Body Mass Index Of Mothers Research Articles

Determinants of stunting among children under 5 years in Bangladesh: a quantile regression analysis.

Child undernutrition is a major public health problem in developing countries that contributes to increased incidence of morbidity and mortality. Stunting is a valid and widely acknowledged measure of chronic child malnutrition. This study extracted data of 7778 under-5 children from the 2017-2018 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey and aims to explore the relationship between socio-demographic factors and the nutritional status of children under the age of 5. The anthropometric indicator height-for-age z-score (HAZ) was used as the target variable. The quantile regression method was employed to examine the heterogeneous relationship between the covariates and the conditional HAZ distribution across five different quantiles. This study found that 31.4% of children were severely to moderately stunted and a negative association between children's age and their HAZ. Additionally, children whose mothers had attained at least a secondary education exhibited a positive correlation with their HAZ. Another important factor was the mother's body mass index, which had a two-fold effect on the HAZ. Among the administrative divisions, children from the Sylhet division exhibited a negative association with the HAZ. Additionally, children with a high wealth index exhibited a positive association with the HAZ. Collaborative efforts from different organisations, as well as small and large communities in rural and urban areas, are necessary to improve nutritional status of children in Bangladesh.

Risk factors of children's low birth weight and infant mortality in Bangladesh: Evidence from binary logistic regression and Cox PH models.

Low birth weight is recognized as a pivotal risk factor affecting child survival and growth. Although Bangladesh has made commendable progress in public health, an infant mortality rate of 38 per 1000 live births and a 16% prevalence of low birth weight remain significant concerns compared to other developing countries. This situation poses a significant challenge for the formulation of future health policies in Bangladesh. As a result, this study aims to identify potential risk factors contributing to low birth weight and infant mortality among children in Bangladesh. The data is extracted from the 2014 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. The response variables are infant mortality and low birth weight. In the bivariate analysis, Log-rank tests and Chi-square tests of independence were conducted. Cox proportional hazards and binary logistic regression models were utilized to determine the impact of risk factors on infant mortality and low birth weight. This study identified several significant factors associated with children's low birth weight, including wealth index, parental education, birth order, twin births, mother's body mass index, and child sex. Additionally, wealth index, parental education, twin status, media exposure, birth order, antenatal care visits, prenatal care assistance, and low birth weight were identified as potential risk factors for infant mortality in Bangladesh. This study revealed that maternal and child characteristics, along with knowledge about child health care during pregnancy, can potentially reduce the risk of low birth weight and infant mortality among children in Bangladesh. To improve child health and survival, policymakers should prioritize community-based health education programs, and encourage parents to seek healthcare information from institutional medical facilities during pregnancy and after birth.

Determinants of stunting among under-five children: Evidence from Cambodian Demographic and Health Survey 2021-2022.

Epidemiological and nutritional modifications are causing an increase in stunting in many low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), which will eventually result in juvenile diseases and mortality. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the influential factors contributing to stunting among under-five children in Cambodia. A secondary dataset consisting of 3268 under-five children was extracted from the latest Cambodian Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS)-2021/2022 dataset. The Chi-square test and Boruta algorithm were used for covariate selection, and logistic regression approaches were used to determine the influence of demographic, socioeconomic and other factors on the presence of stunting. Findings revealed that about 21% of under-five children were stunted, and the prevalence of stunting was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. The prevalence of child stunting was lower in families with highly educated parents. A child whose father had a secondary education had 0.71 times lower (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.520-0.969) chance of stunting than a child whose father had no education. Findings revealed that Ratnak Kiri, Mondul Kiri, Stung Treng, Pursat and Kampot had a greater prevalence of stunting than other places, ranging from 27.11% to 35.70%, whereas Banteay Meanchey, Phnom Penh and Kandal had the lowest rates, ranging from 12.80% to 16.00%. Results of the Boruta algorithm and logistic regression suggested that under-five stunting is significantly influenced by factors such as the child's age, size at birth, mother's age at first birth, mother's body mass index (BMI), father's educational status, cooking fuel, and wealth index. It is necessary to take initiatives for reducing the prevalence of stunted children prioritising the identified factors that ultimately help to reduce the burden of child health. The authors believed that the findings of this study will be helpful for policymakers in designing the appropriate policies and actions to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by reducing stunting among under-five children in Cambodia.

