Mother Board Research Articles

Estimation of temperature in a computer mother board with discrete heat sources by numerical analysis

Estimation of temperature in a computer mother board with discrete heat sources by numerical analysis

Improvement of a cashing trainer assembly methodology for FPGA development in vocational education students

Learning media is defined as a tool used in conveying learning messages to students. Teachers or lectures can use the media to stimulate thoughts, feelings, attention and abilities or skills, and one of them is the use of trainers. The development board FPGA of trainer tools for skill learning in digital technology-based vocational education today has been a problem that obstructs the growth of experts in high-tech-based vocational field.The Spartan development board and its software can be used to elaborate the improvement of skill learning. This research analyse how the development board can be used to enhance students’ thinking skill. The trainer tools in the market lately are still in the form of a mother board that can be interfaced with various devices commonly used to perform various digital automation technology. This study elaborates the use of the cashing trainer assembly among electrical engineering students and mechanical engineering students in a joint project to assembly a development mother board.The learning media is also used in group training among the peers.Based on trials and observations made by researchers, the students as the object of research results, have not performed optimally to combine planning of cashing trainer assembly methodology and practice in the assembly.

Design of Control Circuit Using PIC Microcontroller for Automatic Power Factor Correction

The power quality of AC systems has been a key issue in recent years because to the ever-increasing quantity of electronics equipment, power electronic equipment, and high voltage power systems. The majority of industrial installations in countries have substantial inductive electrical loads, resulting in a lagging power factor that has serious effects for energy users. As a result, reactive power compensation must be performed in the proper manner. Hence, we worked on this project and created Automatic Power Factor Correction (APFC) system using the PIC18f4520 microcontroller. APFC device measures the power factor, line voltage, and line current. The power factor is calculated using the system's voltage and current, and if it falls below a specified value defined by the utility provider, the device immediately activates capacitor banks to compensate for the reactive power. The phase angle and corresponding power factor are calibrated at that time. The mother board calculates the required compensation and activates the appropriate capacitor banks. This strategy can be used to increase the system's stability and efficiency in both industries and homes.

Design of Multi Way Charging Hover Board

The main aim of this paper is to develop a hover board, which can be charged through battery as well as solar panels. It is a two way charging hover board. This kind of vehicle is interesting since it contains a lot of technology considered as a solution for future needs of the world relevant to an environment friendly and energy efficient transportation industry. The hover board consists of a metal frame on which the hardware is assembled in such a way that it works on the principle of balancing robot. The user have to stand on the segway and by applying the pressure, the infrared signals gets blocked by the pedal sensor and then the signal is given to the mother board to control the speed. The natural movements of the rider (lean forwards or backwards in combination) should be the rider input required to ride the vehicle (self-balancing personal transporter) consisting of two motorized wheels connected to a pair of articulated pads on which the rider places their feet and applies pressure for the movement of vehicle. The rider has to control the speed by leaning forward or backward and for turns by twisting the pads. The solar panels are connected to voltage booster circuit so as to charge the battery naturally and minimizing the use of fuel for short distance travelling.

ANALISA PEMELIHARAAN KOREKTIF TERHADAP INFUS PUMP MINDRAY BENEFUSION VP5

Research has been done on the infusion pump. As for the purpose of this study is to determine the problem of repairing the infusion pump. Corrective maintenance is maintenance action taken to overcome damage or congestion that occurs repeatedl, then take corrective action on teh tool. An infusion pump is a medical device that is used to provide additional electrolytes in the form of a liquid that is injected into the patient’s body in a certain amount through a vein. The display of the infusion pump device does not turn on due ti the disconnection of the flexible cable connector between the LCD and the device’s mother board. During operation a red high sound alarm appears for 10 seconds. When checking the infus pump., it was found that the infusion hose was loose for the patient user, in other checks, the infusion pump clamp was found to be broken. The research is that the infusion pump has been functioning properly after checking and repairing. Maintenance of the infusion pump must be routine and scheduled to prevent damage so that the life of the tool is long. Testing and calibration of the infusion pump, especially on the parameters of the infusion pump, it is mandatory to carry out routine checks on the infusion pump.

