Mortality In Men Research Articles

Trends of stomach cancer incidence and mortality in Shandong province from 2012 to 2012 and predictions from 2023 to 2030

Objective: We aimed to analyse the trend of incidence and mortality of stomach cancer in Shandong province from 2012 to 2022 and predict the development trend from 2023 to 2030. Methods: Data on incidence and mortality of stomach cancer in Shandong province from 2012 to 2022 were obtained from Shandong Cancer Registry. The incidence, age-specific incidence, mortality and age-specific mortality in different years, sexes and urban and rural areas were calculated, the rates were standardized based on the age composition of the Chinese standard population in 2000. The average annual percent change (AAPC) of incidence and mortality was calculated using Joinpoint software. The Bayesian age-period-cohort model was used to predict the trend of stomach cancer incidence and mortality from 2023 to 2030. Results: From 2012 to 2022, the stomach cancer age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) showed a decreasing trend. The ASIR decreased from 27.47/100 000 in 2012 to 16.06/100 000 in 2022 (AAPC=-5.10%, P＜0.001), and the ASMR decreased from 17.69/100 000 to 11.09/100 000 (AAPC=-5.52%, P＜0.001). The ASIR and ASMR of male, female, urban and rural population also showed downward trends. The incidence and mortality rates of men were always higher than those of women, and the difference between urban and rural areas is gradually narrowing. In 2022, the ASIR (16.09/100 000 in urban and 16.03/100 000 in rural) and the ASMR (11.10/100 000 in urban and 11.08/100 000 in rural) of stomach cancer between urban and rural areas were nearly identical. The Bayesian age-period-cohort model predicted that the ASIR of stomach cancer in Shandong would further decrease from 2023 to 2030 (AAPC=-0.51%, P=0.001), but the change tended to be smooth. The incidences in male (AAPC=-1.46%, P=0.010) and rural areas (AAPC=-1.21%, P＜0.001) were still expected to have a little room for decline. The trend of incidences in female and urban areas were not statistically significant. The trend of mortality was consistent with the incidence. Conclusions: The stomach cancer incidence and mortality in Shandong shows a decreasing trend and it is expected to decrease further by 2030. However, the trend tends to be smooth, and the disease burden should be reduced as early as possible for high-risk population and high-risk factors of stomach cancer.

Rising Obesity-Associated Mortality in Men: Exploration of Gender Disparity from the Global Burden of Disease Study, 1990–2019

Rising Obesity-Associated Mortality in Men: Exploration of Gender Disparity from the Global Burden of Disease Study, 1990–2019

Cancer incidence and mortality in the Far Eastern Federal District (2013–2022)

The aim of the study was to assess the territorial patterns in cancer incidence and mortality among the population of the Far Eastern Federal District in the period 2013–2022. Material and Methods. Data from official reports of cancer services (form No 35, No. 7) processed using standard cancer statistics programs were presented. Results. In the east of the country, 31,822 new cancer cases were registered in 2022, which was 1.3 % more than in 2021. The average cancer incidence rate in males was 294.06 ± 5.05 per 100,000 (2020: 296.94 ± 4.66), with a decrease rate of 3.0 %. In females, the equivalent rate increased to 240.96 ± 5.73 per 100,000 (2020: 237.92 ± 6.26 per 100,000) with a rise of 6.3 %. Skin cancer was the most common malignancy (11.6 %) followed by trachea, bronchi, lung (11.5 %), breast (11.3 %) and colon (6.3 %) cancers. The percent of actively detected patients increased to 23.2 % (2013: 14.0 %) as did the index of accumulation of contingents – 7.3 (2013: 5.3). The number of patients with stage I–II cancer increased to 57.0 % (2013: 47.5 %), while the number of stage III-IV cancers decreased to 20.8 % (2013: 24.7 %). The number of morphologic studies (94.1 %) was lower than the average for RF (95.8 %). The proportion of patients registered for five or more years decreased to 57.2 % (RF: 58.2 %). The average cancer mortality rate in men was 174.99 ± 3.10 per 100,000 (2020: 181.76 ± 2.51 per 100,000). The average cancer mortality rate in women was lower than in men, being 91.34 ± 1.20 per 100,000 (2020: 93.71 ± 0.80о per 100,000). Cancers of trachea, bronchi and lung (20.0 %), stomach (8.9 %), colon (7.0 %) and breast (6.6 %) were the leading causes of mortality. Conclusion. The low level of active cancer detection did not significantly change the incidence rates during the study period. A greater volume of preventive measures with improvement of their quality will enable the primary health care system to detect cancer at early stages, form groups being at high risk for cancer development and, consequently, to reduce mortality rates. A prerequisite for improving medical care for cancer patients is the continuous training of professional staff and the use of modern diagnostic and treatment technologies.

