BMI Of Mothers Research Articles

Undernutrition and its determinants among children aged 6–59 months in Southern Ethiopia

Malnutrition is responsible for over one-third of deaths among children under the age of five in low-and middle-income countries, including Ethiopia, and is largely preventable. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of undernutrition and its contributing factors among children aged 6–59 months in the Gedio zone of Southern Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study design was used, and data were collected from 403 children and their mothers selected through random sampling technique. Anthropometric measures were converted to Z-scores using WHO-Anthro version 3.2.2 software. The prevalence of underweight, wasting, and stunting were 19.7% (95% CI 16-24%), 10% (95% CI 7–13%), and 49% (95% CI 44–54%) respectively. Low birth weight (AOR = 2.8, 95% CI (1.585–4.895), feeding non-diversified diet (AOR = 1.9, 95% CI (1.036–3.497), and being unvaccinated (AOR: 2.0; 95%CI (1.013–4.197) were significantly associated with being underweight. Family size of ≥ 5 (AOR = 4.4, CI (1.274–5.059), meal frequency of < 3 times per a day (AOR = 2.3, CI (1.037–5.024), and index birth interval of < 24 months (AOR = 2.2, CI (1.015–4.843) were significantly associated with wasting. Similarly, children aged ≥ 24 months (AOR = 2.8, CI (1.769–4.474), feeding non-diversified diet (AOR = 1.8, CI (1.153–2.894), total duration of breast-feeding < 12 months (AOR = 4.0, CI (2.547–6.429), and mothers BMI below 18.5 (AOR = 2.2, CI (1.328–3.718) were identified as a predictors of stunting. The study revealed significant levels of undernutrition, including underweight, wasting, and stunting, among children in the study area. Factors such as birth weight, dietary diversity score, and vaccine status were found to be strongly linked to underweight. Additionally, living in a large family, meal frequency, and birth interval were significantly associated with wasting. The age of the child, duration of breastfeeding, dietary diversity score, and maternal BMI status were also significantly linked to stunting. To address this issue, the study recommends promoting healthier feeding practices, dietary diversification, optimal breastfeeding, complete vaccination, wider birth intervals, and improving maternal nutrition to reduce undernutrition among children aged 6–59 months in the area. Implementing these measures could significantly improve the health of children in the study area.

Different Eating Habits Are Observed in Overweight and Obese Children Than in Normal-Weight Peers.

Obesity is diagnosed in 13.6% of early primary school children in Poland. Its presence at this age increases the risk of obesity occurrence in adulthood. Therefore, it is important to properly shape eating behaviors at the stage of childhood and identify incorrect eating styles. This study aimed to investigate whether overweight and obese children differ significantly from children with normal body weights in terms of their eating styles. For the materials and methods, 43 mothers of overweight or obese children aged 3-10 years and 88 mothers of normal-weight children aged 3-10 years completed a questionnaire related to sociodemographic factors and the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. The overweight and obese children, compared with normal-weight children, scored higher on the food responsiveness (p = 0.009) and emotional overeating (p = 0.013) scales and lower on the satiety responsiveness (p = 0.025) and slowness in eating scales (p < 0.0001). No significant difference was found for other subscales between the studied groups. In the group of overweight and obese children, the child's age correlated negatively with enjoyment of food, as did the mother's BMI with slowness in eating. The results indicate the presence of significant differences in eating styles between normal-weight children and overweight or obese children. Identifying families at high risk of inappropriate eating behaviors and educating them appropriately can reduce the risk of children becoming overweight or obese.

