Mother-child Relationship Research Articles

The Impact of Peer Relationships, Moral Development, and Family Relationships on Collective Violence with the Mediating Role of Psychological Security

Background: Collective violence is a significant global and national social and health issue, particularly in Iran. Objectives: This study investigated the impact of peer relationships, moral development, and family relationships on collective violence, with the mediating role of psychological security, among male high school students in Mashhad. Methods: This correlational study involved a statistical population of all male high school students in Mashhad, with a sample size of 1,300 selected through cluster sampling. The tools used included multidimensional questionnaires: The Multidimensional Peer Acceptance of Collective Violence (MPACV) scale, the Moral Development Questionnaire (MDQ), Fine's Parent-Child Relationship Questionnaire (FP-CRQ), the adolescent peer relations instrument (APRI), and Maslow's Psychological Security Questionnaire (MPSQ). Data were collected between November 2023 and January 2024 and analyzed using SPSS18 and LISREL8.8 software. Path analysis was conducted to explore the relationships between variables. Results: The findings revealed that moral development has a negative and significant impact on collective violence (standard coefficient -0.16, significance coefficient -2.45). Additionally, the father-child relationship (standard coefficient -0.59, significance coefficient -8.98) and the mother-child relationship (standard coefficient -0.46, significance coefficient -7.06) negatively and significantly affect collective violence. In contrast, peer relationships positively and significantly influence collective violence (standard coefficient 0.24, significance coefficient 3.70). Psychological security plays a crucial mediating role: Moral development (standard coefficient 0.41, significance coefficient 6.21), the father-child relationship (standard coefficient 0.54, significance coefficient 8.24), and the mother-child relationship (standard coefficient 0.50, significance coefficient 7.65) positively and significantly affect psychological security, which in turn reduces collective violence (standard coefficient -0.24, significance coefficient -3.70). However, peer relationships negatively impact psychological security (standard coefficient -0.53, significance coefficient -8.06), contributing to increased collective violence. Conclusion: Enhancing moral development and strengthening family relationships can significantly reduce collective violence among students by improving their psychological security.

What Supports Do Incarcerated Mothers and Their Families Need? The Views of Incarcerated Mothers and Service Providers

Maternal incarceration causes complex and diverse outcomes, affecting the mother, her family, and her community. Despite this, there are few evidence-based models of support. This paper aims to identify participant’s perspectives in developing a model of support by identifying needs, preferred services, and current barriers. Incarcerated mothers (n = 75) and service providers (n = 24) in Queensland, Australia contributed through workshops. Participants identified three support areas: (i) children’s wellbeing and mother-child relationships; (ii) while mothers are incarcerated; and (iii) when mothers return to the community. Mothers prioritized relational and self-development goals whereas service providers prioritized material needs and service delivery methods. Barriers reflected mothers’ multifaceted needs and the complex service delivery area. Preferred programs incorporated individualized, multi-modal, long-term, culturally-informed, and trauma-informed care, while system-level barriers included administrative burdens and navigating complex systems. Overall, models of support must incorporate optimal program-level and system-level characteristics to improve the outcomes of mothers and their children.

A Mother-Child data linkage approach using data from the information System for the development of research in primary care (SIDIAP) in Catalonia

BackgroundLarge-scale clinical databases containing routinely collected electronic health records (EHRs) data are a valuable source of information for research studies. For example, they can be used in pharmacoepidemiology studies to evaluate the effects of maternal medication exposure on neonatal and pediatric outcomes. Yet, this type of studies is infeasible without proper mother–child linkage. MethodsWe leveraged all eligible active records (N = 8,553,321) of the Information System for Research in Primary Care (SIDIAP) database. Mothers and infants were linked using a deterministic approach and linkage accuracy was evaluated in terms of the number of records from candidate mothers that failed to link. We validated the mother–child links identified by comparison of linked and unlinked records for both candidate mothers and descendants. Differences across these two groups were evaluated by means of effect size calculations instead of p-values. Overall, we described our data linkage process following the GUidance for Information about Linking Data sets (GUILD) principles. ResultsWe were able to identify 744,763 unique mother–child relationships, linking 83.8 % candidate mothers with delivery dates within a period of 15 years. Of note, we provide a record-level category label used to derive a global confidence metric for the presented linkage process. Our validation analysis showed that the two groups were similar in terms of a number of aggregated attributes. ConclusionsComplementing the SIDIAP database with mother–child links will allow clinical researchers to expand their epidemiologic studies with the ultimate goal of improving outcomes for pregnant women and their children. Importantly, the reported information at each step of the data linkage process will contribute to the validity of analyses and interpretation of results in future studies using this resource.