Trends in oesophageal cancer mortality in Montenegro, 1990-2018.

Oesophageal cancer (OC) is a significant public health issue, despite the decreasing trends in OC mortality rates observed globally in the past decades. The objective of our study is to analyze the pattern of OC mortality in Montenegro between 1990 and 2018 and contribute to the development of a national long-term strategy for the prevention and control of this malignancy. The data on OC death cases in Montenegro between 1990 and 2018 were collected. The mortality rates were standardized according to the World Standard Population. The Joinpoint, Linear and Poisson regressions were applied to analyze the OC mortality trend. Joinpoint regression analysis showed an increase in death rates for men and the overall level which were not statistically significant. However, the number of cases increases significantly with an average annual percentage change (AAPC) increase of 2.6% for the overall level [AAPC (95% CI)=2.6 (1.0-4.2); P = 0.002] at the expense of the increase in men, which on average was 2.6% annually [AAPC (95%CI) = 2.6 (1.2-4.1); P = 0.001]. The age groups 55-64 and 65-74 have the highest percentage of deaths cases from OC with 30.6% and 31.4%, respectively. Montenegro has witnessed a recent increase in the number of deaths from OC, although the mortality rates remain stable. National strategies to further reduce mortality rates for OC are necessary. Individuals aged 55-64 and 65-74 need specific attention during the ongoing monitoring of this cancer.

Assessing the impact of severe acute respiratory syndromecoronavirus2infection on hematological parameters.

The current study is a retrospective study designed to evaluate changes in complete blood count and coagulation parameters in adult coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients at a prominent Saudi tertiary center to predict disease severity and mortality. The cohort consisted of 74 800 adult patients divided into four groups based on a COVID-19 test and the patient's sex: 35 985 in the female negative COVID-19 group, 23 278 in the male negative COVID-19 group, 8846 in the female positive COVID-19 group and 6691 in the male positive COVID-19 group. Patients with COVID-19 demonstrated decreased white blood cell counts and increased red blood cell counts. Also, COVID-19-positive participants exhibited more prolonged partial thromboplastin time and lower D-dimer levels than those of COVID-19-negative subjects (p<0.05). The study also revealed gender-dependent impacts on platelet counts, implying a possible relationship with the greater infection mortality rate in men than in women (p<0.001). In addition, the study found a link between changes in coagulation test results and death in COVID-19 patients (p<0.001). The evidence regarding the effects of COVID-19 on blood cell counts and coagulation, on the other hand, is conflicting, most likely due to variances in study populations and the timing of testing postinfection. According to the findings, COVID-19-related alterations in blood cell count and clotting ability may be risk factors for death.

Mortality rates for men and women from cerebrovascular and nervous diseases in the regions of Russia in 2013 and 2022

In recent years, researchers have noted an increase in mortality from neurodegenerative diseases and a decrease in mortality from strokes. There have been no studies comparing mortality from these causes in the regions of the Russian Federation.Aim: comparative analysis of regional (age-) standardized death rate (SDR) among men and women from cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) and nervous system diseases (NSD) in 2013 and 2022 and discussion of factors influencing SDR.Materials and methods. Rosstat data obtained upon request were used. SDR was calculated using software (state registration number of computer program 216661114) using the European Standard Population using the direct standardization method per 100 thousand population; The average regional SDR values were calculated for the class of NSD and individual groups from this class, CVB (codes I60–69).Results. A decrease in the regional average SDR from CVD was revealed among men (218.09 ± 60.81 in 2013 and 159.41 ± 51.20 per 100 thousand people in 2022) and women (144.30 ± 39.33 and 103.51 ± 32.63 respectively) and the increase in SDR from LBP (19.77 ± 17.70 and 65.99 ± 56.67 for men, 10.99 ± 11.32 and 52.81 ± 46.13 for women). Only in 4 regions was there a decrease in SDR from both NSD and CVD in both men and women. The dispersion of regional SDRs from NSD and CVB in 2022 compared to 2013 increased by more than 10 times, which indicates a significant and growing regional variability of indicators. In the stroke group, the most significant decrease occurred from “Stroke not specified as hemorrhage or infarction” (code I64). The regional average contribution of acute stroke (codes I60–64) to the SCS from NSD and CVB (in total) decreased (in 2013 among women 51.57 ± 16.26 %, in 2022 33.96 ± 14.95 %; among men 54.0 ± 15.01 and 39.82 ± 14.26 respectively). Alzheimer’s disease makes a negligible contribution to mortality; In men in certain regions, alcohol-associated LBP is significant.Conclusions. Significant regional variability of SDR from individual groups of causes and a general trend towards a decrease in SDR from CVD and an increase in SDR from NSD were revealed, which is due to many factors. To eliminate the influence of different approaches to determining the cause of death, a unified protocol of criteria for their establishment is necessary.