Abstract MP30: Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Fruit Juices, and Whole Fruits Throughout Childhood and Adolescence and Glycemic Outcomes in Late Adolescence in Project Viva

Objective: To investigate sex-specific associations of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), 100% fruit juices, and whole fruit intake throughout childhood and adolescence with insulin resistance and glycemic outcomes in late adolescence. Methods: We used data from Project Viva, an ongoing pre-birth cohort from eastern Massachusetts. We evaluated intake of SSBs, 100% fruit juices, and whole fruit at early childhood (median age: 3.1 yrs), mid-childhood (7.6 yrs) and early teen research visits (12.9 yrs) using food frequency questionnaires. We measured fasting blood glucose, insulin and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in late adolescence (17.4 yrs). We estimated insulin resistance with the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). We computed sex-specific linear regression models to estimate associations of average consumption of SSBs, fruit juice and whole fruit across the 3 childhood-early teen visits with late adolescence HOMA-IR, fasting glucose and HbA1c adjusting for demographics, socioeconomic status, mother BMI, child BMI z-score, and parental history of type 2 diabetes in early childhood (model 1), and additionally for lifestyle habits and diet quality in early childhood (model 2). Results: A total of 240 girls and 215 boys met eligibility criteria and had an outcome measure in late adolescence. Greater SSB intake throughout childhood and adolescence was associated with higher HOMA-IR, fasting glucose, and HbA1c in boys only (Figure). Also in boys, greater fruit juice intake was associated with higher HbA1c in late adolescence. Effect estimates in girls were of small magnitude and centered to the null, except for fruit juice and HbA1c with associations in the same direction as boys (Figure). We did not observe any association with respect to whole fruits for either sex. Conclusion: Findings suggest that SSBs and fruit juice consumption throughout childhood and adolescence are associated with less favorable glycemic traits in boys, suggesting greater risk of developing diabetes.

Malnutrition among under-five children in Nepal: A focus on socioeconomic status and maternal BMI

IntroductionMalnutrition stands as the primary contributor to morbidity and mortality in children under the age of five. Nepal, situated in South Asia and classified as a low-income country, grapples with a significant malnutrition challenge. The elevated rates of malnutrition in Nepal are further compounded by its unfavorable socio-economic conditions, limited access to healthcare, poor maternal nutritional status, food insecurity, poor hygienic conditions, and geographical challenges. The consequences of mortality and illness associated with malnutrition directly undermine human capital and economic productivity. The main aim of the study is to determine the risk factors associated with stunting, underweight and wasting among under five children in Nepal. Subjects & methodsNepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016 (NDHS) data was used for the study. The outcome measures were stunting, underweight and wasting. Predictor variables were categorized as mother, child and household related factors. The association between malnutrition and predictor variables were assessed by multivariate logistic regression using Stata 16.0 software and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval was reported. ResultsA total of 2381 children under five years were included in this study for analysis. The magnitude of stunting (36%) was higher than underweight (27%) and wasting (10%) among under five children. Children from middle and rich households were 49% (OR = 0.51; 95%CI = 0.37–0.71) and 47% (OR = 0.53; 95%CI = 0.36–0.74) less risk of being stunted than children from poorest households. The odds of a child to be stunted was 1.6 times higher in those children living with 3–4 children than children with 1–2 children in their families (OR = 1.6; 95%CI = 1.24–2.07). Mother's BMI in category of normal (OR = 0.56; 95%CI 0.42–0.75) and overweight (OR = 0.30; 95%CI = 0.19–0.47) and larger birth spacing (OR = 0.53; 95%CI 0.36–0.74) were significantly associated with underweight and stunting among children, respectively. ConclusionIn Nepal, the problem of malnutrition among under five children is still high (36% of stunting and 10% of wasting). The study suggests that target-based approach and interventions should be administered for children from socio-economically deprived areas. Strategies should focus on preconceptions and the mother's nutritional status.

Associations between household food environment and daily intake of regular and diet soft drinks per BMI status of European children: Feel4Diabetes Study.

