Mosaic Plot Research Articles

Testing the Level of Agreement between Two Methodological Approaches of the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) for Occupational Health Practice-An Exemplary Application in the Field of Dentistry.

The Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) is used for the risk assessment of workplace-related activities. Thus far, the paper and pen method (RULA-PP) has been predominantly used for this purpose. In the present study, this method was compared with an RULA evaluation based on kinematic data using inertial measurement units (RULA-IMU). The aim of this study was, on the one hand, to work out the differences between these two measurement methods and, on the other, to make recommendations for the future use of the respective method on the basis of the available findings. For this purpose, 130 (dentists + dental assistants, paired as teams) subjects from the dental profession were photographed in an initial situation of dental treatment and simultaneously recorded with the IMU system (Xsens). In order to compare both methods statistically, the median value of the difference of both methods, the weighted Cohen's Kappa, and the agreement chart (mosaic plot) were applied. In Arm and Wrist Analysis-area A-here were differences in risk scores; here, the median difference was 1, and the agreement in the weighted Cohen's kappa test also remained between 0.07 and 0.16 (no agreement to poor agreement). In area B-Neck, Trunk, and Leg Analysis-the median difference was 0, with at least one poor agreement in the Cohen's Kappa test of 0.23-0.39. The final score has a median of 0 and a Cohen's Kappa value of 0.21-0.28. In the mosaic plot, it can be seen that RULA-IMU had a higher discriminatory power overall and more often reached a value of 7 than RULA-PP. The results indicate a systematic difference between the methods. Thus, in the RULA risk assessment, RULA-IMU is mostly one assessment point above RULA-PP. Therefore, future study results of RULA by RULA-IMU can be compared with literature results obtained by RULA-PP to further improve the risk assessment of musculoskeletal diseases.

Promoting generic drug usage in Japan: correlation between generic drug usage and monthly personal income

BackgroundTo reduce pharmacy-related medical expenses, it is necessary to cut drug costs, potentially by increasing generic drug usage. This study analyzes the correlation between generic drug usage and monthly personal income by examining prescriptions for individual drugs.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study based on the data set from the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan Open Data Japan and the Basic Survey on Wage Structure. We calculated the correlation coefficient between the usage rate of generic drugs in each prefecture of Japan and monthly personal incomes. We then analyzed the correlation coefficients based on the therapeutic categories of medicinal drugs; the contingency table was visualized as a mosaic plot. To compare the proportions between multiple categories, the chi-squared test was applied as a statistical significance test that was used in the analysis of n × m contingency tables. We worked with the null hypothesis that there were no differences between classes in the population.ResultsRegarding the correlation coefficient between the usage rate of generic drugs and monthly personal incomes, the proportion of negative correlation coefficients for outpatient out-of-hospital and outpatient in-hospital prescriptions was over 70%, while that for inpatient prescriptions was 46.9%. The proportion of medicinal drugs exhibiting a negative correlation between the rates of generic drug usage and monthly personal incomes for outpatient out-of-hospital prescriptions and outpatient in-hospital prescriptions was higher than that of inpatient prescriptions. The proportion of statistically correlated medicinal drugs among inpatient prescriptions was lower than that among outpatient out-of-hospital and outpatient in-hospital prescriptions. The proportions of significant negative correlations for outpatient out-of-hospital, outpatient in-hospital, and inpatient prescriptions were 30.6%, 22.7%, and 3.5%, respectively. It was also observed that the rate of generic prescription usage for outpatient out-of-hospital and in-hospital prescriptions increased as monthly personal incomes decreased. In outpatients, the therapeutic categories with strong negative correlations were vasodilators and hyperlipidemia drugs.ConclusionsOur results may help to increase the usage rate of generic drugs in different prefectures by providing useful information for promoting them throughout Japan.

Impact of the increase in the number of community pharmacists on their geographical distribution in Japan: a retrospective survey.

Appropriate distribution of health care resources is required to adjust regional disparities in the quality of health care. Besides, the number of community pharmacists in Japan has increased recently, but the impact of this increase on the distribution of community pharmacists is unknown. Thus, we aimed at investigating the effect of the increase in the number of community pharmacists on the distribution per population and per area of inhabitable land. Data from 2008 to 2018 were used. Equity among municipalities in the number of community pharmacists per population and per area of inhabitable land was assessed using the Gini coefficient. A mosaic plot was used to demonstrate the relationship between the population density and increase in the number of community pharmacists per municipality. The number of community pharmacists increased by approximately 1.3-fold from 2008 to 2018 in Japan. The Gini coefficient per population decreased gradually, whereas that per area increased slightly, with no change in distribution per area of inhabitable land. The number of community pharmacists per population increased regardless of the population density, but this increase per area was smaller for lower population density groups and larger for higher population density groups. The increase in the number of community pharmacists has improved the distribution of community pharmacists per population, but not that per area of inhabitable land. The maldistribution of community pharmacists per area implies an imbalance in the distance between pharmacies and residents. Thus, there is need for measures to improve the distribution of community pharmacists.

