Morus Indica Research Articles

A study to evaluate the effect of using different concentrations of rooting hormone on root and shoot characters of apical cuttings of V1 mulberry (Morus indica L.) raised using mini clonal technology at nursery level

A study to evaluate the effect of using different concentrations of rooting hormone on root and shoot characters of apical cuttings of V1 mulberry (Morus indica L.) raised using mini clonal technology at nursery level

Effect of auxins on biochemical composition of apical cuttings of Mulberry (Morus indica l.) Using mini clonal technology

A research study was carried out to examine the effects of auxin and rooting hormone on the biochemical composition of the mini clonal mulberry leaves raised using mini-clonal technique of (Morus indica L.) variety 'V1'.Two hormones, such as indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and napthalene acetic acid (NAA), were used in the experiment. The hormones were replicated four times in each of the following concentration ranges: 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 ppm. Different hormone concentrations were applied to apical shoot cuttings before they were planted in the appropriate rooting medium in a greenhouse condition. The biochemical parameters analysed during the research study include leaf moisturecontent, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, carotenoid, total chlorophyll, crude protein, total carbohydrates, crude fat, total protein content present in mulberry leaves. The nutritive value of mulberry varieties depends on its biochemical constituents present in it. The results indicated that V1 mulberry mini clones have recorded better biochemical constituents and suitable for rearing of mulberry silkworms to get successful cocoon crop.

Elemental Characterization of Leaf Extracts of Three Different Species of Mulberry: Morus. alba L., Morus. nigra L. and Morus. indica L., Using Inductively Coupled Plasma -Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES)

The present study aimed to compare the elemental composition of leaf extracts from three different plant species of Mulberry, Morus alba L., Morus nigra L., and Morus indica L. The results showed that ten essential elements of biological importance for human metabolism, such as Copper, Chromium, Iron, Manganese, Sodium, Zinc, Calcium, Nickel, Lead, and Cadmium, were present in varying concentrations, well below the World Health Organization, (WHO's) daily intake limits. Mulberry leaves are an economical and readily available source of essential mineral elements vital for human health, which can be used to fortify functional foods, treat various diseases, and act as nutraceuticals. The information obtained could be used to determine the efficacy and dosage of herbal drugs manufactured from the leaf extracts of the Mulberry plant, making it a new contributor to food supplements and nutraceutical products.

Influence of Different Transplanting days on Yield attributes of Mini clones under Field Conditions for Morus indica (V1)

An experiment was carried out to compare yield attributes ofapical cuttings developed using Mini-clonal technology of variety V1 along with the regular stem cuttings. Both apical and stem cutting plants were evaluated under field conditions at Forest College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu. In this study, yield parameters like fresh leaf weight (g), no of branches (no’s per plant), no of leaves (no’s per plant) and plant yield (g) were evaluated. The results clearly indicates superior performance was noticed in V1 apical cuttings, treatment 60DAP-AC (V1) mini clones recorded yield attributes like fresh leaf weight (5.33 g), no of branches (2.92 no’s) per plant, no of leaves (49.23 no’s) per plant and plant yield (103.98g) better than stem cuttingsfresh leaf weight (4.94 g), no of branches (2.56 no’s) per plant, no of leaves (41.85 no’s) per plant and plant yield (89.14 g).Evaluating yield traits under primary field conditions in relation to various transplantation days was the primary goal of the study

Hemolytic, antioxidant, and phospholipase A2 neutralization efficacy of Asparagus racemosus, Withania somnifera, Syzygium cumini, Psidium guajava, Basella alba, Morus indica, Morus laevigata, and Morus latifolia

Bangladesh is abundant in medicinal plants. The bioactive compounds in medicinal plants provide novel therapeutic opportunity of improving human health. But, the benefit-risk balance is usually less considered during formulation of traditional medicine. However, the plants that we included in this study are not studied regarding their hemolytic and anti-venom properties. Thus, we aimed to evaluate and compare the hemolytic activity, antioxidant activity, and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzyme neutralization efficacy of aqueous and methanolic extracts of eight known medicinal plants including Asparagus racemosus (root), Withania somnifera (root), Syzygium cumini (leaf), Psidium guajava (leaf), Basella alba (leaf and seed), Morus indica (leaf), M. laevigata (leaf), and M. latifolia (leaf). The results of the hemolytic activity test suggested that the methanolic extracts of S. cumini, P. guajava, B. alba (leaf and seed), M. indica, M. laevigata, and M. latifolia showed significantly higher hemolytic activity compared to their aqueous extracts. The methanolic extracts of A. racemosus, W. somnifera, P. guajava, M. laevigata, and M. latifolia showed remarkable antioxidant activity. Moreover, the results of the PLA2 enzyme neutralization activity test revealed that both aqueous and methanolic extracts of P. guajava, S. cumini, and B. alba (leaf) have significant PLA2 neutralization capacity. Altogether, the aqueous extracts of all plants, except A. racemosus root, have ignorable hemolytic effect. Additionally, P. guajava and S. cumini leaf aqueous extracts have promising PLA2 inhibitory effect and may become the potential source of bioactive compounds for anti-venom drug development.

