Mosquito Population Density Research Articles

Enhancing vector control: AI-based identification and counting of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquito eggs

BackgroundDengue fever poses a significant global public health concern, necessitating the monitoring of Aedes mosquito population density. These mosquitoes serve as the disease vectors, making their surveillance crucial for dengue prevention. The objective of this study was to address the difficulty associated with identifying and counting mosquito eggs of wild strains during the monitoring of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) density via ovitraps in field surveys.MethodsWe constructed a dataset comprising 1729 images of Ae. albopictus mosquito eggs from wild strains and employed the Segment Anything Model to enhance the applicability of the detection model in complex environments. A two-stage Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network model was used to establish a detection model for Ae. albopictus mosquito eggs. The identification and counting process involved applying the tile overlapping method, while morphological filtering was employed to remove impurities. The model’s performance was evaluated in terms of precision, recall, and F1 score, and counting accuracy was assessed using R-squared and root mean square error (RMSE).ResultsThe experimental results revealed the model’s remarkable identification capabilities, achieving precision of 0.977, recall of 0.978, and an F1 score of 0.977. The R-squared value between the actual and identified egg counts was 0.997, with an RMSE of 1.742. The average detection time for a single tile was 0.48 s, which was more than 10 times as fast as the human–computer interaction method in counting an entire image.ConclusionsThe model demonstrated excellent performance in recognizing and counting Ae. albopictus mosquito eggs, indicating great application potential. This study offers novel technological support for enhancing vector control effectiveness and public health standards.Graphical

Mosquito suppression via Filippov incompatible insect technique

Mosquito-borne diseases persist as a global health challenge despite ongoing control efforts, necessitating the exploration of alternative control approaches. This research proposes a Filippov incompatible insect technique (IIT) model with a threshold policy control for suppressing mosquito population. The model implements biological and chemical control strategies only when wild mosquito density surpasses an economic threshold. The biological strategy involves releasing Wolbachia-infected male mosquitoes, offering advantages such as a shortened lifespan and disease blocking. Simultaneously, moderate insecticide and larvicide spraying serve as a chemical approach to expedite the control process. The model provides economic advantages by minimizing control costs and environmental benefits through the integration of biological strategies, thus reducing reliance on chemicals. By employing Filippov's convex method, we identify necessary conditions for the existence of sliding segments and determine the dynamics of the switching line. Theoretical analysis reveals the model's long-term dynamics, including sliding bifurcations, pseudo-equilibria, and their stability. The model exhibits boundary equilibrium bifurcations and transcritical bifurcations in both free and controlled systems. Varying threshold values significantly impact the control outcomes effectiveness. The main findings demonstrate that integrated strategies efficiently decrease the population density of wild mosquitoes.

Mark-Release-Recapture (MRR) of Sterile Male Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in Sri Lanka: Field Performance of Sterile Males and Estimation of the Wild Mosquito Population Density.

Dengue is an important mosquito-borne disease in Sri Lanka. The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is an environment-friendly and novel method that can suppress dengue vector mosquitoes in Sri Lanka. This study aimed to evaluate the field performance of sterile males and the density of wild male Aedes albopictus (Skuse) using a Mark-Release-Recapture (MRR) assay. Laboratory-colonized male pupae were exposed to 50 Gy gamma using a Co60 source. Sterile males (approx. 10,000) marked with fluorescent dust were released weekly for 4 consecutive weeks (January-February 2021) in a geographically isolated 30 ha site in Gampaha. Results show sterile males could disperse up to 543.8 m with a mean distance of 255.1 ± 44.6 m and survive up to 6 days with a mean life expectancy of 3.55 ± 2.32 days. A high field mating competitiveness of sterile males based on a Fried value of 0.47 ± 0.007 and significant induced sterility in the wild eggs in the second generation were found. The mean wild male mosquito population density was 163 males/ha. The data generated will be useful for designing future trials in Sri Lanka and other countries with similar situations.