Pemetaan Mosaic Plot dalam Menganalisis Fundamental Saham Perusahaan pada Aplikasi IPOT IndoPremier Securitas

For investors who invest, the selection of issuers is made by considering a company's fundamentals. Several digital securities applications can be used, including Indopremier Sekuritas ipot. However, the analysis is difficult for layman who does not master the basics of finance and business. Therefore, we used a mosaic plot by mapping financial statement data into bar charts. The results showed that the Mosaic plot could present the company's characteristics based on its performance in managing capital from shares so that it can be a reference for investors in considering the selection of issuers based on investment objectives.

Delineating the number of animal territories using digital mapping and spatial hierarchical clustering in GIS technology

Abstract Estimation of the population size and distribution of individuals is crucial in ecological studies. In many territorial animals, e.g., birds, territory mapping is the method believed to produce absolute and accurate estimators of population size (number of breeding territories). However, the results are highly variable among observers because interpreting maps is subjective and might depend on previous experience, map scale and bulk of data in the map. This technique is also highly laborious. In this work, we present a new approach to the analysis of bird species maps using spatial hierarchical clustering. Observers mapped birds and noted details of their behaviour in a 429 ha forest-grassland mosaic plot in the Beskid Maly Mountains, Poland. Spatial hierarchical clustering uses only a distance criterion to establish a cluster that is considered a proxy of bird territory. The mathematically established (CrimeStat software) number of territories is compared with the number of territories delineated in a traditional manner by three map analysts experienced in field surveys and the method. The map analysts differed in the number of delineated territories. The average coefficient of variation was 64% (range: 0–173%) and intraclass correlation coefficient was lower than for the computer algorithm and mean estimates of the map analysts. Spatial hierarchical clustering estimated the numbers of territories inside the 95% confidence interval for means calculated using the estimates for each species from map analysts. The relative rank abundance (order of the number of territories estimated by spatial hierarchical clustering) was similar to the results estimated by map analysts as indicated by the Wilcoxon paired test and intraclass correlation coefficient which exceeded a value of 0.9. Higher-order clusters (clusters of “territories”) were also found. Although the presented method uses only the distance criterion, it produces results comparable to the traditional interpretation from maps. The advantage of the presented approach is that it generates repeatable results that are free of subjectivity and independent of observer experience and might supply additional information on the distribution of the territories and perhaps their size. The method might also identify areas of high suitability and can be successfully applied to any territorial animal. Further development should be directed towards inclusion of animal behaviour and simultaneous records of different individuals in the algorithm that calculates clusters.

Methods to reduce dimensionality and identify candidate solutions in multi-objective signal timing problems

Adjusting traffic signal timings is a practical way for agencies to manage urban traffic without the need for significant infrastructure investments. Signal timings are generally selected to minimize the total control delay vehicles experience at an intersection, particularly when the intersection is isolated or undersaturated. However, in practice, there are many other potential objectives that might be considered in signal timing design, including: total passenger delay, pedestrian delays, delay inequity among competing movements, total number of stopping maneuvers, among others. These objectives do not tend to share the same relationships with signal timing plans and some of these objectives may be in direct conflict. The research proposes the use of a new multi-objective optimization (MOO) visualization technique—the mosaic plot—to easily quantify and identify significant tradeoffs between competing objectives using the set of Pareto optimal solutions that are normally provided by MOO algorithms. Using this tool, methods are also proposed to identify and remove potentially redundant or unnecessary objectives that do not have any significant tradeoffs with others in an effort to reduce problem dimensionality. Since MOO procedures will still be needed if more than one objective remains and MOO algorithms generally provide a set of candidate solutions instead of a single final solution, two methods are proposed to rank the set of Pareto optimal solutions based on how well they balance between the competing objectives to provide a final recommendation. These methods rely on converting the objectives to dimensionless values based on the optimal value for each specific objectives, which allows for direct comparison between and weighting of each. The proposed methods are demonstrated using a simple numerical example of an undersaturated intersection where all objectives can be analytically obtained. However, they can be readily applied to other signal timing problems where objectives can be obtained using simulation outputs to help identify the signal timing plan that provides the most reasonable tradeoff between competing objectives.