Prostate cancer incidence and mortality in men exposed to α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists.

α1-Adrenergic receptor antagonists are commonly used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia. Preclinical studies suggest that they induce cell death and inhibit tumor growth. This study evaluated the risk of prostate cancer death in men using α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists. A population-based cohort study in Stockholm, Sweden (January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2019) included 451 779 men with a prostate-specific antigen test result. Study entry was 1 year after the first prostate-specific antigen test. Men were considered exposed at their second filled prescription. The primary outcome was prostate cancer mortality. Secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality and prostate cancer incidence. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all outcomes. Inverse-probability weighting with marginal structural models accounted for time-dependent confounders. Of 351 297 men in the final cohort, 39 856 (11.3%) were exposed to α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists. Median (interquartile range) follow-up for prostate cancer mortality was 8.9 (5.1-10.9) years; median (interquartile range) exposure time to α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists was 4.4 (2.0-7.6) years. There was no evidence of an association between α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist use and prostate cancer mortality, all-cause mortality, or high-grade prostate cancer. α1-Adrenergic receptor antagonist use was associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer (HR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.06 to 1.17) and low-grade prostate cancer (HR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.11 to 1.33). Men whose prostate cancer was treated with α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists underwent more frequent prostate-specific antigen testing. Our findings show no significant association between α1-adrenergic receptor adrenoceptor antagonist exposure and prostate cancer mortality or high-grade prostate cancer. Although the preclinical evidence indicates a potential chemopreventive effect, this study's findings do not support it.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Women’s Health: A Review

Abstract: During any crisis, whether it is health, economic, or environmental, people are more likely to experience stress, anxiety, and other psychological issues that jeopardize their general well-being. The Coronavirus, or COVID-19, is considered a global pandemic that affects millions of persons. Many people of different ages have significantly suffered from mental illness as a result of COVID-19, especially women affected vulnerable. As per the report, the death rates of men have doubled in comparison with women; this epidemic shows a bigger influence on the health of women than men. Even quarantine impacts make the females afraid, bewildered, and feel alone, which is terrible for them, as it also disturbs their health, such as pregnancy, sexual life, postpartum depression, etc. This review article reveals the COVID-19 impact on the health of women and finds a way to prevent and manage the health implications in women at various periods throughout their lives.

Prospects for Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in Ukraine to Reduce Mortality Due to Non-Communicable Diseases: The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic and russian Aggression