The objective of this study was to investigate how the availability of food in the household environment is associated with a daily intake of regular and diet soft drinks in European children, considering BMI status. This cross-sectional study utilised baseline data from 12 211 schoolchildren participating in the Feel4Diabetes European lifestyle modification intervention. Sociodemographics, soft drink intake and household food availability data were collected using parent-completed questionnaires. Anthropometry was recorded, and children were classified into BMI categories according to the International Obesity Task Force cut-offs. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis controlled for children's sex, mother's BMI, and educational level, frequent household availability of fruit juice (sugar added), regular soft drinks and salty snacks compared to less frequent were positively associated with daily regular soft drink intake in children, regardless of BMI group (ORs range 1.59-6.69). Conversely, frequent availability of fruit juice (no added sugar) was inversely related to regular soft drink intake in both BMI groups, as was the availability of fresh fruit in the overweight/obesity group, and the availability of diet soft drinks in the underweight/normal-weight (ORs range 0.31-0.54). In conclusion, habitual household availability of selected energy-dense foods/beverages was positively associated with a daily intake of regular soft drinks in European children, regardless of BMI status. Contrastingly, household availability of fresh fruit, fruit juice (no added sugar) and diet soft drinks were inversely associated with regular soft drink intake. Programmes focusing on reducing children's soft drink intake should consider reducing the availability of sugar-added beverages in the household food environment and encouraging water consumption, as a practical, healthier alternative suggestion.

Children's body mass index and associated factors in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Twenty million children under 5 years old are estimated to suffer from malnutrition worldwide. The objective of this study is to determine factors associated with Riyadh children's nutritional status. An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among children aged 6-12, excluding mentally ill children. The sample size was 200. Data were collected through interview-administered questionnaires developed for this study's purpose after consulting relevant literature and epidemiologists. Data analysis was via SPSS version-23; a p-value of 0.05 or less is considered significant. Consent was obtained before data collection, emphasizing confidentiality and the participant's rights to withdraw from the study at any time. Most of the study respondents in the age group (6-12 years) were 12 years (22%), and the predominant gender were girls (55.5%). No significant statistical relationship existed between the mother's education and the children's body mass index (BMI, p = 0.168). Many respondents had a normal BMI (40.5%), while a minority were underweight (28.5%) among all groups. There was a significant statistical relationship between the BMI of the children and with mother's BMI (p = 0.016). There was no significant statistical relationship between the food source and children's BMI (p = 0.710). There was no significant statistical relationship between the average meal and the children's BMI (p = 0.098). There is a significant relationship between the BMI of the respondents and the mother's BMI under the underweight group.

Factors associated with postpartum fatigue: an exploration of the moderating role of resilience.

Postpartum fatigue (PPF) can impair the physical and mental well-being of women. The aims of this study were to assess the associations between fatigue and maternal health-related variables, specifically, sleep quality, depression symptoms, and resilience, and to explore the moderating role of resilience in the relationships between sleep quality, depression symptoms, and fatigue. This cross-sectional study used data collected from mothers during the postpartum period via an online platform. PPF was assessed using the Fatigue Severity Scale, whereas sleep quality and depression symptoms were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, respectively. The Brief Resilience Scale was used to assess resilience. Simple and multiple binary logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association of each independent variable with PPF and to determine the most significant predictors of PFF. The data were analyzed using SPSS, and structural equation modeling was performed using AMOS 23. A moderation analysis was performed to explore the moderating role of resilience using the Hayes PROCESS macro. A total of 1,443 postpartum mothers were included in the analysis. The simple binary logistic regression analysis showed that having chronic disease (odds: 1.52; p = 0.02), mother's age (odds: 0.97; p = 0.03), mother's body mass index (BMI; odds: 1.03; p = 0.01), depression symptoms (odds: 1.09; p ≤ 0.0001), sleep quality (odds: 1.17; p ≤ 0.0001), and resilience (odds: 0.42; p ≤ 0.0001) all contributed to fatigue during postpartum. Multivariate logistic regression showed that the mother's BMI, sleep quality, depression symptoms, and resilience were significant predictors of PPF. Moderation analyses showed that resilience was not a significant moderator between the main effects of sleep quality and fatigue (interaction effect: β = 0.01, p = 0.31, 95% CI: -0.01 to 0.04) or between the main effects of depression symptoms and fatigue during postpartum (interaction effect: β = 0.01, p = 0.82, 95% CI: -0.01 to 0.02). Given the deleterious effects of PPF on maternal health outcomes, factors associated with PPF should be assessed regularly. In addition to mothers' BMI, sleep quality, and depression symptoms, resilience could also be a crucial factor in predicting fatigue severity during this critical time for mothers even though it was not a significant moderator among this sample.