Development of a Modular Educational Kit for Research and Teaching on Power Electronics and Multilevel Converters

This paper presents the detailed project of a modular educational kit to be used in research and teaching activities in the area of power electronics - with emphasis on applications in medium voltage multilevel converters. The half bridge topology has been chosen for the submodules, as they can be arranged together in a multitude of other topologies. A system composed by a mother board and daughter cards is presented. A DSP control card and a FPGA System-On-Module are inserted in the mother board in order to control the half bridge submodules. The targets of this project are applications in medium voltage - hence, the communication between the submodules and the FPGA/DSP is performed through optical fibers. Also a self power system is presented for the submodules, in order for them to operate at floating potentials. Experimental results have been presented for the most usual topologies of converters, including a Modular Multilevel Converter operating at 2000V.

Design and development of sensor based Automatic steering control system for automobiles

Drowsy driving is the major problem seen throughout the world which usually happens when the driver has not slept enough, and this state of mind may lead to accidents. Above being the case, the project helps driver to keep him alert by giving an alarm and to minimize accidents due to driver error, distractions and drowsiness. The research derives, implements, tunes and compares selected path tracking methods for controlling a car-like robot along a predetermined path. The model mainly aims on using active steering control to increase safety and to reduce both accidents and drivers work load. The objective of the project is to design and develop a steering control system for the path tracking of autonomous vehicle & to understand the stability of the vehicles on curved road. The steering controller controls the steering actuator to follow the desired steering angle. A servo motor is installed to control the steering handle, and it can transmit the steering force using a belt and pulley. The developed mechanism is a steering controller that is applied to a micro controller. However, because of a dead band, the path tracking performance and stability of autonomous vehicles are reduced. To overcome this, steering system and programme is developed. As a result of the steering system and programme, the performance and stability are improved. GPS shows the geographical coordinates which specifies any given location on the earth surface as latitude and longitude. Ultrasonic sensor used for detecting the obstacles. A magnetometer compass shows the quadrants. Arduino UNO board is used like a mother board in the project. Finally, the project augments the literature with a comprehensive collection of important path tracking ideas, a guide to their implementations and, most importantly, an independent and realistic comparison of the performance of these various approaches.

Laptop cooling numerical simulation using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Laptop’s cooling solution is very important. In some cases, due to poor cooling an over heat on the mother board, main chip, and other components occurs, so that the laptop is quickly broken. Therefore it is necessary to know the temperature distribution so that over heat can be overcome. One of the methods to determine the temperature distribution in this final project is a flow simulation, using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), 3D method with the variation if different air flow velocity, i.e. 5 m/s, 10 m/s, and 15 m/s. The higher the air flow rate, the higher the cooling occurs. From the temperature contours it is shown that the hot temperature is built up on the back of the heat sink. The results of the validation of this study and previous studies obtained an error that occurred was around 4%.Keywords: CFD, variation of air flow velocity, laptop.

The development and application of the test system for the silicon pixel modules in HEPS-BPIX

HEPS-BPIX is a prototype of photon counting pixel detector developed for the High Energy Photon Source. It consists of 16 silicon pixel modules which should be tested individually to ensure the function and performance. Due to various factors such as the non-uniformity of the processes and voltage drop, the response of each pixel in the silicon pixel module is not identical completely. The response difference of pixels can be minimized by the threshold calibration. This system is developed for the quality test and calibration of the silicon pixel modules. The system consists of a mother board, a control board and a data acquisition (DAQ) system. The mother board provides necessary resources including power supplies and the fanout of calibration signals. Besides, it can be used to test the connectivity by monitoring the power states. The control board reads data out and provides the clock, trigger and configuration data for the silicon pixel module. The DAQ system sends the control commands and receives the readout data through an Ethernet link. Compared with the previous readout system, this designed system has a lower noise level and better scanning curves making the calibration more accurate. And it has been successfully applied to the comparison experiments of the through silicon via and wire-bonding silicon pixel modules. The results show that this test system can be used to the quality test and calibration of the silicon pixel modules. In addition, the system can be adapted to the measurement of different pixel array detector modules.