モザイクプロットを用いた「資料の活用」の授業実践

モザイクプロットを用いた「資料の活用」の授業実践

WIZUALIZACJA DANYCH JAKOŚCIOWYCH Z WYKORZYSTANIEM PAKIETU EXTRACAT PROGRAMU R

Visualization in research process plays a crucial role. There are several advanced plots for visualizing categorical data, such as mosaic, association, double-decker, sieve or fourfold plot that are based on the graphical presentation of residuals in a contingency table. In this paper we present new methods for visualizing categorical data such as rmb, fluctile and scpcp plot available in extracat package in R. This package provides a well-structured representation of categorical data and allows for a detailed presentation of the relationship between categories in terms of proportions. We describe rmb, fluctile and cpcp. Those plots are based on the concept of multiple bar charts, a fluctuation diagram from a multidimensional table and parallel coordinates respectively. Such plots are mostly used for a visualization of a contingency table or a data frame; they can also be used for exploratory analysis and allows for a graphical presentation even for a high number of variables [Pilhofer, Unwin 2013]. All the calculations and plots are obtained using R software.

The influence of forest/grassland proportion on the species composition, diversity and natural values of an eastern Austrian forest-steppe

Eastern Austrian forest-steppe remnants are extremey important both from conservation and a scientific perspective, yet case studies integrating the examination of the grassland and the forest components are relatively scarce. Consequently, the knowledge on how the pattern of forested vs. non-forested patches influences species composition and diversity remains rather limited. In this study, we compared three sites with different forest/grassland proportions: grassland with a low canopy cover, a mosaic area with alternating forest and grassland habitats, and a forest with some canopy gaps. Our aim was to find out which one of them is the best for conservation purposes. We found that the grassland and the mosaic area had a similar composition, while the forested one was distinct from them. The mosaic vegetation seemed to be the most species rich, also hosting a high number of red-listed species. Beside forest-related and grassland-related species, the mosaic plot also supported some edge-related plants. We conclude that the preservation of mosaic-like forest- grassland habitats is the most favorable for conservation aims. Nevertheless, several species, among them some red-listed ones, were clearly linked either to the forest or to the grassland plot. Therefore, even though mosaics deserve a special attention, open grasslands and xeric forests should also be preserved.

Film Writing Adapted for Game Narrative: Myth or Error?

Film Writing Adapted for Game Narrative: Myth or Error?

Design as a Condition for Prosperity in Czech Businesses - A Comparative Study

The purpose of the paper is to comprehensively review the sources of design management, business prosperity and competitiveness. The study shows the current situation in Czech businesses. Furthermore, this paper also attempts to analyze and identify the awareness of companies concerning the relation to design as a condition for business prosperity. The primary aim of the research is to investigate design as a condition of prosperity in Czech businesses. A comprehensive review of the extant literature and journals identified several sources of design approach and various definitions of business prosperity. The research consists of two main parts. Firstly, a method of smart internet questionnaires designed by the author was used. After that, the data were analyzed using mosaic plot and elementary statistics calculations, and seeking mutual dependence, followed by a comparative method. Finally, the findings were processed by comparative study that aims to compare the years 2012 and 2014. The results of the research offer interesting findings. This paper identifies several interesting aspects regarding design within Czech companies, including the mindset of management (the insight gap of Czech businesses regarding design in their business).

Long-Term Winter Inversion Properties in a Mountain Valley of the Western United States and Implications on Air Quality

AbstractBecause of the geography of a narrow valley and surrounding tall mountains, Cache Valley (located in northern Utah and southern Idaho) experiences frequent shallow temperature inversions that are both intense and persistent. Such temperature inversions have resulted in the worst air quality in the nation. In this paper, the historical properties of Cache Valley’s winter inversions are examined by using two meteorological stations with a difference in elevation of approximately 100 m and a horizontal distance apart of ~4.5 km. Differences in daily maximum air temperature between two stations were used to define the frequency and intensity of inversions. Despite the lack of a long-term trend in inversion intensity from 1956 to present, the inversion frequency increased in the early 1980s and extending into the early 1990s but thereafter decreased by about 30% through 2013. Daily mean air temperatures and inversion intensity were categorized further using a mosaic plot. Of relevance was the discovery that after 1990 there was an increase in the probability of inversions during cold days and that under conditions in which the daily mean air temperature was below −15°C an inversion became a certainty. A regression model was developed to estimate the concentration of past particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5). The model indicated past episodes of increased PM2.5 concentrations that went into decline after 1990; this was especially so in the coldest of climate conditions.