Parental beliefs, attitudes, and practices on nutrition and children feeding: implications to preventive measures on children's obesity in Saudi Arabia.

Parents have a profound influence on their children's dietary habits. Parents' perspectives, attitudes, and behaviors regarding feeding their children a nutritious diet can have a significant impact on their children's health. The objective of this study was to examine the attitudes, beliefs, and feeding practices of parents in relation to nutrition for their children and to determine how these factors influence strategies for preventing obesity. A total of 446 Saudi mothers with children aged 2-12 years were recruited for this study. The Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ) was administered to mothers via an instant messaging application. Mothers' age showed a significant difference in perceived responsibility (p < 0.004), perceived parental weight (p = 0.000), perceived child's weight (p = 0.000), and concern about the child's weight (p = 0.000). Mothers with postgraduate degrees exhibited a significant difference in perceived child weight (p < 0.003); occupational status showed a significant difference in perceived parental weight (p < 0.004), perceived child weight (p < 0.001), and residence, particularly in Riyadh, which showed a significant difference in perceived parental weight (p < 0.026). There were also significant differences in body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.000) and perceived parental weight in relation to the mother's age. Mothers' age was significantly related to food restrictions (p = 0.000), pressure to eat (p = 0.000), and monitoring (p < 0.009). Mothers with only one child displayed significance in relation to pressure to eat (p < 0.019), while government-employee mothers showed a significant relationship with food restrictions (p < 0.005). There was a noteworthy association between the age of the mothers and perceived responsibility (p < 0.001), occupation (p < 0.22), residence (p = 0.000), and the mother's BMI (p = 0.000) with perceived parental weight. Finally, occupation (p < 0.006) was found to significantly influence food restriction, while the mother's age was significantly related to the pressure to eat (p < 0.002). Parental attitudes, practices, and beliefs regarding child feeding were strongly associated with maternal age, occupation, and BMI. Targeted interventions should be developed to assist mothers exhibiting these characteristics in establishing healthier and more effective feeding routines for their children. For example, interventions could be designed to educate parents on the latest findings regarding child-feeding habits and help them develop a greater sense of responsibility for their children's nutrition.

Serum hydroxysteroid (17beta) dehydrogenase 1 concentration in pregnant women correlates with pregnancy-associated plasma protein A but does not serve as an independent marker for preeclampsia†.

Hydroxysteroid (17beta) dehydrogenase 1 (HSD17B1) is a steroid synthetic enzyme expressed in ovarian granulosa cells and placental syncytiotrophoblasts. Here, HSD17B1 serum concentration was measured with a validated immunoassay during pregnancy at three time points (12-14, 18-20 and 26-28weeks of gestation). The concentration increased 2.5-fold (P < 0.0001) and 1.7-fold (P = 0.0019) during the follow-up period for control women and women who later developed preeclampsia (PE), respectively, and a significant difference was observed at weeks 26-28 (P = 0.0266). HSD17B1 concentration at all the three time points positively correlated with serum PAPPA measured at the first time point (first time point r = 0.38, P = 1.1 × 10-10; second time point r = 0.27, P = 5.9 × 10-6 and third timepoint r = 0.26, P = 2.3 × 10-5). No correlation was observed between HSD17B1 and placental growth factor (PLGF). Serum HSD17B1 negatively correlated with the mother's weight and body mass index (BMI), mirroring the pattern observed for PAPPA. The univariable logistic regression identified a weak association between HSD17B1 at 26-28weeks and later development of PE (P = 0.04). The best multivariable model obtained using penalized logistic regression with stable iterative variable selection at 26-28weeks included HSD17B1, together with PLGF, PAPPA and mother's BMI. While the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the model was higher than that of the adjusted PLGF, the difference was not statistically significant. In summary, the serum concentration of HSD17B1 correlated with PAPPA, another protein expressed in syncytiotrophoblasts, and with mother's weight and BMI but could not be considered as an independent marker for PE.

The association between maternal body mass index and breast milk composition: a systematic review.

