27% vs 3.1%, P = 0.003) were found to be associated with a higher risk of hypertensive disease. Concerning fetal outcomes. There was a high risk for preterm (12.37% v/s 4.9%, P = 0.004) and fetal growth retardation (FGR) in patients with SCH (7.21% v/s 3.1%, P = 0.04). Considering the significant influence of thyroid disorders on mother and fetus outcomes, the screening for thyroid during pregnancy should be considered universally, particularly in developing countries with high prevalent rates, such as India.

Utilization of maternal health facilities and rural women’s well-being: towards the attainment of sustainable development goals

BackgroundThe sustenance of any household is tied to the well-being of the mother's health before, during, and after pregnancy. Maternal health care has continued a downward slope, increasing maternal mortality in rural communities in Nigeria. Presently, few empirical findings connect maternal healthcare facilities' use to mothers' well-being in Nigeria. Using maternal health facilities and the well-being of rural women is crucial in achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals 1, 2, and 3 (No poverty, zero hunger, good health, and well-being).ObjectiveThe objective of the study was to examine the level of maternal healthcare utilization and its effect on mothers’ well-being status among mothers in rural Nigeria.MethodsIn this study, secondary data extracted from the Nigeria’s 2018 National Demographic Health Survey was used. Data was analyzed with Multiple correspondence analysis, Fuzzy set analysis, and Extended ordered logit model.ResultsWomen in rural Nigeria were moderate users of maternal health care services and had moderate well-being indices (0.54 ± 0.2, 0.424 ± 0.2, respectively). Mothers' moderate well-being status was increased by using maternal health care facilities, having a larger household, and having mothers who worked exclusively in agriculture.ConclusionWe concluded that mothers in rural Nigeria use maternal healthcare facilities moderately, and their well-being level was improved using maternal healthcare facilities. Therefore, Nigeria’s Ministry of Health should raise awareness about the vitality of mothers using health care services before, during, and after pregnancy. In order to promote greater female participation in full-scale agricultural production, it is imperative for the Nigerian government to allocate substantial resources in the form of subsidies and incentives. The Nigerian government should source these resources from various channels, including expanded development cooperation. Additionally, policymakers should focus on designing developmental programmes specifically tailored for rural households and the health sector.

A Pharmacotherapeutic Approaches for Managing Labour Pain Using Synthetic Drugs and Natural Therapies.

The birth of a child is a critical and potentially traumatic experience for women, entailing multiple physiological and psychosocial changes. The psychological effects of childbirth pain can have both immediate and long-term effects on the mother's health and her bond with her child. Many studies investigated the different ranges of synthetic drugs available for pain control in labour, inclusive of neuraxial analgesics, inhaled analgesics, and various opioids. The inadequate efficacy and unfavourable side effects of these synthetic drugs prevent appropriate pharmacotherapy, resulting in a quest for natural therapies for reducing labour pain. Herbal therapies (aromatherapy) using several essential oils obtained from various natural plants are another alternative that calms and manages the mind and body through aromatic compounds that have neurological and physiological effects. The review discussed the safety profile of various synthetic drugs with their dosage information and also deliberated on the mechanism and safety profile of various natural plants that are used in aromatherapy. The review also briefly highlighted the other non-pharmacological miscellaneous techniques such as TENS, hypnosis, immersion in water, acupuncture, massage, and different other tactics that aim to assist women in coping with pain in labour.

Risk factors and outcomes of ectopic pregnancies at lautech teaching hospital, ogbomoso, nigeria: five years review