Ovitrap Index Measurement of Aedes sp. in Kertasari Urban Village, Ciamis Sub-District Ciamis District

Aedes sp. mosquitoes are insects that can transmit dengue fever to humans. Transmission is caused by mosquito bites and mosquito population density in an area can illustrate the potential for dengue transmission. Ovitrap index measurement can be used as one of the efforts to control and prevent dengue fever. This study aims to determine the presence and density of Aedes sp. mosquitoes by the percentage value of the Ovitrap Index (OI) in the Pasirangin neighborhood. In the study, the descriptive method was used by observing ovitraps and calculating the Ovitrap Index on ovitraps in Pasirangin Neighbourhood, RW 09 Kertasari Village. Ovitrap installation was placed inside and outside the house as many as 20 houses. The results showed that of the 40 ovitraps installed, the number of positive ovitraps was 15. Based on the calculation of the overall OI percentage, the result was 37.5 %. The ovitrap index criteria for the research location has a score of 3 (OI below 40 %), which indicates that the area has a moderate potential for dengue disease vulnerability

Female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes use communal cues to manage population density at breeding sites

Where a female mosquito lays her eggs creates the conditions for reproductive success. Here we identify a communal behavior among ovipositing female mosquitoes. When choosing equal breeding sites, gravid Aedes aegypti aggregate more often than expected. This aggregation occurs when water contact is restricted and does not require the presence of eggs. Instead, the aggregation is regulated by the number of females present at the breeding site. Using assays with both occupied and empty oviposition sites, we show that the Orco olfactory co-receptor and a carbon dioxide receptor, Gr3, detect the presence of mosquitoes. orco mutants aggregate more often in empty sites, suggesting attractive olfactory cues influence females to associate with one another. Gr3 mutant females do not prefer either site, suggesting that the CO2 receptor is necessary to evaluate mosquito population density at breeding sites. Further, raising CO2 levels is sufficient to cause wild-type mosquitoes to avoid empty oviposition sites. Our results demonstrate that female mosquitoes can regulate their own population density at breeding sites using attractive and repellent communal cues.

Mosquito Detection and Classification Using Machine Learning Algorithms

Accurate assessment of mosquito population density is crucial for the efficient management of mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue in areas affected by these vectors. Nevertheless, the traditional approach of manually counting and classifying mosquitoes through the use of traps is both laborious and expensive. This research paper presents a proposed pipeline for the identification and categorization of mosquitoes from photographs, specifically designed for low-cost Internet of Things (IoT) sensors. The pipeline aims to achieve a balance between accuracy and efficiency. Through the process of fine- tuning conventional machine learning models such as VGG16, RESNET50, and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), a notable level of accuracy of 98% is attained. The present study highlights the potential of integrating a highly effective mosquito detection device with a convolutional neural network to offer a viable balance between precision and efficiency in the realm of mosquito identification, categorization, and quantification. Consequently, this approach has promise for improving the control and prevention of mosquito-borne illnesses.

Qualitative analysis of a Filippov wild-sterile mosquito population model with immigration.

Effectively combating mosquito-borne diseases necessitates innovative strategies beyond traditional methods like insecticide spraying and bed nets. Among these strategies, the sterile insect technique (SIT) emerges as a promising approach. Previous studies have utilized ordinary differential equations to simulate the release of sterile mosquitoes, aiming to reduce or eradicate wild mosquito populations. However, these models assume immediate release, leading to escalated costs. Inspired by this, we propose a non-smooth Filippov model that examines the interaction between wild and sterile mosquitoes. In our model, the release of sterile mosquitoes occurs when the population density of wild mosquitoes surpasses a specified threshold. We incorporate a density-dependent birth rate for wild mosquitoes and consider the impact of immigration. This paper unveils the complex dynamics exhibited by the proposed model, encompassing local sliding bifurcation and the presence of bistability, which entails the coexistence of regular equilibria and pseudo-equilibria, as crucial model parameters, including the threshold value, are varied. Moreover, the system exhibits hysteresis phenomena when manipulating the rate of sterile mosquito release. The existence of three types of limit cycles in the Filippov system is ruled out. Our main findings indicate that reducing the threshold value to an appropriate level can enhance the effectiveness of controlling wild insects. This highlights the economic benefits of employing SIT with a threshold policy control to impede the spread of disease-carrying insects while bolstering economic outcomes.