Breast milk composition is influenced by many factors, ranging from maternal nutritional status to infant sex. Previous studies have explored the relationship between maternal body mass index (BMI) and breast milk composition; however, the findings have been inconsistent and controversial. To systematically review the evidence on the association of maternal weight and BMI with breast milk composition. The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched up to May 3, 2023, using the following search strategy: ("maternal weight" OR "maternal BMI" OR "mother's weight" OR "mother's BMI") AND ("maternal milk" OR "human milk" OR "breast milk"). A total of 83 publications, involving data from more than 11 310 lactating women, were identified. All extracted data were compiled, compared, and critically analyzed. Overall, maternal BMI was associated with higher levels of leptin and insulin, and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast milk. However, no conclusive associations were found between maternal BMI and the levels of energy, macronutrients, micronutrients, and other components of breast milk. This systematic review provides robust evidence supporting a positive correlation between maternal BMI and breast milk concentrations of leptin, insulin, and the omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio. Nevertheless, disparities in findings are noticeable for other constituents of breast milk. To comprehensively grasp the influence of maternal weight and BMI on breast milk composition, further research endeavors are imperative. PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023458667.

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Human Milk of Croatian First-Time Mothers: 2010 Versus 2020.

The presence of selected polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, and -183) was investigated in human milk samples collected from first-time mothers living in Zagreb, capital of Croatia. Samples from 2020 and 2010 were analyzed, and the first temporal comparison between the profiles and levels of these compounds in this area was obtained. A statistically significant difference between mass fractions depending on the sampling year was observed only for BDE-99, with values in 2020 higher than in 2010. BDE-153, whose median value (0.25 and 0.26ngg-1 lipid weight (l.w.) in 2010 and 2020, respectively) did not decrease in the 10-year period, was the most frequently detected congener in samples from both years. ΣPBDEs ranged from < LOD to 3.53ngg-1l.w. (median 0.25ngg-1l.w.), and from 0.14 to 6.75ngg-1l.w. (median 0.55ngg-1l.w.) in 2010 and 2020, respectively. Maternal age and reported fish consumption had no effect on observed PBDE mass fractions, while for BDE-153, positive significant correlation (p > 0.05) was observed of its detected mass fraction with mother's body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy and after childbirth. Infants median estimated daily intake (EDI) via milk ingestion for ΣPBDE was higher in 2020 (3.221 ng kg-1 bw day-1) compared to 2010 (1.429ngkg-1bwday-1), but both values were well below threshold value, indicating that human milk consumption in this specific case is unlikely to raise health risks to infants.

Association of body mass index with dietary intake and self-care health activities of mothers after postpartum: A mixed-method research in Chennai City, India

Background: Overweight and obesity have become serious health problems worldwide, with more than 1.5 billion adults classified as overweight according to the World Health Organization in 2020. Getting overweight after the gestational period is a common phenomenon and getting back to prepregnancy weight is a major challenging concern for mothers. This study aimed to explain the importance of maintaining body mass index (BMI) and evaluate the association of BMI with dietary intake and self-care health behaviors among mothers after the postpartum period. Methods: A mixed-method study was conducted among mothers after the postpartum period having children aged 2 to 10 years old. The current study was performed on a total of 17 mothers who were referred to comprehensive health service centers in Chennai city, Tamil Nadu, India. They were purposefully selected according to the inclusion criteria. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews and analyzed using SPSS software for testing the significance of the P value. Results: The majority of mothers (88.23%) were in the category of overweight and obese. The mean age of mothers was 26.53 ± 5.21 years. BMI was strongly associated with the dietary intake of mothers, hindrance in dietary intake of mothers, and self-care activities of mothers since the P-value was &lt;0.01 level of significance. Conclusion: This study reveals that the BMI of mothers has increased compared to prepregnancy. The adherence to the balanced dietary and self-care activity was very low. It is critically important to pay more attention to how individual, organizational, and societal interventions might assist mothers in attaining the target level of BMI.

Analysis of Correlated Outcomes of Anthropometric Measurements for Under-Five Children in Tanzania.