Association between infant feeding behavior and maternal choice of breastfeeding type

Abstract Introduction Feeding in infants is a fundamental process influenced by the mother-child relationship during the early months of life. The regulation of feeding behavior, and hunger and satiety cues may be interpreted by the mother, potentially relating to the type of feeding chosen. Objectives To determine the association between infant feeding behavior and the type of breastfeeding chosen by the mother. Methods A cross-sectional and prospective study was conducted, including mothers with children aged between 6 and 18 months. Those with medical contraindications for immediate postpartum breastfeeding or with suspension of exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life due to medical prescription were excluded. The Baby Eating Behavior Questionnaire was used to evaluate the baby’s enjoyment of food, appetite response, eating speed, and satiety response. Results 108 mothers were included, with 87% in agreement with exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), 43.3% using breastfeeding as the primary feeding method, and only 33.3% practicing EBF during the first 6 months. Food response (FR) scored 19.6 (±4.3), enjoyment of food (EF) 17.6 (±2.1), satiety response (SR) 7.1 (±2.0), eating speed (ES) 8.8 (±2.3), and appetite (AP) 4.2 (±0.7). Comparing FR, EF, SR, ES, and AP scores between those who practiced EBF and those who did not showed p > 0.05. sociodemographic characteristics, perinatal factors, stance on EBF, number of hours per day with the child, feeding location, poor technique, breastfeeding pain and lack of medical guidance, all showed p > 0.05 when comparing between those who practiced EBF and those who did not; in contrast to perceiving that the baby wanted to breastfeed (2.5/1.0-6.2), having time to feed (3/1.2-7.2) and having no health problems (10/1.2-78.7) all with p-value <0.05. Conclusions The mother’s perception identifying the baby’s desire to breastfeed, having time to feed the baby and not having health problems favor exclusive breastfeeding. Key messages • Maternal perception plays an important role in deciding to give SCI, so it is the physician’s job to educate the mother so that she has additional arguments for choosing SCI. • The infant’s feeding behavior does not have a significant impact on the mother’s behavior in choosing SCI feeding.

The impact of early surgical ventricular septal defect repair on parenting behavior and mother-child relationship: a prospective longitudinal study.

Many studies have investigated the impact of congenital heart defects (CHD) on child development. However, because CHD not only affects the child and his or her development but, also the entire family, family functioning after pediatric cardiac surgery is of increasing research interest. This prospective childhood-adolescence case-control study aimed to examine differences and changes in parenting behavior and mother-child relationship quality after early surgical repair of an isolated ventricular septum defect (VSD) compared to non-affected controls. 39 affected children (M = 7.3 years) with surgically repaired VSD and their mothers were compared with a matched, non-affected control group of 39 mother-child-dyads (M = 7.3 years) during primary school age (t1). At child early adolescence, 24 affected children (M = 12.4 years) and 24 children of the control group (M = 13.2 years) were examined again (t2). Parenting behavior characteristics (t1: mother report; t2: mother- and child report) and mother-child relationship quality (t2: child report) were measured by standardized questionnaires. The mother-rated parenting behavior dimensions Involvement (p < .001, η2 p = .37), Parental Monitoring (p = .014, η2 p = .17) and Corporal Punishment (p < .001, η2 p = .57) significantly decreased from t1 to t2 in both cohorts. Responsible Parenting Behavior tended to decrease from t1 to t2 in the control group, while remaining stable in the VSD-group (p = .088, η2 p = .09). Independent of the group, higher mother-child relationship quality was associated with more Positive Parenting Behavior (p < .001, η2 p = .34), more Involvement (p = .003, η2 p = .22) and fewer Inconsistency (p < .001, η2 p = .31) in the child-rating; and more Positive Parenting Behavior in the mother-rating (p = .039, η2 p = .10). VSD affected mother-child-dyads were mostly comparable in their parenting behavior characteristics and mother-child relationship quality to non-affected controls. The absence of a decrease in maternal Responsible Parenting Behavior in the VSD group may indicate challenges during the developmental task of autonomy in adolescence. Nevertheless, adaptive family functioning after early pediatric surgical VSD repair seems possible.

Enlisting toddler cooperation through structure and autonomy support: The amplifying role of suboptimal relationship mutuality.