Assess Reliability Parameters of an Electronic Voting Machine using a Neural Network Technique

The structure of Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) is an interconnected network of discrete components that record and count the votes of voters. The EVM system consists of four main subsystems which are Mother board of computer, Voting keys, Database storage system, power supply (AC and DC) along with various conditions of functioning as well as deficiency. The deficiency or failure of system is due to its components (hardware), software and human mismanagement. It is essential to reduce complexity of interconnected components and increase system reliability. Reliability analysis helps to identify technical situations that may affect the system and to predict the life of the system in future. The aim of this research paper is to analyze the reliability parameters of an EVM system using one of the approaches of computational intelligence, the neural network (NN). The probabilistic equations of system states and other reliability parameters are established for the proposed EVM model using neural network approach. It is useful for predicting various reliability parameters and improves the accuracy and consistency of parameters. To guarantee the reliability of the system, Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) architecture is used to learn a mechanism that can update the weights which produce optimal parameters values. Numerical examples are considered to authenticate the results of reliability, unreliability and profit function. To minimize the error and optimize the output in the form of reliability using gradient descent method, authors iterate repeatedly till the precision of 0.0001 error using MATLAB code. These parameters are of immense help in real time applications of Electronic Voting Machine during elections.

A new industrial technology for closing the loop of full-size waste motherboards using chemical-ultrasonic-mechanical treatment

Development of a new sustainable pilot scale technology for recycling of Waste Printed Circuit Boards (WPCBs) is a challenging and time-consuming task, especially since the situation with electronic waste is worsening yearly in terms of environmental hazard and valuable material loss. Therefore, this research is oriented towards quickly approaching the industrial level and recycling a full-size waste motherboard (MB) using a combined technique presented by three treatment types: chemical, ultrasonic, and mechanical. Here, chemical is the main treatment type with an aim to liquefy Brominated Epoxy Resin (BER) using an organic solvent eventually separating all layers of MB, while mechanical and ultrasonic treatments are used to accelerate the BER dissolution process. The treatment was performed in a new reactor designed especially for that purpose. Spent solvent was regenerated several times during the treatment by a rotary evaporator to avoid solvent saturation as well as to extract the BER. Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy, FTIR, NMR, metallographic microscope, SEM and EDX were the used to study the obtained BER, fiberglass, and metal. The results indicated that MB was composed of five fiberglass layers adhered by BER (67wt.%), two copper layers and tracks (19.4wt.%), through-hole pads (12wt.%). In addition, it was noted that through-hole pads contained Palladium coating. Finally, based on the economic evaluation of the new technology, a conclusion was drawn that the application of this technology on an industrial scale can provide an economic return up to ∼2,300$ per ton of WPCBs (without precious metals recovery). In addition, applying the developed approach on an industrial scale gives a possibility to decrease carbon footprint by −1868kg CO2-eq/t of WPCBs.

Readout Electronics for CBM-TOF Supermodule Quality Evaluation

Super module assembled with MRPC detectors is the component unit of TOF (Time of Flight) system for the Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment. Quality of super modules needs to be evaluated before it is applied in CBM-TOF. Time signals exported from super module are digitalized at TDC (Time to Digital Converter) station. Data rate is up to 6 Gbps at each TDC station, which brings a tremendous pressure for data transmission in real time. In this paper, a real-time data flow control method is designed. In this control method, data flow is divided into 3 types: scientific data flow, status data flow and control data flow. In scientific data flow, data of each TDC station is divided into 4 sub-flows, and then is read out by a parallel and hierarchical network, which consists of multiple readout mother boards and daughter boards groups. In status data flow, status data is aggregated into a specific readout mother board. Then it is uploaded to DAQ via readout daughter board. In control data flow, control data is downloaded to all circuit modules in the opposite direction of status data flow. Preliminary test result indicated data of STS was correctly transmitted to DAQ with no error and three type data flows were control orderly in real time. This data flow control method can meet the quality evaluation requirement of supper module in CBM-TOF.

Influence of Grain Refinement via ECAP to the Corrosion Behaviour of SAC 305 Solder

Equal Channel Angular Pressing or ECAP has been generating interest due to the ability to form bulk ultra-fine grains (UFG) or nanostructured materials. This formation of ultra-fine grains leads to a favorable combination of strength and ductility. Solder materials, which function as the mechanical bridge joining chip to substrate, or package to mother board, could very well benefit from this combination. High strength would offer better joint, and enhanced ductility would enable solder to have better fracture toughness and drop-impact resistance as solder joint regularly being subjected to vibration and impact. This paper reports about corrosion behaviour of ECAPed SAC 305 alloy formed via route Bc up to four passes. The focus is on the effect of grain refinement on corrosion behaviour of bulk solder in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The resulting microstructure was observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The grains formed after different passes of ECAP were observed, along with the distribution of intermetallic compound or IMC within the bulk solder. Finer grains were formed with increasing number of ECAP passes leading to reduction of corrosion rate and increased strength of SAC305. The high fraction of grain boundaries in the microstructure with increased of ECAP passes reduced the corrosion rates by accelerating the passivation process.