New floristic records from Central Europe 13 (reports 176-197)

The presented 13th part of the series includes 22 new records of vascular plants from the territory of Central Europe. In Hungary, 5 species, Clerodendrum trichotomum, Morus indica, Oenanthe banatica, Rumex confertus and Torilis nodosa are mentioned. Single findings of alien Panicum virgatum in Poland as well as Euphorbia lathyris in Romania were recorded. In Slovakia, twelve species, Agrostemma githago, Carex hordeistichos, Camelina sativa subsp. zingeri, Consolida hispanica, Geranium lucidum, Lobularia maritima, Ranunculus pedatus, Reseda phyteuma, Rubus radula, Sagittaria latifolia, Sedum pallidum and Trifolium strictum were recorded. From the Ukrainian Carpathians 3 new records of Euphrasia minima subsp. tatrae, Neotinea ustulata and Salix herbacea were reported.

Evaluation of different transplanting days on field survivability and growth attributes of mulberry mini clones under field conditions for Morus indica (V1)

Evaluation of different transplanting days on field survivability and growth attributes of mulberry mini clones under field conditions for Morus indica (V1)

Evaluation of reference genes for accurate normalization of qPCR data under biotic stresses in mulberry (Morus indica L.)

Biotic stresses adversely affect the leaf quality as well as the yield of mulberry (Morus spp.) which is used to feed mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). The different biotic stresses which are of economic importance in mulberry are tukra caused by mealybug insect, root knot disease by nematode, powdery mildew, and root rot by fungi. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is a preferred technique to assess the transcript abundance of target genes associated with the diseases using a suitable reference gene as a normalizer. However, no study has been conducted to identify suitable reference genes during different biotic stresses in mulberry. In the present work, six candidate reference genes were quantified through qPCR during different biotic stresses in mulberry and their stability was compared using geNorm, NormFinder and RefFinder algorithms. The analysis of data revealed that actin was the preferred gene during root rot and root knot nematode infection for normalizing gene expression. Ubiquitin gene was the best-scoring gene for mealybug infestation resulting in tukra disease. PP2A (Protein phosphatase 2A) and RPL3 (60S ribosomal protein L3) were highly stable expressing genes during powdery mildew fungi infection. In the combined analysis of all tested biotic stresses, actin gene was the most preferred one followed by ubiquitin and PP2A as reference genes. This study identified the best scoring reference genes in various biotic stresses which will contribute for the precise quantification of target genes by RT-qPCR in mulberry as a tool to unravel the disease resistance mechanism.

Antioxidant effect of Morus indica L against paraquat-induced oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster

BACKGROUND: Mulberry extracts and active components have numerous good neurological and biological benefits, making them promising candidates in the research for new medications to treat neurological problems. METHODS: In the present study we evaluated the neuroprotective role of mulberry fruit extract against the paraquat (PQ) induced oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster. After the exposure to PQ, Flies were assayed for climbing activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxide (LPO) content, acetylcholine esterase activities (AChe), and also the antioxidant defense system such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase activities (CAT) and glutathione synthetase (GSH) RESULTS: In a negative geotaxis assay, MF pre-treated flies exposed to PQ showed a lower incidence of mortality and enhanced climbing activities of flies when compared to untreated flies exposed to PQ. In addition, when exposed to PQ, untreated flies resulted in a significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in oxidative stress markers such as ROS, LPO content and AChe and decreased the antioxidant defense system such as SOD, CAT, and GSH. However, flies pre-treated with MF when exposed to PQ ameliorated oxidative stress markers and by restoring the antioxidant defense system, additionally, the pre-treatment of MF flies also reduced AChe activities. CONCLUSION: The pre-treatment of flies with MF extract has the potential to reduce PQ-induced oxidative stress due to its antioxidative nature and ability to modify the activities of antioxidant defense systems. However, further research is needed to understand the exact mechanism of its activity.