Time to pregnancy and life expectancy: a cohort study of 18 796 pregnant couples.

Is fecundity, measured as time to pregnancy (TTP), associated with mortality in parents? Prolonged TTP is associated with increased mortality in both mothers and fathers in a dose-response manner. Several studies have linked both male and female fecundity to mortality. In women, infertility has been linked to several diseases, but studies suggest that the underlying conditions, rather than infertility, increase mortality. A prospective cohort study was carried out on 18 796 pregnant couples, in which the pregnant women attended prophylactic antenatal care between 1973 and 1987 at a primary and tertiary care unit. The couples were followed in Danish mortality registers from their child's birth date until death or until 2018. The follow-up period was up to 47 years, and there was complete follow-up until death, emigration or end of study. At the first antenatal visit, the pregnant women were asked to report the time to the current pregnancy. Inclusion was restricted to the first pregnancy, and TTP was categorised into <12 months, ≥12 months, not planned, and not available. In sub-analyses, TTP ≥12 was further categorized into 12-35, 36-60, and >60 months. Information for parents was linked to several Danish nationwide health registries. Survival analysis was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) with a 95% CI for survival and adjusted for age at the first attempt to become pregnant, year of birth, socioeconomic status, mother's smoking during pregnancy, and mother's BMI. Mothers and fathers with TTP >60 months survived, respectively, 3.5 (95% CI: 2.6-4.3) and 2.7 (95% CI: 1.8-3.7) years shorter than parents with a TTP <12 months. The mortality was higher for fathers (HR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.09-1.34) and mothers (HR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.12-1.49) with TTP ≥12 months compared to parents with TTP <12 months. The risk of all-cause mortality during the study period increased in a dose-response manner with the highest adjusted HR of 1.98 (95% CI: 1.62-2.41) for fathers and 2.03 (95% CI: 1.56-2.63) for mothers with TTP >60 months. Prolonged TTP was associated with several different causes of death in both fathers and mothers, indicating that the underlying causes of the relation between fecundity and survival may be multi-factorial. A limitation is that fecundity is measured using a pregnancy-based approach. Thus, the cohort is conditioned on fertility success and excludes sterile couples, unsuccessful attempts and spontaneous abortions. The question used to measure TTP when the pregnant woman was interviewed at her first attended prophylactic antenatal care: 'From the time you wanted a pregnancy until it occurred, how much time passed?' could potentially have led to serious misclassification if the woman did not answer on time starting unprotected intercourse but on the start of wishing to have a child. We found that TTP is a strong marker of survival, contributing to the still-emerging evidence that fecundity in men and women reflects their health and survival potential. The authors acknowledge an unrestricted grant from Ferring. The funder was not involved in the study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, the writing of this article, or the decision to submit it for publication. M.L.E. is an advisor to Ro, VSeat, Doveras, and Next. N/A.

Obesogenic neighborhood environment is associated with body fat and low-grade inflammation in Brazilian children: could the mother's BMI be a mediating factor?

To evaluate the direct and indirect associations of obesogenic and leptogenic neighborhood environments with body fat, and pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines in Brazilian children. Cross-sectional study. The body fat distribution was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Concentrations of leptin and adiponectin were measured. Four hundred meters (0·25 miles) road network buffer was the neighborhood unit used to assess the environmental characteristics around households. Obesogenic and leptogenic environments were the latent variables obtained from the observed characteristics. The mother's BMI, ultra-processed food consumption, and physical activity before and after school, were tested as mediating variables. A hybrid model of structural equations was used to test the direct and indirect associations of obesogenic and leptogenic environments with body fat, leptin and adiponectin concentrations. Urban area of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Children aged 8- and 9-years (n 367). Obesogenic environment was directly associated with the mother's BMI (β: 0·24, P = 0·02) and the child's body fat (β: 0·19, P = 0·02). The mother's BMI and body fat mediated the association of the obesogenic environment with leptin concentrations (β: 0·05, P = 0·02). Obesogenic neighborhood environment was directly associated with body fat and mother's BMI, and indirectly associated with leptin concentrations in Brazilian children, mediated by the mother's BMI and body fat.