Modular design method for motor drives

This paper introduces the concept of modular design methodology for hardware design and development of motor drives. The modular design process is first introduced separating the hardware development into three parts: controller, mother board and phase-leg module. The control and circuit function can be decoupled from the phase-leg module development. The hardware update can be simplified with the phase-leg module development and verification. Two design examples are used to demonstrate this method: a DC-fed motor drive with Si IGBTs and an AC-fed motor drive with SiC devices. Design of DC-fed motor drive aims at developing the converter with customized IGBT package for high temperature. Experience with development of the converter with commercial IGBTs simplifies the process. As the AC-fed motor drive is a more complex topology using more advanced devices, the modular design method can simplify and improve the development especially for new packaged devices. Also, the modular design method can help to study the electromagnetic interference (EMI) issue for motor drives, which is presented with an extra design example.

Virtual Machine Allocation Policy in Cloud Computing Environment using CloudSim

Cloud computing has been widely accepted by the researchers for the web applications. During the past years, distributed computing replaced the centralized computing and finally turned towards the cloud computing. One can see lots of applications of cloud computing like online sale and purchase, social networking web pages, country wide virtual classes, digital libraries, sharing of pathological research labs, supercomputing and many more. Creating and allocating VMs to applications use virtualization concept. Resource allocates policies and load balancing polices play an important role in managing and allocating resources as per application request in a cloud computing environment. Cloud analyst is a GUI tool that simulates the cloud-computing environment. In the present work, the cloud servers are arranged through step network and a UML model for a minimization of energy consumption by processor, dynamic random access memory, hard disk, electrical components and mother board is developed. A well Unified Modeling Language is used for design of a class diagram. Response time and internet characteristics have been demonstrated and computed results are depicted in the form of tables and graphs using the cloud analyst simulation tool.

AMBER: Advanced Mother Board for Embedded systems pRototyping

The proliferation of low-cost embedded system platforms has allowed the creation of large communities of developers, as well as the development of new advanced applications. Even though some of these applications can be of industrial relevance, their immediate application to real products is not straightforward since most of them require a complete and expensive hardware redesign of the considered embedded solution. To speed up the technological transfer of custom embedded solutions while overtaking the limits imposed by a complete hardware redesign, the article presents AMBER, an innovative embedded platform leveraging on a design based on System-on-Modules (SOM) and Extender modules. AMBER decouples the processing part of the system, which is fully contained on the SOM, from the peripherals, which are contained on the main board and Extender modules. This allows a smooth industrial-oriented redesign of the embedded solution. In the article, AMBER is first presented starting from its philosophy and design choices while highlighting its main features. Then, an application of AMBER as an enhanced gateway to be used in the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) scenario is reported by considering a monitoring and actuation use case. The IIoT-oriented AMBER solution is hardware and software configured to support real-time communications with actuators compliant with the Powerlink standard, as well as to interact with sensors compliant with Bluetooth Low Energy. Performance results show the effectiveness of the proposed solution in the selected industrial scenario while promoting a fast and immediate transfer in new embedded products targeted to IIoT applications.

Thermal Performance and Efficiency of a Mineral Oil Immersed Server Over Varied Environmental Operating Conditions

Complete immersion of servers in dielectric mineral oil has recently become a promising technique for minimizing cooling energy consumption in data centers. However, a lack of sufficient published data and long-term documentation of oil immersion cooling performance make most data center operators hesitant to apply these approaches to their mission critical facilities. In this study, a single server was fully submerged horizontally in mineral oil. Experiments were conducted to observe the effects of varying the volumetric flow rate and oil inlet temperature on thermal performance and power consumption of the server. Specifically, temperature measurements of the central processing units (CPUs), motherboard (MB) components, and bulk fluid were recorded at steady-state conditions. These results provide an initial bounding envelope of environmental conditions suitable for an oil immersion data center. Comparing with results from baseline tests performed with traditional air cooling, the technology shows a 34.4% reduction in the thermal resistance of the system. Overall, the cooling loop was able to achieve partial power usage effectiveness (pPUECooling) values as low as 1.03. This server level study provides a preview of possible facility energy savings by utilizing high temperature, low flow rate oil for cooling. A discussion on additional opportunities for optimization of information technology (IT) hardware and implementation of oil cooling is also included.