Multivariate data in the estimation of consumer risk

The risk of consumer behaviour, as a part of the widely understood studies on risk, is still an uncharted and undiscovered area of human activity. The main goal of this paper is to draw attention to the issue of the measurement of risk perceived by the consumers` unsuccessful purchase, as well as presenting a multidimensional analysis of data on risk research perceived by consumers in the decision making process. Some of the well-known multivariate methods are presented: analysis of variance, correspondence analysis and some graphical methods for categorical data analysis, such as mosaic, sieve, association and doubledecker plot. In the paper, the qualitative analysis aimed at risk identification and interpretation in the decisions process of consumers will be conducted. The exploration of different types of risks and the influence on consumer behaviour will be identified. The perception of risk was examined based on the examples of food, home appliances and travel services (trips, holidays).

Opponent left-handedness does not affect fight outcomes for Ultimate Fighting Championship hall of famers

Opponent left-handedness does not affect fight outcomes for Ultimate Fighting Championship hall of famers

유용한 연관 규칙 추출을 위한 시각적 탐색 기반 접근법

연관 규칙 탐사는 다양한 분야에서 널리 쓰이는 데이터 마이닝 기법으로 트랜잭션 데이터에 포함된 이산적인 항목들 간의 인과관계를 추출하는데 목적을 둔다. 하지만 분석자들은 때로 방대한 양의 데이터에서 추출된 많은 연관규칙들을 해석하고 활용하는데 곤란을 겪기도 한다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 본 논문에서는 주어진 트랜잭션 데이터에서 유용한연관 규칙을 탐색하기 위한 새로운 방법인 HTM 접근법을 제안하고자 한다. HTM 접근법은 크게 계층 군집, 테이블 뷰 및 모자이크 플롯의 세 가지 단계로 구성되며, 각 단계는 분석자들에게 적절한 시각적 표현을 제공한다. 예시를 위해 본 논문에서는 상기 접근법을 건강 검진 결과 데이터 분석에 적용하였으며, 실험결과 HTM 접근법을 통해 분석자들은 유용한 규칙들을 보다 효과적으로 탐색할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. Association rule mining is a popular data mining technique with a wide range of application domains, and aims to extract the cause-and-effect relations between the discrete items included in transaction data. However, analysts sometimes have trouble in interpreting and using the plethora of association rules extracted from a large amount of data. To address this problem, this paper aims to propose a novel approach called HTM for extracting the interesting association rules from given transaction data. The HTM approach consists of three main steps, hierarchical clustering, table-view, and mosaic plot, and each step provides the analysts with appropriate visual representation. For illustration, we applied our approach for analyzing the mass health examination data, and the result of this experiment reveals that the HTM approach help the analysts to find the interesting association rules in more effective way.

The Generalized Pairs Plot

This article develops a generalization of the scatterplot matrix based on the recognition that most datasets include both categorical and quantitative information. Traditional grids of scatterplots often obscure important features of the data when one or more variables are categorical but coded as numerical. The generalized pairs plot offers a range of displays of paired combinations of categorical and quantitative variables. A mosaic plot, fluctuation diagram, or faceted bar chart may be used to display two categorical variables. A side-by-side boxplot, stripplot, faceted histogram, or density plot helps visualize a categorical and a quantitative variable. A traditional scatterplot is suitable for displaying a pair of numerical variables, but options also support density contours or annotating summary statistics such as the correlation and number of missing values, for example. By combining these, the generalized pairs plot may help to reveal structure in multivariate data that otherwise might go unnoticed in the process of exploratory data analysis. Two different R packages provide implementations of the generalized pairs plot, gpairs and GGally. Supplementary materials for this article are available online on the journal web site.

Immunhistochemistry by Means of Widely Agreed-Upon Markers (Cytokeratins 5/6 and 7, p63, Thyroid Transcription Factor-1, and Vimentin) on Small Biopsies of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Effectively Parallels the Corresponding Profiling and Eventual Diagnoses on Surgical Specimens