Association Between Parental BMI and Offspring's Blood Pressure by Mediation Analysis: A Study Using Data From the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

This study analyzed the relationship between parental body mass index (BMI; BMI_p) and hypertension in their adolescent offspring (HTN_a), focusing on the mediating effect of adolescents' BMI (BMI_a). Utilizing data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, including participants aged 12-18, we conducted a mediation analysis while controlling for confounding factors such as age, sex, physical activity, dietary habits, household income quartile, and parents' alcohol and smoking habits. The study included a total of 5731 participants, of whom 3381 and 5455 participants had data on fathers' and mothers' BMI, respectively. For adolescent systolic blood pressure (SBP_a), the father's BMI (BMI_f) had a significant total effect (β, 0.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.12 to 0.34) and average controlled mediated effect (ACME) (β, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.32), but the average direct effect (ADE) was not significant. The mother's BMI (BMI_m) had a significant total effect (β, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.09 to 0.25), ACME (β, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.22 to 0.28) and ADE (β, -0.08; 95% CI, -0.16 to 0.00). For adolescent diastolic blood pressure, both BMI_f and BMI_m had significant ACMEs (β, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.12 and β, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.12, respectively), BMI_m had a significant ADE (β, -0.09; 95% CI, -0.16 to -0.02) but BMI_f had an insignificant ADE and total effect. The study found that parental BMI had a significant effect on SBP_a, mediated through BMI_a. Therefore, a high BMI in parents could be a risk factor, mediated through BMI_a, for systolic hypertension in adolescents, necessitating appropriate management.

A cohort study of factors influencing the physical fitness of preschool children: a decision tree analysis.

Based on the decision tree model, to explore the key influencing factors of children's physical fitness, rank the key influencing factors, and explain the complex interaction between the influencing factors. A cohort study design was adopted. 1,276 children (ages 3-6) from 23 kindergartens in Nanchang, China, were chosen for the study to measure the children's physical fitness at baseline and a year later and to compare the physical fitness scores at the two stages. The study was conducted following the Chinese National Physical Fitness Testing Standard (Children Part); To identify the primary influencing factors of changes in physical fitness, a decision tree model was developed, and a questionnaire survey on birth information, feeding patterns, SB, PA, dietary nutrition, sleep, parental factors, and other relevant information was conducted. The levels of physical fitness indicators among preschool children showed a significant increase after 1 year. The accuracy of the CHAID model is 84.17%. It showed that 7 variables were strongly correlated with the physical changes of children's fitness, the order of importance of each variable was weekend PA, weekend MVPA, mother's BMI, mother's sports frequency, father's education, mother's education, and school day PA. Three factors are related to PA. Four factors are related to parental circumstances. In addition to the seven important variables mentioned, variables such as breakfast frequency on school day, puffed food, frequency of outing, school day MVPA, parental feeling of sports, father's occupation, and weekend breakfast frequency are all statistically significant leaf node variables. PA, especially weekend PA, is the most critical factor in children's physical fitness improvement and the weekend MVPA should be increased to more than 30 min/d based on the improvement of weekend PA. In addition, parental factors and school day PA are also important in making decisions about changes in fitness for children. The mother's efforts to maintain a healthy BMI and engage in regular physical activity are crucial for enhancing the physical fitness of children. Additionally, other parental factors, such as the parents' educational levels and the father's occupation, can indirectly impact the level of physical fitness in children.

Contribution of socio-economic and demographic factors to maternal and child malnutrition in Bangladesh: Insights from a nationwide survey.