The Key Associated Factor of the Emergence of the Dengue Vector in Peri-Urban and Rural Settlements

Introduction: The population density of Aedes mosquitoes is a risk factor for dengue in endemic areas. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the risk factors for mosquito vector emergence in settlements. This study aimed to determine the key factors associated with the occurrence and population density of dengue vectors in peri-urban and rural settlements. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in two dengue-endemic villages, Bergas-Kidul and Gebugan, representing peri-urban and rural settlements, respectively. A cluster-based larval survey was conducted in the dengue-case house and in 18–20 houses around a radius of 100 m. All water containers and their characteristics and mosquito larvae emergence were recorded in each house to calculate Aedes indices. The geographic coordinates, altitude, air temperature, and humidity were mapped and analyzed using GIS and SPSS software. Results and Discussion: Dengue vectors were found in peri-urban and rural with HI, CI, BI, and DF indices of 29.3%, 32.2%, 35.4, 6.0; then 12.2%, 14.3%, 14.6, and 3.0, respectively. In peri-urban areas, larval occurrence was associated with air temperature, air humidity, container type, and open microhabitat, whereas in rural areas, it was associated with only open microhabitat. Conclusion: The Aedes indices represent a high density of mosquito populations, and the existence of open microhabitats is the key factor for larval occurrence in both peri-urban and rural settlements. Community participation in vector control needs to be increased in addition to studying the resistance of Aedes mosquitoes to a number of insecticide groups.

Surveillance on dengue vector Aedes albopictus in Ningbo City in 2021

To analyze the density, distribution and insecticide resistance of Aedes albopictus in Ningbo City in 2021, so as to provide insights into formulation of dengue fever control strategies. Four administrative villages were randomly selected from each county (district) in Ningbo City from April to November, 2021, to investigate the indoor population density of Aedes larvae, and the Breteau index (BI) was calculated. The population density of adult mosquitoes was investigated in residential areas, parks/bamboo forests, waste tire stacking sites/waste stations/construction sites in each county (district). On June 2021, larvae of the natural strain A. albopictus were collected from epidemic sites of dengue fever in Ningbo City in 2018, and raised in laboratory. Then, larvae and female mosquitoes without blood feeding were selected for insecticide resistance bioassays, while insecticide-sensitive strains of A. albopictus served as controls. The resistance of A. albopictus larvae to deltamethrin, beta-cypermethrin, propoxur, temephos and dichlorvos using the impregnation method, and the medium lethal concentration (LC50) and resistance ratio (RR) were calculated. The resistance of adult A. albopictus to beta-cypermethrin, permethrin, deltamethrin, propoxur and malathion was determined using the tube bioassay, and the mosquito mortality was calculated. A total of 10 072 small water containers from 9 935 households were investigated in Ningbo City in 2021, and there were 1 276 containers with Aedes larvae detected, with an average BI of 12.89. Totally 1 422 mosquito nets were allocated and 954 female A. albopictus were captured, with an average net trapping index of 1.34 mosquitoes/(net·hour). Both larval and adult A. albopictus mosquitoes were found from April to November, and the density of larval A. albopictus peaked in September (BI = 21.21), while the density of adult A. albopictus peaked in August, with a net trapping index of 2.38 mosquitoes/(net·hour). The LC50 values of delta-methrin, beta-cypermethrin, propoxur, temephos and dichlorvos were 0.017 4, 0.000 9, 0.364 1, 0.038 1 mg/L and 0.001 6 mg/L against larvae of natural strains of A. albopicchus, with RRs of 49.66, 25.53, 9.65, 2.24 and 6.06, and the mortality rates of adult mosquitoes were 66.00% (66/100), 69.39% (68/98), 25.00% (25/100), 98.97% (96/97) and 100.00% (98/98) 24 hours post-treatment with 0.08% beta-cypermethrin, 0.03% deltamethrin, 0.4% permethrin, 0.05% propoxur, and 0.5% malathion for 24 h, respectively. A. albopictus is widely distributed in Ningbo City, with a high population density and presents high-level resistance to common pyrethroid insecticides. The population density and insecticide resistance of A. albopictus requires to be reinforced.