An ectopic pregnancy is a frequently occurring gynecological illness that poses a significant risk to the mother's health and can be life-threatening. It is the most prevalent emergency during early pregnancy and is connected with a high incidence of maternal morbidity and mortality globally. The objective of this study is to analyze the risk factors and outcomes of ectopic pregnancies at Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH) Teaching Hospital, located in Ogbomoso, Southwestern Nigeria, over a period of five years. This study is a retrospective analysis of women who were admitted and treated for ectopic pregnancy at LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2020. Sociology-demographic variables, risk factors, clinical features, postoperative outcomes, and duration of hospital stay were obtained from medical records using a structured proforma. Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS version 24 to compute frequencies, percentages, means and inferential statistics for hypothesis testing. The occurrence of ectopic pregnancy accounted for 5.23% of all admissions related to gynecological issues, with an incidence rate of 1.68%. The patients’ mean age was 29.84. The most often reported symptom was amenorrhea, with a prevalence of 100%. This was followed in sequence by abdominal pain (96.4%), dizziness (80.9%), fainting attack (60.9%), and shoulder tip discomfort (60%). The most prevalent risk factors observed were pelvic inflammatory disease (61.8%), prior abdominal surgery (43.6%), patient's number of previous pregnancies (41.8%), and history of induced abortion (38.2%). There were no deaths registered. The most often encountered complication was hypovolemic shock. Ectopic pregnancy is still a serious reproductive health issue for women in this region, serving as one of the primary causes of maternal morbidity throughout the early stages of pregnancy. To effectively address the increasing problem of pelvic inflammatory disease and unwanted pregnancy in this specific area, it is crucial to intensify efforts in promoting reproductive health advocacy initiatives.

Relationship between Maternal Socioeconomic Factors and Preterm Birth in Latvia.

Background and Objectives: Worldwide, preterm birth (PTB) stands as the primary cause of mortality among children under 5 years old. Socioeconomic factors significantly impact pregnancy outcomes, influencing both maternal well-being and newborn health. Understanding and addressing these socioeconomic factors is essential for developing effective public health interventions and policies aimed at improving pregnancy outcomes. This study aims to analyse the relationship between socioeconomic factors (education level, marital status, place of residence and nationality) and PTB in Latvia, considering mother's health habits, health status, and pregnancy process. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the Medical Birth Register (MBR) of Latvia about women with singleton pregnancies in 2022 (n = 15,431). Data analysis, involving crosstabs, chi-square tests, and multivariable binary logistic regression, was performed. Adjusted Odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. Results: Lower maternal education was statistically significantly associated with increased odds of PTB. Mothers with education levels below secondary education had over two times higher odds of PTB (aOR = 2.07, p < 0.001, CI 1.58-2.70) and those with secondary or vocational secondary education had one and a half times higher odds (aOR = 1.58, p < 0.001, CI 1.33-1.87) after adjusting for other risk factors. Study results also showed the cumulative effect of socioeconomic risk factors on PTB. Additionally, mothers facing two or three socioeconomic risk factors in Latvia exhibited one and a half times higher odds of PTB (aOR = 1.59, p = 0.021). Conclusions: The study highlights the cumulative impact of socioeconomic risk factors on PTB, with higher maternal education demonstrating the highest protective effect against it. This underscores the importance of education in promoting optimal foetal development. Since the influence of socioeconomic factors on PTB is not a widely studied issue in Latvia, further research is needed to improve understanding of this complex topic.

Penyuluhan Kesehatan Dan Pemeriksaan Hemoglobin (HB) Dalam Upaya Pencegahan Anemia Pada Ibu Hamil

Maintaining the mother's health during pregnancy is one of the main keys to the health of the next generation, because the mother will give birth to a healthy generation if the mother's health during pregnancy is good and without problems. The thing that must be maintained by pregnant women is to get adequate nutrition for themselves and the fetus they are carrying. One of the problems that often arises in pregnant women is anemia. Anemia in pregnant women can increase the risk of low birth weight (LBW) babies, premature birth, maternal and infant deaths and stunting (short children). Various efforts have been made to control anemia in pregnancy, but the prevalence is still high. One of the efforts that can be made to prevent anemia in pregnant women is to check hemoglobin and increase the mother's knowledge about anemia and its management, so that the mother understands her health condition during pregnancy. The aim of this community service activity is to screen for anemia in pregnant women. The benefit of this activity is that pregnant women know their hemoglobin levels and get information about anemia during pregnancy and its management.