The study aimed at applying Multivariate Generalized Linear Mixed Models to examine factors associated with correlation outcomes, in particular, anthropometric measurements among under-five children in Tanzania. Three anthropometric measurements: weight-for-age (WAZ), height-for-age (HAZ), and weight-for-height (WHZ) among under-five children in Tanzania were jointly modeled to identify common factors associated with childhood malnutrition. A total of 9052 children with valid measures of height and weight were processed and analyzed. The results indicate that WAZ was correlated with HAZ (P-value < 2e-16) and WHZ (P-value < 2e-16). The Multivariate Ordered Logit Model has lower AIC = 53213.92 and BIC = 52727.95, indicating better model fit than the Multivariate Ordered Probit Model. In Tanzania, the age of the child, birth order, mother education level, child gender, mother working status, wealth index, marital status, and mother body mass index are important determinants of malnutrition among children under the age of five. Moreover, the common factors were child's age, Birth order, Mother's education attainment, child's sex, Mother working status, wealth index, Marital status, and Mother's Body Mass Index. As a result, emphasis should be placed on analyzing correlated health outcomes in order to draw conclusions about the factors that may have a mutual effect on anthropometric measurements.

Association between sleep duration and latency, nocturnal awakenings, and body mass index among infants.

To investigate the association between sleep duration, nocturnal awakenings, and sleep latency with body mass index (BMI) at six and 12 months of age. 179 children from a birth cohort were enrolled. At six and 12 months of age, anthropometric data were obtained using standardized techniques and infants' mothers answered the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire for sleep data. The association of BMI with the independent variables (sleep duration, latency, and nocturnal awakenings) was assessed by linear regression models. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders and a p-value<0.05 was adopted to define statistical significance. For each additional hour of sleep duration, BMI was reduced by 0.15 kg/m² (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.28; -0.01; p=0.03) and each additional minute of sleep latency increased BMI by 0.01 kg/m² (95%CI -0.00; 0.03; p=0.02). These associations were independent of gestational age, child sex, birth weight, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, smoking during pregnancy, and mother's BMI, education, and marital status. Nocturnal awakenings showed no association with the outcome. Our findings suggest that sleep duration and sleep latency time are associated with BMI in the first year of life. Insights into the influence of sleep early in life on weight status may be helpful to complement future nutritional recommendations and prevent and treat obesity.

Factors associated with postpartum fatigue: an exploration of the moderating role of resilience.

Postpartum fatigue (PPF) can impair the physical and mental well-being of women. The aims of this study were to assess the associations between fatigue and maternal health-related variables, specifically, sleep quality, depression symptoms, and resilience, and to explore the moderating role of resilience in the relationships between sleep quality, depression symptoms, and fatigue. This cross-sectional study used data collected from mothers during the postpartum period via an online platform. PPF was assessed using the Fatigue Severity Scale, whereas sleep quality and depression symptoms were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, respectively. The Brief Resilience Scale was used to assess resilience. Simple and multiple binary logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association of each independent variable with PPF and to determine the most significant predictors of PFF. The data were analyzed using SPSS, and structural equation modeling was performed using AMOS 23. A moderation analysis was performed to explore the moderating role of resilience using the Hayes PROCESS macro. A total of 1,443 postpartum mothers were included in the analysis. The simple binary logistic regression analysis showed that having chronic disease (odds: 1.52; p = 0.02), mother's age (odds: 0.97; p = 0.03), mother's body mass index (BMI; odds: 1.03; p = 0.01), depression symptoms (odds: 1.09; p ≤ 0.0001), sleep quality (odds: 1.17; p ≤ 0.0001), and resilience (odds: 0.42; p ≤ 0.0001) all contributed to fatigue during postpartum. Multivariate logistic regression showed that the mother's BMI, sleep quality, depression symptoms, and resilience were significant predictors of PPF. Moderation analyses showed that resilience was not a significant moderator between the main effects of sleep quality and fatigue (interaction effect: β = 0.01, p = 0.31, 95% CI: -0.01 to 0.04) or between the main effects of depression symptoms and fatigue during postpartum (interaction effect: β = 0.01, p = 0.82, 95% CI: -0.01 to 0.02). Given the deleterious effects of PPF on maternal health outcomes, factors associated with PPF should be assessed regularly. In addition to mothers' BMI, sleep quality, and depression symptoms, resilience could also be a crucial factor in predicting fatigue severity during this critical time for mothers even though it was not a significant moderator among this sample.

The association between sleep and early pubertal development in Chinese children: a school population-based cross-sectional study.