Natural Occurrence of Pink Pigmented Facultative Methylotrophic (PPFM)Bacteria on Phyllosphere of Mulberry (Morus Indica)

Natural Occurrence of Pink Pigmented Facultative Methylotrophic (PPFM)Bacteria on Phyllosphere of Mulberry (Morus Indica)

Identification of Nucleotide Variants to Analyse Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) in Drought Resistant Mulberry Cultivars

Mulberry (Morus Indica) leaves have gained commercial and economical importance in India by domesticated sericulture practices. Genetic engineering has paved way to enhance the breeding adroitness in developing transgenic plants. Multifarious approaches are being carrying out by researchers to increase yield of mulberry leaves throughout fluctuating climatic conditions followed by differing biotic and abiotic stress. Identification of genetic markers and mapping genetic markers within the genus for a target specific yield growth are challenging and so far they have substantiated the complications effectively. Significance of allelic variants distinguished by various Genetic markers like RADP, RFLP, AFLP, ISSR, SSR, and SNPs regulates in characterization of each genus and Genetic linkage mapping in relevance with Linkage disequilibrium score across GWA Study, Association mapping, QTL mapping are investigated with emphasis on crop yield amelioration. A concise account on applications of genetic markers in understanding morphological changes in accordance with genotypic and phenotypic characteristics.

Assessment of eight Morus indica cultivars for 1-deoxynojirmycin content, antioxidant and anti-diabetic potential: optimization of ultrasound assisted process for bioactive enriched leaf extract

Assessment of eight Morus indica cultivars for 1-deoxynojirmycin content, antioxidant and anti-diabetic potential: optimization of ultrasound assisted process for bioactive enriched leaf extract

Integrative Analyses of Transcriptomics and Metabolomics in Sex Differentiation of Mulberry Flowers.

Sex determination and sex differentiation of plants are important physiological processes of plant development. Mulberry (Morus indica L.) is an important economic tree being cultivated in sericulture countries, and mulberry leaf is commonly used for sericulture. The transcriptomic and metabolomic differences between the staminate flowers (SFs) and pistillate flowers (PFs) of mulberry were investigated by RNA sequencing and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Overall, we uncovered 4,230 genes and 209 metabolites are significantly differentially expressed between the SFs and PFs of mulberry. The combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis revealed these differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) are involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, galactose metabolism, plant–pathogen interaction, and starch and sucrose metabolism, and these detected DEGs and DEMs may be associated with sex differentiation of mulberry through the regulation of the enrichment pathways, such as the MAPK pathway, flavonoid biosynthesis, galactose metabolism, plant–pathogen interaction, and starch and sucrose metabolism. This study will provide a rich source for the analysis of the molecular mechanism of mulberry sex differentiation processes.

Potential of rhizobacterial consortium in increasing area and weight of mulberry leaves (Morus indica)

Abstract. Mustaka Z, Patandjengi B, Alam G, Melina. 2022. Potential of rhizobacterial consortium in increasing area and weight of mulberry leaves (Morus indica). Biodiversitas 23: 1369-1374. Rhizobacteria are a group of bacteria that live saprophytically in the rhizosphere area. Some of them can act as plant growth promoters and as biocontrol agents against diseases to increase crop yields. This study was conducted to find potential of the rhizobacteria consortium in various treatments to increase the area and weight of mulberry (Morus indica L.) leaves. Results showed that the rhizobacteria consortium formulation had a significant effect on increasing leaf area and weight. The percentage increase in leaf area in the treatment using the MKR15 rhizobacteria consortium was better at 39.28% (2,800 mm2) when compared to the control MK0t (1,700 mm2), and the percentage increase in MKR15 leaf weight (74.80 g) was 54.54% higher compared to control MK0t (34 g). With these results, it is clear that the rhizobacteria consortium as PGPR affects plant growth and nutrition in a very specific way involving bacterial components that induce plant responses. Molecules of PGPR can affect plants in complex mechanisms, sometimes affecting plant growth and nutrition, and resistance simultaneously.