Digital Mapping of Dengue Mosquito Movement towards Weather Factors, Mosquito Density, and Cultural Factors in Jember Regency

<div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p><em>This study aims to map a digital movement of the Aedes aegypti mosquito in high-risk areas for dengue fever outbreaks, taking into account the public’s knowledge of dengue fever, attitude towards their environment, action towards the environment, environment conditions of the community, weather and climate factors, and mosquito density assessed through the House Index(HI). </em><em>This study is a quantitative observational analytic research with a cross-sectional design</em><em>. </em><em>The result of the linear regression test on the cultural variable of knowledge, attitudes, and family support showed an value of </em><em>α</em><em> >0,05, indicating the knowledge, attitude, and family support are not important internal factors in aeradicating dengue fever. Mainwhile, the action and community leader support variable showed value </em><em>α</em><em> <0,05, which are important internal and external factors in reducing dengue fever levels. Then, HI value for these sub-districts is 6-7, meaning thet the mosquito density is high. The Aedes aegypti mosquito buffer zone has a flying distance 200 meters according to the CDC, so ares within that reach can be affected. This is clarified by using a digital map of the risk area of the Aedes aegypti mosquito causing dengue fever. In conclution, the digital map that includes cultural data, aera characteristics starting from weather, climate, population density, altitude, temperatue, humadity, and characteristics of mosquitoes inhabiting an area, whether they are clustered os spread, can cause the movement of dengue fever mosquitoes or Aedes aegypti to become more aggressive in their activities. So, the internal and external factors in the habitat of the Aedes aegypti mosquito can cause its movement to become more dunamic in spreading the dengue virus.</em><em></em></p><p><em> </em><em></em></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p align="justify"><strong><em>Keywords: Aedes aegypti Mosquito, Culture, Dengue Fever, GIS (Geographic Information System)</em></strong></p>

Dengue transmission dynamics prediction by combining metapopulation networks and Kalman filter algorithm.

Predicting the specific magnitude and the temporal peak of the epidemic of individual local outbreaks is critical for infectious disease control. Previous studies have indicated that significant differences in spatial transmission and epidemic magnitude of dengue were influenced by multiple factors, such as mosquito population density, climatic conditions, and population movement patterns. However, there is a lack of studies that combine the above factors to explain their complex nonlinear relationships in dengue transmission and generate accurate predictions. Therefore, to study the complex spatial diffusion of dengue, this research combined the above factors and developed a network model for spatiotemporal transmission prediction of dengue fever using metapopulation networks based on human mobility. For improving the prediction accuracy of the epidemic model, the ensemble adjusted Kalman filter (EAKF), a data assimilation algorithm, was used to iteratively assimilate the observed case data and adjust the model and parameters. Our study demonstrated that the metapopulation network-EAKF system provided accurate predictions for city-level dengue transmission trajectories in retrospective forecasts of 12 cities in Guangdong province, China. Specifically, the system accurately predicts local dengue outbreak magnitude and the temporal peak of the epidemic up to 10 wk in advance. In addition, the system predicted the peak time, peak intensity, and total number of dengue cases more accurately than isolated city-specific forecasts. The general metapopulation assimilation framework presented in our study provides a methodological foundation for establishing an accurate system with finer temporal and spatial resolution for retrospectively forecasting the magnitude and temporal peak of dengue fever outbreaks. These forecasts based on the proposed method can be interoperated to better support intervention decisions and inform the public of potential risks of disease transmission.

Novel Sophoridine Derivatives as Potential Larvicidal Agents against Aedes albopictus: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition, and Morphological Study.