Regular repair of normative mother-toddler conflict is required for relational health; yet, we still need improved delineation of regulation strategies that can promote child cooperation. Contemporary conceptualizations of positive parenting propose that structure and autonomy support each facilitate children's optimal engagement; however, toddler studies rarely address their joint impact and conditional moderation. This observational study examined both dimensions in predicting cooperation among 106 U.S. 30-month-olds and their primarily European-American mothers during a demanding request situation. We also assessed mutuality, an indicator of mother-child relationship quality, from two situations with minimized power differentials to explore whether it moderated associations. Regression analyses confirmed the unique and additive impact of both maternal behavioral dimensions in predicting toddler cooperation and also an interaction effect such that the positive association between maternal autonomy support and toddlers' level of cooperation was accentuated depending on the dyads' mutuality. Results suggest that maternal structure and autonomy support may serve as effective approaches for enlisting or maintaining child cooperation during hierarchical negotiations, and that suboptimal relationship mutuality magnifies toddlers' responses to maternal levels of autonomy support. Findings are likely relevant to parenting programs that advance mother-child relational health during the transition from infancy to early childhood.

‘Parental alienation’ allegations in the context of domestic violence: impacts on mother-child relationships

ABSTRACT Despite the multiple critiques that have been addressed to the concept of ‘parental alienation’ , evidence suggests an increased popularity in recent years. Abused women who seek protection can be labelled as ‘alienating’ mothers. This article investigates the impacts of ‘parental alienation’ allegations on women and children who have experienced domestic violence, focusing on the impacts on mother-child relationships. It draws upon findings from a study that involved multiple case studies conducted with women who had experienced domestic violence and who had been seen as ‘engaging in parental alienation’. For these women, the allegations of ‘parental alienation’ had had negative and sometimes dramatic impacts on the relationships with their children. First, the allegations had resulted in limited or no contact between women and their children. Second, the allegations had limited mother-child communication and had made it more complicated. Third, the allegations had limited women’s ability to protect their children. Fourth, some women reported changes in their children’s behaviours, as some children had expressed feelings of frustration and anger as a result of this situation. The fifth theme emerging from the data was a collection of strategies women used to protect and support their children despite these allegations.

Trying to find Safety, to make it Speakable, and to Mourn the Losses – Children’s Recovery from Domestic Abuse

Abstract Purpose This article addresses a gap in our understanding of children’s ‘recovery’ from domestic abuse. Whilst the impacts of domestic abuse on children have been well-documented and researched, their recovery from it has been under-theorized. By analyzing qualitative accounts on children’s participation in recovery programmes, the article uses Judith Herman’s trauma recovery model, to make the how of children’s recovery explicit. Methods Conducted in Scotland, the research involved individual qualitative interviews with 14 children (aged 7-15 years) and their 14 mothers, who had completed Cedar, a 12-week therapeutic and peer support group programme. A co-produced approach to initial data analysis foregrounded children and mothers’ own priorities for children’s recovery and afforded findings greater rigor. These priorities were then further analyzed using Herman’s trauma recovery framework. Findings Findings offer insight on the ways in which structures, resources, and values designed into the recovery programmes can mobilize children’s experiences of domestic abuse to help them find safety; make domestic abuse ‘speakable’; as well as provide space for children to mourn the losses resulting from domestic abuse. Findings further indicate the power of group-based interventions and the ways in which they can promote recovery through ideas of nurture and care. Conclusions By using Herman’s theoretical lens for recovery, the article makes a new contribution to understandings of children’s recovery from domestic abuse. It identifies key factors that contribute to children’s ability to recover including: their sense of safety, the role of the mother–child relationship and significance of the child-father relationship.

Effects of adverse childhood experiences on observed parenting and children's behavior problems among Jewish and Arab Muslim families in Israel.

Research points to the substantial impact of parents' exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on parents and their children. However, most studies have been conducted in North America, and research on ACEs effects on observed parenting or on intergenerational transmission of ACE effects is limited. We therefore studied families from diverse ethnocultural backgrounds in Israel and examined whether mothers' ACEs hampered maternal sensitivity and the quality of the home environment and whether mothers' psychological distress mediated these links. We also explored whether mothers' ACEs predicted children's behavior problems indirectly through maternal psychological distress and whether maternal sensitivity and the home environment attenuated this mediating path. Participants were 232 mothers (Mchild age = 18.40 months, SD = 1.76; 63.36% non-ultra-Orthodox Jewish, 17.24% ultra-Orthodox Jewish, 19.40% Arab Muslim). Results showed mothers' ACEs were directly associated with decreased maternal sensitivity. Mothers' ACEs were indirectly associated with more behavior problems in children through mothers' higher psychological distress, and maternal sensitivity moderated this indirect link; it was significant only for mothers who showed lower sensitivity. Findings emphasize the significant role ACEs play in early mother-child relationships. The importance of including ACE assessment in research and practice with families of infants and toddlers is discussed.