Hepatoprotective activity of the ethanolic extract of Morus indica roots from Indian Bodo tribes

The roots of Morus species are well described in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (ChP) for its traditional use in treating liver fibrosis due to its hepatoprotective property. However, little is known about the hepatoprotective effect of the roots of Morus indica L. (RoMi), and the pharmacological mechanism(s) are uncertain due to its intricacy. Therefore, this study evaluates the hepatoprotective activity of the ethanolic extract of RoMi (eRoMi) against the CCl4-induced in-vivo animal model at different dosages (100 and 200 mg/kg BW) in comparison with silymarin as a positive control. The hepatoprotective activity of eRoMi was evaluated by measuring the levels of serum biomarkers, hepatic antioxidant enzymes and was verified by histological studies. Interestingly, 1,2-bis(trimethylsilyl) benzene, 1,4-phenylenebis (trimethylsilane), 2,4,6-cycloheptatriene-1-one, 3,5-bis-trimethylsilyl and α-amyrin were the active components found in eRoMi as detected by GC–MS. Oral administration of eRoMi (200 mg/kg BW) to rats significantly protected serum biochemical parameters (increased ALT, AST, LDH, bilirubin and GGT as well as depletion of antioxidant enzymes and hepatic GSH) and elevation in hepatic lipid peroxidation as compared to CCl4-treated rats. The hematological indices such as erythrocytes, hemoglobin, monocytes and lymphocytes were also normal in eRoMi-treated rats. The histopathological evaluation indicated a significant restoration of liver structure as compared to silymarin. This study is the first scientific validation for the traditional use of eRoMi to understand its hepatoprotective activity.

Correction to: In vitro regeneration of mulberry plants from seedling explants of Morus indica cv. G4 through direct organogenesis

Correction to: In vitro regeneration of mulberry plants from seedling explants of Morus indica cv. G4 through direct organogenesis

Nutrient and Qualitative Phytochemical Analysis-evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity and Development of Products with Mulberry Leaves (Mulberry indica L.)

Background: Mulberry leaves are highly nutritious. They are loaded with powerful plant compounds like polyphenol antioxidants, as well as vitamin C, zinc, calcium, iron, potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium. Objective: The main aim of the study is to determine the nutrient and phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial activity, and development of products with mulberry (Morus indica L.) dry leaves powder. Methods: Mulberry leaves were collected from the field and dried, and their powder was used for further analysis. Four products were developed using mulberry powder, they are mulberry roti, mulberry poori, mulberry namkeens, and mulberry sweet namkeens. Results: The nutrient composition of mulberry leaves contains protein 19 g, calcium 581 mg, iron 21 mg, vitamin-A 9.21 μg, and vitamin-C 18 mg per 100 gm of dried mulberry powder. The important phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, tannins and glycosides, were present. In the antimicrobial activity, mulberry had the efficiency to fight against the bacterial activity. From the four food products, mulberry sweet namkeens obtained a good sensory score. Conclusion: Many nutritional benefits and medicinal values are associated with Mulberry, therefore its consumption is good for health.

In vitro regeneration of mulberry plants from seedling explants of Morus indica cv. G4 through direct organogenesis

In vitro regeneration of mulberry plants from seedling explants of Morus indica cv. G4 through direct organogenesis

Physicochemical Composition and Characterization of Bioactive Compounds of Mulberry (Morus indica L.) Fruit During Ontogeny.

Mulberry fruit is well recognized as one of the richest sources of bioactive compounds. We investigated the physicochemical composition and characterized the bioactive compounds during different ripening stages of mulberry (Morus indica) fruit and evaluated their anti-quorum sensing activity on Chromobacterium violaceum. The proximate components such as carbohydrates, proteins and lipids were found to be high in the ripe fruit compared to unripe and mid-ripe fruit. The ripe fruit contained higher content of total phenolics and flavonoids (336.05 and 282.55mg/100g fresh weight (FW), respectively). Epicatechin and resveratrol were the major polyphenols detected in the fruit with the range 5.13-19.46 and 4.07-14.45mg/100g FW, respectively. Chlorogenic acid and myricetin were predominant in the unripe and mid-ripe fruit (7.14 and 1.84mg/100g FW, respectively). The fruit was found to be an excellent source of anti-diabetic compound 1-deoxynojirimycin. The highest content of 1-deoxynojirimycin was present in the mid-ripe fruit, with a content of 2.91mg/100g FW. Furthermore, fruit extracts exhibited anti-quorum sensing activity against Chromobacterium violaceum by effectively inhibiting violacein production. Ripe fruit extracts showed the highest activity of 76.30% at 1mg/mL and thus, could be used as a potent anti-quorum sensing agent. The results could be promising in the selection of appropriate developmental stages for M. indica fruit commercial exploitation inthe food formulations rich in potential health components.

A green approach to synthesize Au nanoplates using Morus indica L. fruit extract and their superior activities in catalysis and surface enhanced Raman scattering

A green approach to synthesize Au nanoplates using Morus indica L. fruit extract and their superior activities in catalysis and surface enhanced Raman scattering