Two series of novel sophoridine derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their anti-mosquito activity. SOP-2g, SOP-2q, and SOP-2r exhibited potential larvicidal activity against Aedes albopictus larva with LC50 values of 330.98, 430.53, and 411.09 ppm, respectively. Analysis of structure-activity relationships indicated that the oxime ester group was beneficial for improving the larvicidal biological activity, whereas the long-chain aliphatic group and fused-ring group were introduced. Furthermore, the larvicidal mechanism was also investigated based on the inhibition assay of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and the morphological observation of dead larva treated with derivatives. Results indicated that the AChE inhibitory activity of the preferred three derivatives were 63.16%, 46.67%, and 35.11%, respectively, at 250 ppm concentration. Additionally, morphological evidence demonstrated that SOP-2q and SOP-2r induced changes in the larva's intestinal cavity, caudal gill, and tail, thereby displaying larvicidal action against Ae. albopictus together with AChE inhibition. Therefore, this study implied that sophoridine and its novel derivatives could be used to control the population of mosquito larva, which may also be effective alkaloids to reduce the mosquito population density.

The relative importance of key meteorological factors affecting numbers of mosquito vectors of dengue fever

Although single factors such as rainfall are known to affect the population dynamics of Aedes albopictus, the main vector of dengue fever in Eurasia, the synergistic effects of different meteorological factors are not fully understood. To address this topic, we used meteorological data and mosquito-vector association data including Breteau and ovitrap indices in key areas of dengue outbreaks in Guangdong Province, China, to formulate a five-stage mathematical model for Aedes albopictus population dynamics by integrating multiple meteorological factors. Unknown parameters were estimated using a genetic algorithm, and the results were analyzed by k-Shape clustering, random forest and grey correlation analysis. In addition, the population density of mosquitoes in 2022 was predicted and used for evaluating the effectiveness of the model. We found that there is spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the effects of temperature and rainfall and their distribution characteristics on the diapause period, the numbers of peaks in mosquito densities in summer and the annual total numbers of adult mosquitoes. Moreover, we identified the key meteorological indicators of the mosquito quantity at each stage and that rainfall (seasonal rainfall and annual total rainfall) was more important than the temperature distribution (seasonal average temperature and temperature index) and the uniformity of rainfall annual distribution (coefficient of variation) for most of the areas studied. The peak rainfall during the summer is the best indicator of mosquito population development. The results provide important theoretical support for the future design of mosquito vector control strategies and early warnings of mosquito-borne diseases.

Impact of different diets on the survival, pupation, and adult emergence of Culex pipiens biotype molestus larvae, and infectability with the insect-specific Culex Y virus

The current rapidly advancing climate change will affect the transmission of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), mainly through changes in vector populations. Mosquitos of theCulex pipienscomplex play a particularly prominent role in virus transmission in central Europe. Factors that contribute to the vector population density and the ability of those vectors to transmit viral pathogens (vector competence) can include nutrition during the larval stages. To test the influence of larval diet on larval survival and adult emergence, as well as vector competence, several diets varying in their nutritional composition were compared using a newly established assay. We tested the effects of 17 diets or diet combinations on the fitness of third-instar larvae ofCulex pipiensbiotypemolestus.Larval survival rates at day 7 ranged from 43.33% to 94.44%. We then selected 3 of the 17 diets (Tetra Pleco, as the routine feed; JBL NovoTab, as the significantly inferior feed; and KG, as the significantly superior feed) and tested the effect of these diets, in combination with Culex Y virus infection, on larval survival rate. All Culex Y virus-infected larvae showed significantly lower larval survival, as well as low pupation and adult emergence rates. However, none of the tested diets in our study had a significant impact on larval survival in combination with viral infection. Furthermore, we were able to correlate several water quality parameters, such as phosphate, nitrate, and ammonium concentration, electrical conductivity, and low O2saturations, with reduced larval survival. Thus, we were able to demonstrate that Culex Y virus could be a suitable agent to reduce mosquito population density by reducing larval density, pupation rate, and adult emergence rate. When combined with certain water quality parameters, these effects can be further enhanced, leading to a reduced mosquito population density, and reduce the cycle of transmission. Furthermore, we demonstrate, for the first time, the infection of larvae of the mosquitoCulex pipiensbiotypemolestuswith a viral pathogen.