Today, in Ukraine, as in the world, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are an urgent problem that goes beyond public health. NCDs determine significant economic and demographic losses as a result of temporary and permanent incapacity for work, a drop in labor productivity, costs of medical care and premature mortality. More than 86% of premature deaths from NCDs occur in low- and middle-income countries, including Ukraine. Reducing premature mortality from non-communicable diseases was chosen as one of the targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development under Goal 3 Good health and well-being.&#x0D; A threat to the achievement of this and related targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) in the world and in Ukraine was the successive combined negative impact of a complex of factors due to the pandemic of the coronavirus disease and the aggression of the Russian Federation.&#x0D; The aim of the work is to assess the dynamics of mortality due to non-communicable diseases by selected causes of death based on the monitoring of national indicators of the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals in Ukraine within the framework of the targets of Goal 3. Good health and well-being; identify and analyze a complex of factors related to the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia’s aggression that influence these changes; substantiate the assumptions regarding the prospects for the implementation of the targets set by the country in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in the area of the epidemiological situation regarding non-communicable diseases (in particular, regarding the reduction of mortality from them).&#x0D; The assessment of the pre-war situation and changes during the COVID-19 pandemic for the period 2019–2021 was carried out on the basis of data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine on mortality from non-communicable diseases, which correspond to selected national indicators and data from the monitoring of indicators of SDG: Ukraine. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2021, 2022, 2023 and data from the National Cancer Registry of Ukraine were used.&#x0D; Due to complications in obtaining, summarizing and analyzing statistical data on mortality in Ukraine with the beginning of the large-scale invasion of the Russian Federation, assumptions about mortality shifts according to selected national indicators of the implementation of the targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development are limited by directions.&#x0D; As of 2021, the COVID-19 pandemic has slowed progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Agenda in terms of reducing premature mortality from NCDs: according to four of the six national indicators that track progress in this area (3.4.1, 3.4.4, 3.5.1, and 3.5.2) there was a deviation from the planned trajectory and an excess of intermediate results for 2020.&#x0D; The aggression of the Russian Federation in Ukraine threatened to an even greater extent the implementation of measures aimed at achieving the selected indicators. Mortality from NCDs (primarily from cardiovascular diseases) is projected to increase by 2022, as well as in the period before the end of the war and in the immediate period after, with a widening gap between the mortality rates of men and women. In particular, with a high degree of probability, we can expect in the coming years, an increase in morbidity and mortality due cerebrovascular diseases, as well as a "rejuvenation" of the age at which a cerebrovascular disaster occurs.&#x0D; The main factors, the synergistic effect of which has already determined and will determine in the near future an increase in the risk of dying due to non-communicable diseases, including prematurely, are the difficulty of access to the necessary medical services and medicines; decrease in their availability, including economic, with growing dissatisfaction with the needs of people with NCDs in medical care; disruption of the functioning of medical institutions; delay / inability to receive necessary treatment; increasing the influence of the main risk factors and reducing the possibilities of their minimization; the presence of the majority of the population in a state of stress and the prevalence of the practice of overcoming it due to excessive use of alcohol and tobacco; immediate and distant consequences of the transferred coronavirus disease, especially Long COVID; reduced adherence to treatment and lifestyle changes, etc.&#x0D; With every day of the war, the threat of non-fulfillment (incomplete fulfillment) of the tasks set within the framework of Goal 3 to reduce mortality due to NCDs in Ukraine by 2030 deepens. There is a need to review and update national tasks taking into account existing threats and challenges, including in the field of NCDs.

Factors of Hospital Mortality in Men and Women with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction - An Observational, Retrospective, Single Centre Study.

There are well-known gender differences in mortality of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Our purpose was to assess factors of hospital mortality separately for men and women with STEMI, which are less well known. In 2018-2019, 485 men and 214 women with STEMI underwent treatment with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We retrospectively compared baseline characteristics, treatments and hospital complications between men and women, as well as between nonsurviving and surviving men and women with STEMI. Primary PCI was performed in 94% of men and 91.1% of women with STEMI, respectively. The in-hospital mortality was significantly higher in women than in men (14% vs 8%, p=0.019). Hospital mortality in both genders was associated significantly to older age, heart failure, prior resuscitation, acute kidney injury, to less likely performed and less successful primary PCI and additionally in men to hospital infection and in women to bleeding. In men and women ≥65 years, mortality was similar (13.3% vs 17.8%, p = 0.293). Factors of hospital mortality were similar in men and women with STEMI, except bleeding was more likely observed in nonsurviving women and infection in nonsurviving men.

Épidémiologie du cancer du poumon en France: Epidemiology of lung cancer in France

With almost 50,000 new cases and 30,000 deaths per year in France, lung cancer is the 3rd most common cancer and the 1st cause of cancer-related death. While incidence and mortality rates in men have stabilized, they are demonstrating an alarming growth in women, linked to the increase in female tobacco consumption. The 5-year survival rate for lung cancers has increased considerably, from 9% in 1990 to 20% for people diagnosed between 2010 and 2015. While smoking is indeed the main risk factor for lung cancer, responsible for 81% of cases, the risk factors and exposures are numerous, such as a diet low in fruit <300g/day (10% of cases), occupational exposures (16% of cases), and environmental exposures, such as radon (almost 10% of cases) and outdoor air pollution (3.6% of cases). The proportion of environmental exposures being probably underestimated. Combined, close to 90% of lung cancer cases are attributable to modifiable factors, offering numerous levers for prevention policies.1877-1203/© 2023 SPLF. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