Background: Malnutrition is a major global public health issue, especially for under five children and their mothers. Objective: This study examined the relationships between socio-economic and demographic characteristics and under- and over-nutrition in mothers and children of Bangladesh. Method: Using the Nationally representative Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (2017-18) data, we performed the multiple logistic regression analysis to assess the relationships between key outcome variables and predictors. The analysis included 8321 children aged 0-59 months and 7800 mothers aged 15-49 years. Findings: The prevalence of stunting, wasting, and overweight among children under five was 30.72%, 8.44%, and 2.21% respectively. About 2.74% of the children were both stunted and wasted, while 0.56% of the children were both stunted and overweight. The prevalence of underweight and overweight among mother was 14.09% and 26.35% respectively. Children who are stunted are significantly associated with the mother's BMI status, mothers' education, fathers' education, and wealth index, while children who are wasted are significantly associated with the mother's BMI status and the child's sex. A child's sex and birth order are significantly associated with children being overweight. Mother's age, mother's education, father's education, place of residence and wealth index are significant determinants for mothers being underweight, whereas mother's age, mother's occupation, father's education, father's occupation, place of residence and wealth index are significant determinants for mothers being overweight. Conclusion: In addition to essential nutrition interventions, it is vital to address the basic social-economic and demographic determinants.

Impact of the Family Environment on the Frequency of Animal-Based Product Consumption in School-Aged Children in Central Poland.

Animal-sourced foods (ASFs) have a high nutritional value, which makes them important elements of young people's diets. Several environmental factors might affect the dietary habits of children and adolescents, and their identification seems to be a principal reason to maintain their healthy eating practice. Thus, we aimed to investigate selected environmental factors (a place of residence, net income, mother's education level, number of siblings, and mother's BMI), which may be linked to the consumption frequency of ASFs among school-aged children. In total, 892 mothers of primary school children aged 7-14 years from central Poland took part in the anonymous and voluntary survey. The frequency of meat and meat product consumption was affected by the mother's education level, place of residence, and net income. Generally, meat was eaten more often by the city children (G = 0.178, p < 0.01) of better-educated mothers (G = 0.268, p < 0.001) and higher-income families (G = 0.209, p < 0.001). A higher level of education was linked to more frequent fish consumption but only in the younger group (G = 0.130, p < 0.05). The frequency of egg intake was positively associated with the maternal level of education (G = 0.185, p < 0.001), children's gender (girls > boys, G = 0.123, p < 0.05), and place of residence (city > village, G = 0.214, p < 0.001). In turn, the frequency of milk and dairy intake was related only to the place of residence (village > city, G = 0.97, p <0.05). It can be concluded that the mother's level of education is a key factor linked to the selected children's dietary habits. Thus, we believe that successful health education programs designed for young people should include the maternal capacity to interpret and adapt information into daily practice.

The Role of Body Mass Index, Hemogblobin Levels in Women Giving Birth to Neonatal Weight

Maternal nutritional status is monitored with BMI and is also one of the factors that have an impact during pregnancy. Poor nutrition before and during pregnancy leads to decreasing hemoglobin levels and low birth weight infants. This study aims to determine the correlation between hemoglobin levels and BMI of mothers giving birth to the weight of newborns at the Puskesmas Kebumen II, Kebumen District. This research used a retrospective study with medical record data collected from January to April 2022. This research involved 50 patient mothers giving birth at Puskesmas Kebumen II, Kebumen District. The data were analyzed by the Pearson correlation coefficient test. The results are BMI and newborn weight (p = 0.061, r = 0.367), hemoglobin levels, and newborn weight (p=0.852; r= -0.025). There was no correlation between BMI and hemoglobin levels to newborn weight at Puskemas Kebumen II, Kebumen District.