Modeling the variable transmission rate and various discharges on the spread of Malaria

<abstract><p>Natural and household discharges are the natural breeding grounds of various mosquito species, including female <italic>Anopheles</italic> mosquitoes, which transmit the <italic>Plasmodium</italic> parasite, causing the spread of the life-threatening disease malaria. Apart from that, population migrations also have a substantial impact on malaria transmission, claiming about half a million lives every year around the world. To assess the effects of the cumulative density of households and other natural discharges, and emigration-dependent interaction rates on the dissemination of the vector-borne infectious disease malaria, we propose and analyze a non-linear mathematical model. The model comprises five dependent variables, namely, the density of the susceptible human population, the density of the infective human population, the density of the susceptible female <italic>Anopheles</italic> mosquito population, the density of the infective mosquito population and cumulative density of household and other natural discharges. In the model, the density of the mosquito population is supposed to follow logistic growth, whose intrinsic growth rate is a linear function of the cumulative density of household and other natural discharges. The nonlinear model is analyzed by using the stability theory of differential equations, numerical simulations and sensitivity analysis. The analysis shows that an increase in non-emigrating population causes increased incidence of malaria. It is also found that an increase in household and other natural discharges accelerates the occurrence of malaria. A basic differential sensitivity analysis is carried out to assess the sensitivity of model solutions with respect to key parameters. The model's numerical simulations demonstrate the analytical findings.</p></abstract>

A Process-based Model with Temperature, Water, and Lab-derived Data Improves Predictions of Daily Culex pipiens/restuans Mosquito Density.

While the number of human cases of mosquito-borne diseases has increased in North America in the last decade, accurate modeling of mosquito population density has remained a challenge. Longitudinal mosquito trap data over the many years needed for model calibration, and validation is relatively rare. In particular, capturing the relative changes in mosquito abundance across seasons is necessary for predicting the risk of disease spread as it varies from year to year. We developed a discrete, semi-stochastic, mechanistic process-based mosquito population model that captures life-cycle egg, larva, pupa, adult stages, and diapause for Culex pipiens (Diptera, Culicidae) and Culex restuans (Diptera, Culicidae) mosquito populations. This model combines known models for development and survival into a fully connected age-structured model that can reproduce mosquito population dynamics. Mosquito development through these stages is a function of time, temperature, daylight hours, and aquatic habitat availability. The time-dependent parameters are informed by both laboratory studies and mosquito trap data from the Greater Toronto Area. The model incorporates city-wide water-body gauge and precipitation data as a proxy for aquatic habitat. This approach accounts for the nonlinear interaction of temperature and aquatic habitat variability on the mosquito life stages. We demonstrate that the full model predicts the yearly variations in mosquito populations better than a statistical model using the same data sources. This improvement in modeling mosquito abundance can help guide interventions for reducing mosquito abundance in mitigating mosquito-borne diseases like West Nile virus.

Statistical influence of climate on the population density of culex and coquillettidia mosquitoes

We carried out this study in the area of ​​“Estação Científica Ferreira Penna” (FPSS), located in the Caxiuanã National Forest, in the state of Pará, eastern Amazon. This biome is considered one of the most important ecosystems with the greatest biodiversity of insects and plants on the planet. The climate records were obtained from the INMET meteorological database (BDMet), in addition to information from a microclimatic tower belonging to the Scientific Program “The Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere in Amazon Program (LBA)”. Mosquito specimens were sampled during the months of July, September and December 2005 and February and April 2006. During this period,»26,910 specimens were captured using the 'human attractant' method. A total of 59 species in 15 genera were captured and the genera Culex and Coquiilettidia were the focus of this study. The results show a statistical analysis of the impacts of environmental variables on the population density of mosquitoes of the Culex and Coquillettidia genera, emphasizing their eco-physiological behavior. There is a clear positive association between the concentration of atmospheric CO2 and the population density of these genera. When the rainy and dry seasons are analyzed separately, by the daytime period, the positive association is more evident.

Mansonia spp. population genetics based on mitochondrion whole-genome sequencing alongside the Madeira River near Porto Velho, Rondonia, Brazil.