Sensitive infant care tunes a frontotemporal interbrain network in adolescence

Caregiving plays a critical role in children’s cognitive, emotional, and psychological well-being. In the current longitudinal study, we investigated the enduring effects of early maternal behavior on processes of interbrain synchrony in adolescence. Mother-infant naturalistic interactions were filmed when infants were 3–4 months old and interactions were coded for maternal sensitivity and intrusiveness with the Coding Interactive Behavior Manual. In early adolescence (Mean = 12.30, SD = 1.25), mother-adolescent interbrain synchrony was measured using hyperscanning EEG during a naturalistic interaction of positive valence. Guided by previous hyperscanning studies, we focused on interbrain connections within the right frontotemporal interbrain network. Results indicate that maternal sensitivity in early infancy was longitudinally associated with neural synchrony in the right interbrain frontotemporal network. Post-hoc comparisons highlighted enhancement of mother-adolescent frontal-frontal connectivity, a connection that has been implicated in parent-child social communication. In contrast, maternal intrusiveness in infancy was linked with attenuation of interbrain synchrony in the right interbrain frontotemporal network. Sensitivity and intrusiveness are key maternal social orientations that have shown to be individually stable in the mother-child relationship from infancy to adulthood and foreshadow children’s positive and negative social-emotional outcomes, respectively. Our findings are the first to demonstrate that these two maternal orientations play a role in enhancing or attenuating the child’s interbrain frontotemporal network, which sustains social communication and affiliation. Results suggest that the reported long-term impact of maternal sensitivity and intrusiveness may relate, in part, to its effects on tuning the child’s brain to sociality.

경기 지역 결혼이주여성 자녀 대상 이중언어교육 프로그램의 효과 및 영향요인

This study investigated the operation status of bilingual education programs for children of married migrant women and examined the factors that promote their participation and the effectiveness in order to seek for implications for future operation. For this purpose, interviews were conducted with 8 married migrant women and 8 children who participated in the Vietnamese and Chinese bilingual education programs operated by a multicultural center in Gyeonggi province. Based on the analysis of interview data, 95 keywords were derived related to the factors that promote their participation in the bilingual education programs and the effect of the program.These keywords were classified into 14 subcategories by classifying them based on similarity of meaning. The analysis shows that the motivation for participating in bilingual education was found to be ‘improvement of family relationship’, ‘career development’, and ‘communication between mother and child’. In the case of children, it was found that their mothers’ recommendations motivated their participation. The effects of the program was found to be ‘improvement of family relationship’, ‘improvement of confidence’, ‘career development’, ‘improvement of foreign language ability’, and ‘improvement of mother-child relationship’. The analysis shows that the effect of the program was promoted by activity-based teaching methods, ‘systematic curriculum’, and ‘supportive learning network’. Based on the analysis results of this study, specific implications for future bilingual education were presented.

The Integrated Model: Dynamic Changes in Mother–Child Relationship in the Context of Intimate Partner Violence

The Integrated Model: Dynamic Changes in Mother–Child Relationship in the Context of Intimate Partner Violence

Further Evidence on Online Video-Feedback Intervention: Enhancing Parent-Child Interactions and Reducing Disordered Eating in Children.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of an online intervention designed to improve parent-child interactions and address disordered eating behaviors in children. Using remote video-feedback sessions based on observations of mother-child feeding interactions, the intervention offers a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional in-person methods. The study aimed to assess the impact of online intervention on the quality of mother-child interactions during feeding and its effectiveness in reducing psychopathological symptoms in both mothers and children. The intervention was conducted entirely online, with improvements measured using SVIA scores for mother-child interactions and the SCL-90/R Global Severity Index (GSI) for maternal psychopathological symptoms, alongside evaluations of children's emotional and behavioral functioning, particularly anxiety, depression, and aggression. The intervention significantly improved the quality of mother-child interactions across all SVIA subscales and led to reductions in maternal symptoms of depression and anxiety, as well as decreases in children's emotional and behavioral symptoms. These findings suggest that online video-feedback interventions can effectively enhance mother-child relationships and reduce psychopathological symptoms in both mothers and children, although further research with larger sample sizes and more robust statistical analyses is needed to confirm these results.