Maternal Comorbidities with Full-Term Pregnancy Who Gave Birth to Low Birth Weight Babies at Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang General Hospital

Introduction: Stunting is a challenge for children's growth and development in the future, which has long-term impacts in the form of reduced cognitive abilities, decreased productivity, and increased risk of infection and non-communicable diseases. Low birth weight (LBW) is a major determinant of stunting in Indonesia. Various multidimensional factors contribute to low birth weight, including maternal factors. Material and Methods: Quantitative descriptive research was conducted at Dr. Saiful Anwar general hospital from July 2021 to September 2022. The variables studied were age, education, occupation, parity status, medical history, number of antenatal care controls, height, mother's body mass index, and baby's birth weight. Results: Of the 54 full-term pregnant women, the majority who delivered LBW babies were nulliparous (42.6%), aged 20-35 years during pregnancy (79.6%), had a history of hypertension during pregnancy (25.9%), antenatal care visits 1-5 times (48.1%), high school degree (48.1%), housewives (75.9%), height ranging between 151-160 cm (64.8%), and BMI 18.5 to 25 kg/m 2 (51.9%). Conclusion: Maternal factors that contribute to the birth of LBW babies include low parities, age 20 to 35 years during pregnancy, hypertension in pregnancy, infrequent antenatal care visits, high school degree, work as a housewife, height ranging between 151 -160 cm, and had a normal BMI. The representation of the mother's BMI and educational level in this study differs from that in previous studies.

Rural child health in India: the persistent nature of deprivation, undernutrition and the 2030 Agenda.

The 2030 Agenda for sustainable development was launched to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) across the globe. This paper is based on the primary database to assess the nutritional status of 5-10years children and the incidence of deprivation in their households of a backward district (Purulia), India in the context of the first two SDGs, e.g., no poverty and zero hunger. We conclude that around 74% of children are undernourished. The proportion of households multidimensionally deprived is 90%, and the majority of them live on less than $1.25 a day. Results reveal that the BMI of mother and the education of father are the two most statistically significant predictors of child malnutrition. Purulia has long been witnessing the persistent nature of deprivation, which is well reflected in the child's health. The district is quite far from the national targets in achieving the SDGs. Government, private sector, and civil society must come together to accelerate the progress of SDGs.

Multiple Logistic Regression Model, Relationship between Maternal Nutritional Status, Maternal Condition History, and Maternal Knowledge about 1000 HPK on the Incidence of Stunting in Toddlers in Pandan Lagan Village

One of the stunting locations in East Tanjung Jabung Regency is located in Geragai Sub-district, Pandan Lagan Village. According to data from the Puskesmas in 2019, the incidence of stunting in Pandan Lagan Village was 35 toddlers, in 2020 it was 17 stunting children out of a total of 70 children in Pandan Lagan Village. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between maternal nutritional status, history of maternal conditions, and maternal knowledge about 1000 HPK with the incidence of stunting in Pandan Lagan Village. This type of research is quantitative research, using a cross-sectional approach. The number of samples to be studied with the Lemeshow Formula is 45 respondents. The dependent variable is stunting and the independent variables are maternal nutritional status (pre-pregnant maternal BMI and weight gain during pregnancy), history of maternal conditions (maternal age during pregnancy, birth spacing), and maternal knowledge about 1000 HPK. The research instrument used a questionnaire sheet, then the data was processed through data editing, data coding, data entry, data cleaning, and data processing, then analyzed univariate, bivariate with a chi-square test, and multivariate with multiple logistic regression test. Based on the results of the study, there is a relationship between pre-pregnancy maternal BMI with a risk of 4,464 times, weight gain with a risk of 3,75 times, maternal age during pregnancy with a risk of 3,0 times, and spacing of babies with a risk of 2,444 times with the incidence of stunting. There is no relationship between maternal knowledge about 1000 HPK and the incidence of stunting with a p-value = 0,114, and it is known that the pre-pregnancy mother's BMI variable is the variable that has the greatest influence on infants with stunting nutritional status (odds ratio = 15,943). For this reason, it is expected to be more intensive in educating couples of childbearing age, pre-pregnant mothers, or early on to adolescent girls to pay attention to factors that affect stunted children, especially to have an ideal BMI so that it will reduce the risk of having children with stunted nutritional status.