OC 51.4 Low Thrombin Inactivation Capacity is an Independent Risk Factor for Cancer Mortality in Men: Results from the Moli-Sani Study

OC 51.4 Low Thrombin Inactivation Capacity is an Independent Risk Factor for Cancer Mortality in Men: Results from the Moli-Sani Study

Clinical and anatomical characteristics of road traffic injuries in a metropolitan area. The fifth report: mortality of victims as a practical implementation of clinical outcome risks

Objective. To identify and verify the risks of negative outcomes of the trauma process in victims with road traffic injuries as the most severe medical and health consequences of an emergency.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The mortality rates of victims with road traffic injuries in a metropolitan area were studied using the method of full–scale modelling. The scope of the study was 1139 observations of road traffic injuries. The actual research material was analysed using parametric and non–parametric statistical methods.&#x0D; Results. It was found that the mortality rate of victims with road traffic injuries in a metropolitan area is 4.39%. The mortality rate of men is higher (4.97%) than that of women (3.38%). The highest mortality rates are observed in the age groups over 70 years old – 16.41% and under 20 years old – 8.11%. The mortality rate for drivers is 3.02%, for passengers – 1.56%, and for pedestrians – 7.62%. In the total study population and among all road users, the highest mortality rates were observed for abdominal injuries, followed by pelvic injuries.&#x0D; Conclusions. The mortality rate of victims with road traffic injuries in a metropolitan area is 4.39% and depends on the sign of participation in traffic and clinical factors, namely, the volume and clinical and nosological form of the lesion and the severity of the injury. Active road users (pedestrians) have the highest mortality rate (7.62%), and passive road users (passengers) have the lowest (1.56%).

Trend of hypertension death and its impact on life expectancy in 6 northwestern provinces of China, 2013-2021

Objective: To analyze the mortality trend of hypertension in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province, Shaanxi Province, Gansu Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (6 provinces) in northwestern China, from 2013 to 2021, and evaluate the influence of hypertension on people's life expectancy. Methods: Based on national death surveillance data and demographic data in the 6 provinces from 2013 to 2021, the mortality rate, standardized mortality rate, life expectancy, cause eliminated life expectancy (CELE), potential gains in life expectancy (PGLEs) and life loss rate of hypertension were calculated. Software Joinpoint was used to analyze the mortality trends and calculate average annual percentage change (AAPC) and annual percentage change (APC) in hypertension deaths. Results: From 2013 to 2021, the overall standardized mortality rate of hypertension in the 6 provinces showed a downward trend (AAPC=-1.82%, P=0.050). The mortality rate in rural area was always higher than that in urban area, and showed an increasing trend after 2016 (APC=4.74%, P=0.003), and the mortality rate in men was always higher than that in women. The incidence trend of deaths of different types of hypertension were different, and the deaths caused by hypertensive heart disease accounted for the highest proportion (72.69%). In 2021, the life expectancy of the population in the 6 provinces increased by 1.01 years, the CELE increased by 0.93 years, the PGLEs decreased by 0.08 years, and the life loss rate decreased by 0.11% compared with 2013. Conclusions: The overall standardized mortality rate of hypertension showed a decreasing trend in the 6 northwestern provinces from 2013 to 2021, but it showed an increasing trend in rural area after 2016. Prevention of hypertension should be further strengthened in rural area, men and elderly population.

Exploring the methylation status of CFTR and PKIA genes as potential biomarkers for lung adenocarcinoma