There is an increasing tendency toward early pubertal development, and sleep might be related to pubertal onset. We aimed to investigate the association of sleep duration and bedtime with early pubertal development. This was a cross-sectional study of 8,007 children (53.6% boys) from Qufu city, Shandong province and Zhongshan city, Guangdong province, China. Data on sleep duration and bedtime were obtained by questionnaire. Early pubertal development was the primary outcome and it was evaluated by the pediatrician according to Tanner staging. Logistic regression models were used to separately examine the association between sleep duration or bedtime and early pubertal development, controlling body mass index (BMI), dietary pattern, soft drink, feeding pattern and mother's BMI. In boys, short sleep duration was strongly related to early pubertal development [OR (95%CI): 4.26 (1.30, 13.94)], and this association was intensified after adjusted BMI, dietary pattern, soft drink, feeding pattern and mother's BMI. In girls, OR (95%CI) was 1.62 (1.04, 2.51), and increased after controlling BMI. Bedtime was associated with early pubertal development on weekdays [OR (95%CI): 6.39 (1.54, 26.45) in boys and 1.93 (1.23, 3.05) in girls], but not on weekends [OR (95%CI): 2.49 (0.61, 10.21) in boys; 1.31 (0.76, 2.25) in girls]. This study underscores the positive association between the risk of early pubertal development and insufficient sleep duration and late bedtime.

Pregnancy Complications and Their Relationship with Neonatal Complications in Mothers Referring to Healthcare Centers in South East of Iran

Background: Some adverse pregnancy outcomes are rooted in the gestation period and can influence the mother, newborn, or both. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of pregnancy complications and their relationship with neonatal complications in mothers referring to the healthcare centers in Zahedan, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 630 women referring to the health care centers in Zahedan selected using systematic random sampling. Demographic information and anthropometric indices were collected and recorded in gestational and neonatal care forms. The data were analyzed in SPSS v. 22 using the chi-square test. Results: The results revealed that 18.9% of the mothers had anemia, 12.7% gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), 5.1% thyroid disorders, 4% hypertension, and 2.1% preeclampsia. Moreover, 14.1%, 41.1%, and 22.7% of the mothers were underweight, overweight, and obese, respectively. A significant relationship existed between the infant's birth weight and the mother's body mass index, hypertension, GDM, and maternal iron deficiency anemia (P &lt; 0.05). Infant jaundice was also significantly related to GDM and preeclampsia (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Identifying problems threatening the health of mothers and newborns and paying more attention to nutritional health care during pregnancy are efficient strategies for preventing and controlling pregnancy-related neonatal complications and the health of mothers and newborns. Specific attention to prevention programs, strengthening health care policies during pregnancy, and promoting prenatal care and self-care are major health priorities.

Complementary Feeding and Child Appetitive Traits in a Sample of Hispanic Mother-Child Dyads.

Complementary feeding practices may contribute to toddler eating practices that affect weight outcomes. Studies are needed to understand the relationship between complementary feeding practices and toddler dietary self-regulation. This study tests the hypothesis that earlier complementary food introduction predicts toddler food responsiveness and emotional overeating (ie, tendency to overeat in response to food cues and emotions, respectively), and considers whether introduction of certain foods better predict toddler dietary self-regulation. This study is a secondary analysis of data from a parent longitudinal birth cohort study on early growth/development among Hispanic mother-infant dyads. The analytic sample included 174 mother-child dyads recruited from maternity clinics affiliated with the University of Southern California in Los Angeles County. Recruitment and data collection were ongoing from July 2016 to April 2020. At 1-, 6-, 12-, and 24-months postpartum, mothers reported exclusive breastfeeding duration and age of complementary food introduction via questionnaire. Child food responsiveness and emotional overeating scores calculated from the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire at 12 and 24 months of age. Separate linear mixed models with repeated measures were used to examine associations between age of complementary food introduction as a predictor of child food responsiveness or emotional overeating, controlling for infant sex, birth body mass index z score, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and mother's body mass index. In separate models, delaying complementary food introduction by 1 month was associated with a 6% reduction in food responsiveness (P= 0.007) and a 5% reduction in emotional overeating scores (P= 0.013). Fifty-eight unique combinations of complementary foods introduced first were found, precluding analyses to examine whether specific combinations were related to eating behavior outcomes due to sample size limitations. Earlier complementary feeding was associated with higher food responsiveness and emotional overeating scores among Hispanic children. Future studies in larger samples are needed to characterize patterns of complementary food introduction and their influence on child self-regulation.