Relation between Body Mass Index and Mode of Delivery

Background: Maternal nutritional status is important for health and quality of life in women and growing fetus. Maternal weight gain in pregnancy can offer a good means of assessing the wellbeing of the pregnant mother and her baby. Inadequate prenatal weight gain is a significant risk factor for intrauterine growth restriction, preterm delivery and low birth weight in infants. Obesity and excessive weight gain on the other hand can lead to adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Interestingly, to get a good fetomaternal perinatal outcome mode of delivery decision is also changed with BMI. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of maternal BMI on the mode of delivery. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out department of obstetrics and gynaecology at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University. A total 100 population of purposive sampling was the methods of choice to select the sample from the hospital admitted patients during the period from August 2016 to December 2017. Results: The mean age of 100 mothers were 28.4 (± 6.2) years. The maximum mothers attended from 3rd trimester were overweight (55.36%) whereas 44.64% from the same trimester were normal BMI mothers. Maximum mothers (27%) were from 25-29 years age group and the minimum mothers (4%) were from &gt;= 40 years. Forty Seven Percent mothers came as primigravida. Primigravid women and multigravida with LSCS and without LSCS showed different mode of deliveries. The more the gravida with history of caesarean section the more frequency of present occasion of CS (p=0.006). The higher BMI showed more frequency of caesarean section than NVD or assisted delivery (p=&lt;0.00001) Multiparous women showed more BMI than the p nulliparous. (p=0.005). Multiparity, maternal age and pre-existing medical conditions revealed more complicated labor. Conclusion: The more BMI of mother showed more frequency of caesarean section, assisted delivery than the normal vaginal delivery.

Sociodemographic and Socioeconomic Factors Influencing the Body Mass Composition of School-Age Children.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the components of overweight, obesity, and body mass components among children aged 7 to 13 years against important sociodemographic factors. The analyses considered 315 school-age children from 7 to 13 years of age (164 boys and 151 girls). Each subject was assessed for body weight and height, body weight category, and main sociodemographic factors. Body mass components of body mass (body-fat percentage (BFP), muscle tissue, fat-free mass (FFM), and total body water (TBW) levels) were evaluated using the electrical bioimpedance method (BIA) and the TANITA 780 MC analyzer. A statistical analysis showed significant differences between the body composition of children living in cities in relation to children living in small towns and villages, and no significant differences were found between the results of children living in small towns and children living in villages. The presence of statistically significant differences between the values of the parameters of body composition of the studied children was demonstrated depending on the level of education of their fathers. The presence of statistically significant relationships between BMI of mothers and BFP of their children (p = 0.003), FFM (p = 0.003), muscle tissue (p = 0.001), and TBW (p = 0.001) has been demonstrated. The higher content of adipose tissue in children is strongly dependent on the higher BMI and body mass category of the mother, as well as the lower level of education of the father. The place of residence also significantly affects both the body fat content and the total body water content of body hydration. Living in the city is associated with better body composition.

Prevalence and predictor stunting, wasting and underweight in Timor Leste children under five years: An analysis of DHS data in 2016.

Stunting, wasting, and being underweight are indicators of malnutrition in a country. The high status reflects the poor nutritional and health status of children under five. We analyzed data from the Demographic and Health Survey conducted in Timor Leste from 2009 to 2016 to identify the prevalence and predictor stunting, wasting, and underweight. The variables analyzed were the mother’s education, mother’s age, mother BMI, mother’s height, number of ANC visits, birth weight, sex of a child, sex of head household, type of residence, wealth index, toilet facility, source of drinking water and province. The sample in this study was 3,723 toddlers. Prevalence of stunting (44.4%), underweight (37.5%) and wasting (25.3%). In the bivariate analysis, the variables statistically significantly associated with stunting, underweight, and wasting was mother’s education, sex of a child, type of residence, wealth index, and province. Improving the nutritional status of children in Timor Leste requires various nutrition and health interventions.