In high abundance, females of the genus Mansonia (Blanchard) can be a nuisance to humans and animals because they are voraciously hematophagous and feed on the blood of a myriad of vertebrates. The spatial-temporal distribution pattern of Mansonia species is associated with the presence of their host plants, usually Eichhornia crassipes, E. azurea, Ceratopteris pteridoides, Limnobium laevigatum, Pistia stratiotes, and Salvinia sp. Despite their importance, there is a lack of investigation on the dispersion and population genetics of Mansonia species. Such studies are pivotal to evaluating the genetic structuring, which ultimately reflects populational expansion-retraction patterns and dispersal dynamics of the mosquito, particularly in areas with a history of recent introduction and establishment. The knowledge obtained could lead to better understanding of how anthropogenic changes to the environment can modulate the population structure of Mansonia species, which in turn impacts mosquito population density, disturbance to humans and domestic animals, and putative vector-borne disease transmission patterns. In this study, we present an Illumina NGS sequencing protocol to obtain whole-mitogenome sequences of Mansonia spp. to assess the microgeographic genetic diversity and dispersion of field-collected adults. The specimens were collected in rural environments in the vicinities of the Santo Antônio Energia (SAE) hydroelectric reservoir on the Madeira River.

HUBUNGAN PERILAKU WARGA DI RUMAH DENGAN KONDISI LINGKUNGAN TEMPAT TINGGAL SEBAGAI FAKTOR PENYEBAB DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE DI KELURAHAN KOTA UNENG KECAMATAN ALOK KABUPATEN SIKKA

This study aims to determine the relationship between the behavior of residents at home and living environmental conditions as a factor causing dengue hemorrhagic fever seen from the behavior of residents at home that affects dengue hemorrhagic fever with environmental conditions where they live as a breeding ground for the aedes aegypti mosquito. The type of research used is descriptive quantitative research. Data collection techniques using questionnaires and observation. Respondents and places of observation in this study were 100 people and 100 houses in the Urban Village of Uneng. The positive analysis technique used in the study was univariate analysis to describe the behavioral variables of residents at home and mosquito population density with the formula for the positive proportion of houses with Aedes aegypty (HI) larvae, percentage of breeding sites with Aedes aegypty (CI) larvae, and number of breeding sites with Aedes aegypty larvae. positive for Aedes aegypti (BI) larvae and the number of houses that are not infected with larvae (ABJ). The results of the study indicate that there is a relationship between the behavior of residents at home and the condition of the living environment as a factor causing dengue hemorrhagic fever. This relationship is due to the dominant behavior of residents at home is the behavior of residents who influence the occurrence of dengue hemorrhagic fever against environmental conditions where the aedes aegypti mosquito larvae are positive. From this relationship, it was concluded that in Uneng City Village, it was very likely that residents at home could experience dengue hemorrhagic fever. This is based on the magnitude of the Bretau Index (BI) figure of 53% and the larva-free rate (ABJ) of 62%

Malaria infection and Entomological Survey of Anopheline Species in Some Communities in Ila Local Government Area of the State of Osun, Nigeria

A cross-sectional survey of the population of mosquitoes and incidence of malaria was carried out in Iyana-Ofa Community and some selected villages around the College campus (College Community) in Ila Local Government Area, State of Osun, Nigeria for a period of one year (dry and rainy seasons). Mosquitoes were collected using the aspirator tube and pyrethrum spray catch (PSC). Morphological and PCR methods were used for identification. ELISA was employed to determine circum-sporozoite antigens of Plasmodium falciparum. Human biting rate (HBR) was determined to calculate the Entomological inoculation rate (EIR). Blood film examination using Giemsa staining techniques was used to detect malaria parasites in the blood of 427 participants. A Thick film was used to determine the density of the malaria parasite. Out of 946 mosquitoes collected, 605 (64%) were Anopheles gambiae. No significant difference in mosquito population density (p>0.05) from the study communities. EIR from the study areas was moderately high and no significant difference was observed. P. falciparum predominates among participants positive for malaria parasites. Parasite density ranged from 100 to 4,000 parasite/µl blood, the mean parasite density generally declined with age while that 51-60 yr recorded the least. There was no significant difference in the malaria infection rates in the two communities (P>0.05), but there was a correlation between the mosquito population density and the prevalence of malaria. This study provides baseline information necessary to formulate effective control interventions in the area.