Perbedaan Indeks Massa Tubuh pada Ibu Hamil dengan Preeklamsi Ringan, Berat, dan Eklamsi di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah (RSUD) Ciawi

Background: Preclampsia is a one of complication in pregnancy characterised by systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg and proteinuria (≥300mg/24hours in urine; protein/creatinine ≥0.3; dipstick protein +1; and/or with additional symptoms. Eclampsia is a severe form of preeclampsia where the mother experiences seizures and/or coma. There are various risk factors for preeclampsia and eclampsia, one of which is the mother's body mass index (BMI). Excessive maternal weight before pregnancy, as well as excessive weight gain during pregnancy are at risk for preeclampsia. Methods: This study used medical records from the Ciawi General Hospital in 2020, and cross-sectional observational study was carried out. Pregnant women with eclampsia and preeclampsia were the study's population. This study used total sampling as its sampling method, and body mass index measurements were made using information from medical records. The Kruskall Wallis alternative test was utilized in place of the One Way Anova as the hypothesis test in this investigation. In this investigation, a 5% level of significance is expected. Results: This study involved 190 respondents who met the inclusion criteria. The statistical test results showed no significant difference in mean body mass index between the eclampsia, severe preeclampsia, and mild preeclampsia groups (P-value: 0.688). This difference is expected due to the small number of samples and/or the high variability of the samples. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, there was no significant association between body mass index and mild, severe, and eclampsia. Further research should be conducted and developed for prevention and lifestyle intervention in preeclampsia.

Risk factors characterisation for CHD: a case-control study in Bogota and Cali, Colombia, 2002-2020.

CHDs correspond to 28% of all congenital anomalies, being the leading cause of infant mortality in the first year of life. Thus, it is essential to explore risk factors for CHDs presentation, allowing the detection of probable cases within a population. We identified newborns with CHDs within a cohort from the Program for the Prevention and Monitoring of Congenital Defects in Bogota and Cali, 2002-2020. Cases were classified as isolated, complex isolated, polymalformed, and syndromic. Variables were analysed by comparing case and control averages with Student's t test using a 95% confidence level. Prevalence obtained was 19.36 per 10 000 live births; non-specified CHD, ventricular septal defect, and atrial septal defect were the most prevalent. As risk factors were found: paternal and maternal age above 45 years, pregestational diabetes, mother's body mass index above 25, low educational level, and socio-economic status. As protective factors: folic acid consumption within the first trimester and pregestational period. Different risk and protective factors associated with the presentation of CHDs have been described. We consider that public health strategies should be aimed to reduce risk factors exposure. Also, improving diagnosis and prognosis by having a close monitoring on high-risk patients.

Food insecurity, body mass index, socio-economic status, and food intake in lactating and non-lactating mothers with children under two years

Backgroundfood insecurity (FI) is considered as an essential public health problem which may have detrimental effects on people’s health. The aim of present study was to evaluate FI, body mass index, quantity and quality of food intake in lactating and non-lactating mothers with children under two years.Methodsin this cross-sectional study 307 mothers (237 lactating and 70 non-lactating) were participated. Socio-economic and demographic information were gathered by questionnaires. FI of families was evaluated by the questionnaire of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Household Food Security. For assessing quality and quantity of food intake of mothers, dietary diversity score (DDS), diet quality index-international (DQI-I) and nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) were calculated. Weight and height of participants were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Finally, Chi-squared test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and linear regression were used for statistical analysis.Resultsin this study the rate of underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity in mothers was 0.3%, 39.2%, 42.3%, and 18.2%, respectively. Among the determinants of BMI, household food security status had the greatest effect (Beta=-1.584, P < 0.001) and mother age had the least effect (Beta = 0.101, P = 0.013). Mother’s occupational and educational status, having facilities, physiological status of mother, and house size had significant correlation with NAR. Mother’s occupational and educational status, and having facilities had significant relationship with DDS, too. Also, the significant correlation of Mother’s education, having facilities, and physiological status of mother with DQI-I were found.Conclusionswe found that Household food security status had the most effect on BMI of mothers. In this study, the best nutrient adequacy and dietary diversity were found in the obese group and the most diet quality was found in the normal weight group.