BackgroundOne of the most prevalent cancers in the world is lung cancer, with adenocarcinoma (LUAD) making up a significant portion of cases. According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI), there are new cases and fatality rates per 100,000 individuals as follows: New instances of lung and bronchial cancer occur annually at a rate of 50.0 per 100,000 persons. The yearly death rate for men and women is 35.0 per 100,000. DNA methylation is one of the earliest discovered and widely studied epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, and its abnormality is closely related to the occurrence and development of cancer. However, the prognostic value of DNA methylation and LUAD needs to be further explored to improve the survival prediction of LUAD patients.MethodsThe transcriptome data and clinical data of LUAD were downloaded from TCGA and GEO databases, and the Illumina Human Methylation450 array (450k array) data were downloaded from the TCGA database. Firstly, the intersection of the expressed genes of the two databases is corrected, the differential analysis is performed, and the methylation data is evaluated by the MethylMix package to obtain differentially methylated genes. Independent prognostic genes were screened out using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis, and a methylation prognostic model was developed using univariate Cox analysis and validated with the GSE30219 dataset in the GEO database. Survival analysis between methylation high-risk and low-risk groups was performed and a methylation-based gene prognostic model was constructed. Finally, the prediction of potential drugs associated with the LUAD gene signature using Drug Sensitivity Genomics in Cancer (GDSC).ResultsIn this study, a total of 555 samples from the TCGA database and 307 samples from GSE30219 were included, and a total of 24 differential methylation driver genes were identified. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyzes were used to screen out independent prognostic genes, involving 2 genes: CFTR, PKIA. Survival analysis was different between the methylation high-risk group and the low-risk group, the CFTR high methylation group and the low methylation group were poor, and the opposite was true for PKIA.ConclusionsOur study revealed that the methylation status of CFTR and PKIA can serve as potential prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in lung cancer.

High Cardiorespiratory Optimal Point Values Are Related to Cardiovascular Mortality in Men Aged 46 to 70 Years: a Prospective Cohort Study

High Cardiorespiratory Optimal Point Values Are Related to Cardiovascular Mortality in Men Aged 46 to 70 Years: a Prospective Cohort Study

Metastasis of Pulmonary Carcinoma to the Breast: Case Report

Introduction: Pulmonary carcinoma is the most prevalent cancer in the world, followed by breast cancer. It has high mortality rates in men and women mainly due to its ability to metastasize. Metastases from lung carcinoma to the breast are extremely rare. The first case described occurred in 1965 and since then there are few cases of this condition reported in the world medical literature. Case report: A 59-year-old woman who complained of low back pain in May 2017. The investigation revealed a metastatic site in the fifth vertebra of the lumbar spine with unknown origin. Six months later, a new lesion was found in the ninth vertebra of the thoracic spine. Immunohistochemistry showed positivity for cytokeratin 7 and TTF1 markers, confirming the hypothesis of lung carcinoma as the primary site. In March 2018, the patient evolved with a symptomatic nodule in the right breast on ultrasound and with positivity for TTF1 on immunohistochemical study, confirming the metastasis of lung carcinoma to the breast. Treated for two years until March 2020, when she presented multiple brain metastases. Patient had no therapeutic success and died. Conclusion: The difficulty in diagnosing lung carcinoma metastasis to the breast stands out, surgeons, clinicians and pathologists should consider this diagnosis, although rare.

Drivers of sex differences in the South African adult tuberculosis incidence and mortality trends, 1990–2019

Males have higher tuberculosis incidence and mortality rates than females. This study aimed to assess how sex differences in tuberculosis incidence and mortality could be explained by sex differences in HIV, antiretroviral treatment (ART) uptake, smoking, alcohol abuse, undernutrition, diabetes, social contact rates, health-seeking patterns, and treatment discontinuation. We developed an age-sex-stratified dynamic tuberculosis transmission model and calibrated it to South African data. We estimated male-to-female (M:F) tuberculosis incidence and mortality ratios, the effect of the abovementioned factors on the M:F ratios and PAFs for the tuberculosis risk factors. Over the period 1990–2019, the M:F ratios for tuberculosis incidence and mortality rates persisted above 1.0, and the figures reached 1.70 and 1.65, respectively, by the end of 2019. In 2019, HIV contributed greater increases in tuberculosis incidence among females than males (54.5% vs. 45.6%); however, females experienced more reductions due to ART than males (38.3% vs. 17.5%). PAFs for tuberculosis incidence due to alcohol abuse, smoking, and undernutrition, in men were 51.4%, 29.5%, and 16.1%, respectively, higher than females (30.1%, 15.4%, and 10.7%, respectively); the PAF due to diabetes was higher in females than males (22.9% vs. 17.5%). Lower health-seeking rates in males accounted for a 7% higher mortality rate in men. The higher burden of tuberculosis in men highlights the need to improve men’s access to routine screening and ensure earlier diagnosis. Sustained efforts in providing ART remain critical in reducing HIV-associated tuberculosis. Additional interventions to reduce alcohol abuse and tobacco smoking are also needed.