More detailed typing of non-small cell lung cancer on small biopsy specimens is increasingly required, albeit sometimes demanding with morphology alone. Little, however, is known about the likelihood of immunohistochemistry (IHC)-assessed small biopsies to effectively parallel profiling and, hence, eventual diagnoses of surgical specimens. Sixty-three preoperative biopsies and the corresponding surgical specimens from 30 consecutive squamous cell carcinomas, 22 adenocarcinomas, 2 adenosquamous carcinomas, eight sarcomatoid carcinomas, and one yolk sac tumor were jointly evaluated semiquantitatively for cytokeratins 5/6 and 7, p63, thyroid transcription factor-1, and vimentin immunoreactivity. Surgical specimens were the gold standard for morphology and IHC. Hierarchic clustering analysis of both surgical specimens and biopsies showed a nonrandom and overlapping distribution of the relevant markers, which closely correlated with each other and the diverse tumor categories, as confirmed by mosaic plot analysis. There were no differences in area under the curve-receiver operating characteristic curves for each marker between any two samples, with the exception of p63 that paralleled more effectively squamous cell carcinoma on biopsies than surgical specimens. Fifty-nine of 63 (94%) lesions were correctly classified by IHC on biopsy compared with 53 of 63 (84%) by revised morphology, with the predictive positive value being 97% for squamous cell carcinoma, 88% for adenocarcinoma, and 100% for sarcomatoid and adenosquamous carcinoma. Yolk sac tumor and three of eight sarcomatoid carcinomas, however, failed any diagnostic recognition. Diverse cell differentiation lineages of non-small cell lung cancer may be consistently detected by IHC in small biopsies, making the eventual typing of tumors effective in most cases.

A Software for Some New Color Schemes in Mosaic Display

In social sciences, to analyse if any dependence exists between two categorical variables the data are generally tabulated in a 2 way contingency table and then a test is commonly used. Some graphical techniques for testing the independence in a two way contingency table are are also available. Most generally data in a 2 way contingency table are represented by mosaic display developed by Hartigan and Kleiner and later extended by Friendly. The plot along with the representation of the table gives an idea about the independence between the categorical variables. This paper brings forward two new color schemes for mosaic display. One of which can be used to study the significance of cell frequencies at 5% and 1% level of significance and the other is a dynamic color scheme which enables the user to understand the extent of Peasonian residual in each cell of a contingency table. A software is also developed using Visual Basic 6.0, that can be used for drawing all the four types of mosaic plot and is compatible with other word processors.

Clinical Risk Stratification in the Emergency Department Predicts Long-Term Cardiovascular Outcomes in a Population-Based Cohort Presenting With Acute Chest Pain

The long-term cardiovascular outcomes of a population-based cohort presenting to the emergency department (ED) with chest pain and classified with a clinical risk stratification algorithm are not well documented. The Olmsted County Chest Pain Study is a community-based study that included all consecutive patients presenting with chest pain consistent with unstable angina presenting to all EDs in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Patients were classified according to the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) criteria. Patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction and chest pain of noncardiac origin were excluded. Main outcome measures were major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) at 30 days and at a median follow-up of 7.3 years, and mortality through a median of 16.6 years.The 2271 patients were classified as follows: 436 (19.2%) as high risk, 1557 (68.6%) as intermediate risk, and 278 (12.2%) as low risk. Thirty-day MACCE occurred in 11.5% in the high-risk group, 6.2% in the intermediate-risk group, and 2.5% in the low-risk group (p < 0.001). At 7.3 years, significantly more MACCE were recorded in the intermediate-risk (hazard ratio [HR], 1.91; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.33-2.75) and high-risk groups (HR, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.67-3.58). Intermediate- and high-risk patients demonstrated a 1.38-fold (95% CI, 0.95-2.01; p = 0.09) and a 1.68-fold (95% CI, 1.13-2.50; p = 0.011) higher mortality, respectively, compared to low-risk patients at 16.6 years. At 7.3 and at 16.6 years of follow-up, biomarkers were not incrementally predictive of cardiovascular risk.In conclusion, a widely applicable rapid clinical algorithm using AHCPR criteria can reliably predict long-term mortality and cardiovascular outcomes. This algorithm, when applied in the ED, affords an excellent opportunity to identify patients who might benefit from a more aggressive cardiovascular risk factor management strategy.

Objective parametric model selection procedures from a Bayesian nonparametric perspective

In this paper we propose objective Bayes procedures for model selection. To this end, we follow Gutiérrez-Peña and Walker [Gutiérrez-Peña, E., Walker, S.G., 2005. Statistical decision problems and Bayesian nonparametric methods. International Statistical Review 73, 309–330], who view traditional parametric procedures as statistical decision problems where the uncertainty on the unknown model generating the observations is modelled nonparametrically. In contrast with some of the competing methods, our proposals are not affected by the lack of propriety of the prior distribution. We compare the proposed procedures with other objective methods through a simple yet challenging example. Finally, we present a simulation study and introduce a ‘mosaic plot’ which is useful to summarise the output of our simulations.