Maternal Comorbidities with Full-Term Pregnancy Who Gave Birth to Low Birth Weight Babies at Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang General Hospital

Introduction: Stunting is a challenge for children's growth and development in the future, which has long-term impacts in the form of reduced cognitive abilities, decreased productivity, and increased risk of infection and non-communicable diseases. Low birth weight (LBW) is a major determinant of stunting in Indonesia. Various multidimensional factors contribute to low birth weight, including maternal factors. Material and Methods: Quantitative descriptive research was conducted at Dr. Saiful Anwar general hospital from July 2021 to September 2022. The variables studied were age, education, occupation, parity status, medical history, number of antenatal care controls, height, mother's body mass index, and baby's birth weight. Results: Of the 54 full-term pregnant women, the majority who delivered LBW babies were nulliparous (42.6%), aged 20-35 years during pregnancy (79.6%), had a history of hypertension during pregnancy (25.9%), antenatal care visits 1-5 times (48.1%), high school degree (48.1%), housewives (75.9%), height ranging between 151-160 cm (64.8%), and BMI 18.5 to 25 kg/m 2 (51.9%). Conclusion: Maternal factors that contribute to the birth of LBW babies include low parities, age 20 to 35 years during pregnancy, hypertension in pregnancy, infrequent antenatal care visits, high school degree, work as a housewife, height ranging between 151 -160 cm, and had a normal BMI. The representation of the mother's BMI and educational level in this study differs from that in previous studies.

Association of Body Mass Index for Pre-pregnant Mothers and Weight Gain during Pregnancy with the Outcome of Baby's Birth Weight

Pre-pregnancy mother's body mass index plays a role in increasing or decreasing maternal weight. Maternal body mass index is a prominent indicator for the nutritional status of pregnant women who can be at risk of increasing the occurrence of births with low birth weight babies. This study aims to analyze the relationship between pre-pregnancy body mass index and the occurrence of low birth weight babies at Abdul Moeloek General Hospital Bandar Lampung, Indonesia. This study uses an observational analytic research design with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study were all post-partum mothers who gave birth at the Abdul Moeloek Regional Hospital in Bandar Lampung and involved a sample of 79 respondents who were taken using the consecutive sampling technique. Sampling was carried out based on inclusion and exclusion criteria that met the research criteria until the desired number of samples was met. Analysis of the research data is the chi-square test and logistic regression test. The results showed that the two independent variables, namely the pre-pregnant mother's body mass index and weight gain during pregnancy, had a significant relationship to the baby's birth weight. The significance of body mass index is p-value=0.004 and the significance of weight gain during pregnancy is p-value=0.000. Thus the body mass index of pre-pregnant women and weight gain during pregnancy can affect low birth weight babies at Abdul Moeloek Hospital Bandar Lampung.

Uncovering the Determinants of Birth Weight: An Investigation on Pregnant Women in Makassar City

Birth weight is an essential indicator in assessing a baby's health and a factor that affects the baby's long-term health. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the Body Mass Index (BMI), Hemoglobin levels, and Blood Pressure of mothers during pregnancy and to birth weight of the baby. The study used a cross-sectional survey of a group of mothers who gave birth in Makassar. The data on mothers during pregnancy was the maternal history recorded in the mother and Child Health Book (KIA). And the data on the birth weight of the baby was also from the KIA book with the support of secondary data from the Community Health Center and Midwife. The results showed that 41.7% of the low-birth-weight babies had mothers who experienced underweight during pregnancy, 83.3% of the low-birth-weight babies had mothers who experienced Anemia during pregnancy, and 66.7% of the low-birth-weight babies had mothers who experienced hypertension during pregnancy. There was a significant and close relationship between the mother's BMI, Hemoglobin levels, and Blood Pressure to the baby's birth weight. There was a meaningful relationship between the mother's Body Mass Index, Anemia, and Hypertension during pregnancy to low birth weight. Therefore, it is important to maintain a good quality of nutrition for mothers both before and during pregnancy, following Islamic teachings that Allah SWT has decreed for every pregnant woman a thousand good deeds every day and erases a thousand misdeeds as motivation to remain strong throughout the pregnancy process.&#x0D;