Analysis and prediction of thyroid cancer morbidity and mortality trends in China

Objective: To analyze the morbidity and mortality trends of thyroid cancer in China from 1990 to 2019, explore the causes of the trends, and predict morbidity and mortality in the future. Methods: The morbidity and mortality data of thyroid cancer in China from 1990 to 2019 were collected from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease database. The Joinpoint regression model was used to describe the change trends. Based on the morbidity and mortality data from 2012 to 2019, a grey model GM (1,1) was constructed to predict the trends in the next ten years. The model was tested by the posterior error method and residual test method. Results: In all populations, men and women, the AAPC values of the crude morbidity rates were 4.15% (95%CI: 3.86%-4.44%, P<0.001), 5.98% (95%CI: 5.65%-6.31%, P<0.001) and 3.23% (95%CI: 2.94%-3.53%, P<0.001) respectively, the AAPC values of age-standardized morbidity rates were 2.47% (95%CI: 2.12%-2.83%, P<0.001), 3.98% (95%CI: 3.68%-4.29%, P<0.001), 1.65% (95%CI: 1.38%-1.93%, P<0.001), the AAPC values of crude mortality rates were 2.09% (95%CI: 1.92%-2.25%, P<0.001), 3.68% (95%CI: 3.45%-3.90%, P<0.001), 0.60% (95%CI: 0.50%-0.71%, P<0.001). The age-standardized mortality rates in men showed a fluctuating trend of first decrease (1990-1994), then increase (1994-2012), and then decrease (2012-2019) (AAPC=1.35%, 95%CI: 1.16%-1.53%, P<0.001). The age-standardized mortality rate in women continuously decreased (AAPC=-1.70%, 95%CI: -1.82%- -1.58%, P<0.001). The GM (1,1) models can be used for medium and long-term predictions. The results of the residual test show that the average relative error values of all models are less than 10.00%, the prediction accuracy values are more than 80.00%, and the prediction effects are good. The results of the posterior error method show that all the prediction results are good except the qualified prediction of the age-standardized morbidity rate in men. In 2029, the crude morbidity rates would increase to 3.57/100 000, 2.78/100 000, and 4.40/100 000, respectively, and the age-standardized incidence rates would increase to 2.38/100 000, 1.89/100 000, and 2.88/100 000, respectively, the crude mortality rates would increase to 0.57/100 000, 0.62/100 000 and 0.53/100 000, and the age-standardized mortality rates would decrease to 0.33/100 000, 0.42/100 000 and 0.27/100 000 in all population, men and women in China. Conclusions: The overall, gender- specific age-standardized mortality rates showed downward trends in the last decade or so, and the prediction results showed that it might further decline. However, the crude morbidity rates, age-standardized and crude mortality rates have been on the rise, and the population aging is becoming increasingly serious in China, which requires close attention and targeted prevention and control measures.

Mortality rates for Parkinson’s disease are increasing in Spain. An age-period-cohort and joinpoint analysis of mortality rates from 1981 to 2020

BackgroundMortality in Parkinson’s disease is increasing worldwide, but Spanish data need further study. ObjectiveTo analyse the mortality trends of Parkinson’s disease in Spain between 1981 and 2020. MethodsThis observational retrospective study assessed the Parkinson’s disease mortality data from 1981 to 2020 collected from the National Statistics Institute of Spain. Age-standardised mortality rates were analysed by age and sex groups, detecting significant mortality trends through a joinpoint analysis. Age-period-cohort effect and potential years of life lost analyses were conducted. The European standard population of 2013 was considered for the analyses. ResultsA total of 88 034 deaths were assessed. The overall age-standardised mortality rate rose throughout the period from 3.67 to 8.57 per 100 000 inhabitants. Mortality rates in men were higher than in women, 11.63 versus 6.57 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants. The sex ratio showed an increase in premature mortality in men during 2020. The overall joinpoint analysis recorded a rise in mortality, primarily since the 20th century, mainly in male and older groups, that matched with a period effect. The age effect was detected, confirming higher mortality at an older age. The analysis of potential years of life lost detected a growth in this rate, changing from 0.66 in 1981 to 1.06 in 2020. ConclusionsMortality data for Parkinson’s disease in Spain rose significantly in forty years. Mortality rate was higher in the male and age group above 75 years of age. The sex ratio showed premature mortality in men in 2020, which will need further study.