Therapeutic interventions with women and children in domestic violence shelters: A systematic scoping review

BackgroundDomestic violence (DV) is a significant social issue. Women and children who are displaced by violence in their homes often access shelters for critical support and housing. Support for the mother–child relationship can mitigate the impacts of trauma and enhance recovery. DV Shelters can play a role in provision of therapeutic approaches that strengthen the mother–child relationship however there is little evidence of these approaches being applied within the refuge environment. AimsThis review explored the application of therapeutic interventions that support the mother–child relationship in DV shelters. A systematic scoping review was conducted to determine the therapeutic approaches that have been applied in DV shelters, their effectiveness and to describe the activities that strengthen the mother–child relationship following an incident of DV with a particular focus on play and art-based approaches. MethodsA systematic search was conducted in six electronic databases (Medline, Embase, PsychInfo, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), SocINDEX and Web of Science). Twelve articles were included in the review. Findings were thematically synthesized using deductive coding against the research aims and inductively for findings in each paper. FindingsThe results of this study demonstrated that there is little recent evidence of the use of therapeutic interventions that support trauma recovery and strengthen the mother–child relationship in DV shelters. However, the small number of included studies demonstrated that there is some use of these therapeutic interventions and that these interventions with mothers and their children can provide essential safety and stabilization support, which lays the foundation for recovery from trauma.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for the Treatment of Postpartum Depression: A Case Study Approach

The prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) has been linked to contradictory outcomes for mothers, infants, and mother-child relationships. Pakistan has the greatest prevalence percentage among the Asian countries which ranges from 28%-63% (Habiba et al., 2020). When it comes to treating postpartum depression, one of the best methods is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. (Hayes et al., 2006). However, a large number of new mothers choose not to seek expert assistance, which highlights the need for new platforms to be developed in order to provide health care services in Pakistan. As noted by Waters et al. (2020) the primary goal of this research is to develop and evaluate the ACT for postpartum depression in postpartum women. This treatment approach addresses mood and anxiety problems related to perinatal diseases. Utilizing the single-case study design. Our main resource who woman who volunteered, from teenage mothers to women in their forties who give birth. The intervention protocols and the strategy were developed in close collaboration with seasoned clinical psychologists and psychiatrists who are experts in the sector. The program was conducted weekly for a minimum of 12 weeks, during which the technique and treatment plan were explained in full. Compiling the patient's progress report and compiling the data received during treatment were done using computation. At the conclusion of the session, there was a notable decline in the severity of anxiety and depression symptoms. The goal is to compile positive evidence supporting the feasibility, efficacy, and proof-of-concept of ACT in reducing depressive symptoms in the postpartum phase. The advantages and disadvantages of this format were examined, along with their prospective applications in clinical health care and future research.

Psychopathology in Infants, Toddlers, and Preschool Children with Nonsyndromic Clefts of the Lip and/or Palate: A Case-Control Study.

The aim of this study is to assess psychopathology and maternal interactions in infants, toddlers, and preschool children with nonsyndromic clefts of the lip and/or palate (NSCLP) and association of psychopathology with cleft-related factors and maternal interactions. Twenty-six children from 4 to 72 months of age with NSCLP, who were attending the Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Department were included as the case group. Fifty-two healthy children who were matched on age and sex with the case group were taken as controls. Children were assessed in aspects of psychiatric diagnosis, articulation, and development. Speech and language disorders (SLD) (P<0.001), disorders of affect (DA) (P=0.005), feeding behavior disorder (P=0.002), sleep-behavior disorder (SBD) (P=0.038), and disordered mother-child relationship (P<0.001) were more prevalent in children with NSCLP. Dental alignment (P=0.024), number of operations (P=0.006), and type of operations (P=0.012) were associated with DA. The children in the case group, who had disordered relationship with their mothers had significantly more SLD (P=0.036) and SBD (P=0.039). Children with NSCLP are at risk of developing psychopathology, especially SLD and DA. Maternal interactions and the above cleft-related factors and may be the target of interventions to prevent and treat psychiatric disorders in these children.