A Framework for Performance Study of Micro Computers in a Virtual Environment (A Case Study of AMD and Intel Processors)

Virtualization is used in cloud as the underlying technology for managing and improving the utilization of data and computing centre resources by server consolidation. Performance is an important quality measure for any organization to accomplish its operations efficiently. IT professionals have to identify what their performance requirements are, for example some hardware platforms do consider virtualization; whereas others operate as a standalone. Also some applications and operating systems may not be compatible with some hardware. While some systems need substantial CPU processing power, others may need significant I/O requirements. Many research works were done on the performances of microcomputers in a virtual environment but most of them used the traditional method of powering the virtual system and did not consider the used and available memories. This work did not only considered the load on CPU and Memory but also the used and available memories as well as developed an automated method of running the virtual system from the hypervisor to the hardware monitor level for speed and accuracy. An analytical model was developed and simulated using Bootstrap, Html, and Php while MySQL was used as database. Performance measures of utilization for both the CPU and memories of the two mother boards AMD and Intel were evaluated; the result revealed that Intel yields better results of 50% as against 63% for AMD when both were in physical environment, and 51% as against AMD’s 52% when in virtual environment for the diverse workloads. But the memory of AMD gives better results of 40.9% as against Intel’s 66.4% when in the physical environment and 66.3% for AMD as against Intel’s 68.7% when compared in the virtual environment. This means that the type of memories has effect on the performances of a server. Virtualization can be recommended to schools and organizations that are having constrains in buying computer hardware.

An Airborne Ultrasonic Imaging System Based on 16 Elements: 150 kHz Piezopolymer Transducer Arrays—Preliminary Simulated and Experimental Results for Cylindrical Targets Detection

This paper describes the design and fabrication of a 16-element transducer array for airborne ultrasonic imaging operating at 150 kHz, that can operate both at close range (50 mm) in the near field of a synthetic aperture, and up to 250 mm. The proposed imaging technique is based on a modified version of the delay and sum algorithm implemented with a synthetic aperture where each pixel amplitude is determined by the integration of the signal obtained by the coherent summation of the acquired signals over a delayed window with fixed length. The image reconstruction methods using raw data provides the possibility to detect targets with smaller feature size on the order of one wavelength because the coherent signals summation over the selected window length while the image reconstruction methods using the summation of enveloped signals increases the amplitude response at the expenses of a lower spatial resolution. For the implementation of this system it is important to design compact airborne transducers with large field of view and this can be obtained with a new design of hemi-cylindrical polyvinylidene fluoride film transducers directly mounted on a printed circuit board. This new method is low cost and has repeatable transducer characteristics. The complete system is compact, with a modular architecture, in which eight boards with dual ultrasonic channels are mounted on a mother board. Each daughter board hosts a microcontroller unit and can operate with transducers in the bandwidth 40–200 kHz with on-board data acquisition, pre-processing and transfer on a dedicated bus.

Evaluation of the Effect of Size Reduction and Thermal Treatment on Metal Extraction from PCBs of Mother Board and Digital Video Drive of Desktop PC

The study aims at evaluating the effect of particle size and thermal treatment on printed circuit boards (PCBs) of Mother Board (MB) and DVD on metal extraction. Results show around 90-95% (w/w) and 35-40% (w/w) of total Al and Cu respectively, in CPU could be recovered by systematized disassembly. Remaining embedded Al and Cu require metallurgical or hydro-metallurgical processing. Cu extraction increases with size reduction. Thermal treatment of MB-PCB shows reduction in Cu extraction (23-38%) for all sizes in comparison without thermal treatment, while DVD-PCB showed surge in extraction after thermal treatment (41-141%) in comparison without thermal treatment.