A Critical Discourse Analysis of Mother-Child Relationships in Little Fires Everywhere: The Influence of Race and Social Class

Since the Great Migration in 1910, millions of African-Americans moved to Northern, Western, and Midwestern cities, prompting White flight to the suburbs in search of a racially homogeneous utopia. These suburban areas, rooted in discrimination, have a history of systemic racism. Little Fires Everywhere (2020), a Hulu mini-series based on Celeste Ng’s novel, explores these dynamics in a Midwestern suburb. Previous studies have linked race and class to motherhood in the series, revealing that racism often intertwines with structural disparities between ethnic groups. This paper examines the mother-daughter conflicts in Little Fires Everywhere, arguing that these conflicts arise not only from racial structures but also from the specific societal norms of suburban life. Using Fairclough’s (1989) three-dimensional Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) model, this study uncovers the ideologies embedded in dialogue, the power relations produced through language, and how these elements shape relationships. The analysis reveals that racial identities and social class significantly impact mother-daughter dynamics. The Richardsons’ conservative, upper-class status fosters a superficial and strained relationship, while the Warrens’ financial struggles lead to dissatisfaction and dishonesty. The study highlights how language in the series reflects and reinforces power dynamics, influencing the characters’ relationships.

Diversity and transition of stepfamilies among the G|ui and Gǁana

This paper examines how the nuclear family of G|ui and Gǁana, the two socio-culturally closely related hunter-gatherer groups of the San, has been (re)constructed and functioned since their resettlement in late 1990s. As with other hunter-gatherer groups, divorce and remarriage have been not uncommon among the G|ui/Gǁana. Extra-marital relationships, known as dzáã̄-kù , have also been semi-socially recognised. Consequently, the G|ui/Gǁana exhibit several stepfamily configurations. As in other San populations, the G|ui/Gǁana are known for their close mother–child relationships. However, it should be noted that non-maternal relatives have also been active participants in child-rearing. Children of stepfamilies are usually well informed about their origins and are not disconnected from their relatives, including divorced parents. The G|ui/Gǁana settlement established in late 1990s not only reduced group mobility, which had been characterised by fission and fusion of residential groups, but also led to a rapid increase in population density and fertility rates. Subsequently, the G|ui/Gǁana society has been modified in response to various difficulties. However, relationships with relatives, including divorced parents, continue to be an important social resource in this process. This article was published open access under a CC BY-ND licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/ .

The Changsha historic urban area: a study on the evolution characteristics and influencing factors of the connectivity of construction land

This study aims to understand the connectivity characteristics of construction land during the spatial evolution of historic urban areas. The complex network analysis method is employed to examine the evolution of the spatial structure of construction land in the four periods of the Changsha historic urban area. The results indicate that the spatial network morphology of construction land follows a repeated development pattern resembling a cluster–mother–child relationship. Additionally, the vulnerability in the evolution of land use spatial relationships is very low, while the overall stability of the land use network structure decreases. The spatial equilibrium of land use shows a downwards trend, the accessibility of land where existing cultural relics and historic sites are located is generally moderate to low, and some plots require improvement. In the evolution of connectivity in the construction land of historic urban areas, the main development challenges are the uneven growth caused by imbalanced land value influenced by capital and the need to balance the preservation of land use patterns with improved accessibility to cultural relics and historic sites. Therefore, it is highly important to dynamically detect and optimize the network structure of construction land to protect and develop historic urban areas.

The Effectiveness of Schema Therapy on the Coping Strategies and Psychological Hardiness of Mothers with Children Who Stutter

Background: Mothers play an important role in the process of treating children's stuttering. Enhancing mothers’ psychological state through coping strategies and psychological hardiness based on schema therapy can significantly affect the mother-child relationship during the therapeutic process. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy on the coping strategies and psychological hardiness of mothers with stuttering children in Kermanshah. Methods: The present quasi-experimental study employed a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. In this study, 30 mothers of stuttering children were selected through purposive sampling and randomly divided into two groups. Endler and Parker's coping strategies questionnaire and Kubasa's psychological hardiness questionnaire were used. Schema therapy, based on Young's schema therapy protocol, was used as the intervention in one group. Results: The average age in the schema therapy intervention group was 34.60 ± 6.28 years, and in the control group, it was 35.87 ± 6.38 years. The highest frequency of education level in both groups was at the diploma degree. Regarding family income (socioeconomic status), the average-level income was the most common in both groups. Statistical comparison of the pre- and post-test scores of task, emotion, and avoidance strategies, as well as the scores of commitment, challenge, and control components, showed statistically significant differences in the schema therapy group (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: As the present findings showed, due to the significant role of mothers' interaction and reaction in managing the treatment process of stuttering children, schema therapy can be used to improve the coping strategies and psychological hardiness of mothers.