Mortality Of Working-age Population Research Articles

Global, regional, and national trends in metabolic risk factor-associated mortality among the working-age population from 1990-2019: An age-period-cohort analysis of the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study

BackgroundMetabolic diseases contribute significantly to premature mortality worldwide, with increasing burdens observed among the working-age population (WAP). This study assessed global, regional, and national trends in metabolic disorders and associated mortality over three decades in WAP. MethodsData from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study were leveraged to assess global metabolism-associated mortality and six key metabolic risk factors in WAP from 1990-2019. An age-period-cohort model was employed to determine the overall percentage change in mortality. ResultsThe 2019 global metabolic risk-related mortality rate in WAP rose significantly by 50.73%, while the age-standardized mortality rate declined by 21.5%. India, China, Indonesia, the USA, and the Russian Federation were the top contributing countries to mortality in WAP, accounting for 51.01% of the total. High systolic blood pressure (HSBP), high body mass index (HBMI), and high fasting plasma glucose (HFPG) were the top metabolic risk factors for the highest mortality rates. Adverse trends in HBMI-associated mortality were observed, particularly in lower sociodemographic index (SDI) regions. HFPG-related mortality declined globally but increased in older age groups in lower SDI countries. ConclusionsDespite a general decline in metabolic risk-related deaths in WAP, increasing HBMI- and HFPG-related mortality in lower SDI areas poses ongoing public health challenges. Developing nations should prioritize interventions addressing HBMI and HFPG to mitigate mortality risks in WAP.

Endovascular technologies in the treatment of patients with blunt abdominal trauma

Trauma is one of the leading causes of disability and mortality in working-age population. Abdominal injuries comprise 20-30% of traumas. Uncontrolled bleeding is the main cause of death in 30-40% of patients. Among abdominal organs, spleen is most often damaged due to fragile structure and subcostal localization. In the last two decades, therapeutic management has become preferable in patients with abdominal trauma and stable hemodynamic parameters. In addition to clinical examination, standard laboratory tests and ultrasound, as well as contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen should be included in diagnostic algorithm to identify all traumatic injuries and assess severity of abdominal damage. Development of interventional radiological technologies improved preservation of damaged organs. Endovascular embolization can be performed selectively according to indications (leakage, false aneurysm, arteriovenous anastomosis) and considered for severe damage to the liver and spleen, hemoperitoneum or severe polytrauma. Embolization is essential in complex treatment of traumatic vascular injuries of parenchymal abdominal organs. We reviewed modern principles and methods of intra-arterial embolization for the treatment of patients with traumatic injuries of the liver and spleen.

Partial Contribution of Socioeconomic Factors to the Mortality Rate of the Working-Age Population in Russia.

This study's relevance lies in the need to assess the role of socioeconomic, medical, and demographic factors on working-age population mortality in Russia. The purpose of this study is to substantiate the methodological tools for the assessment of the partial contribution of the most important factors that determine the dynamics of the mortality of the working-age population. Our hypothesis is that the factors determining the socioeconomic situation in the country affect the level and dynamics of mortality of the working-age population, but to a different extent in each separate period. To analyse the impact of the factors, we used official Rosstat data for the period from 2005 to 2021. We used the data that reflect the dynamics of socioeconomic and demographic indicators, including the dynamics of mortality of the working-age population in Russia as a whole and in its 85 regions. First, we selected 52 indicators of socioeconomic development and then grouped them into four factor blocks (working conditions, health care, life security, living standards). To reduce the level of statistical noise, we carried out a correlation analysis, which allowed us to narrow down the list to 15 key indicators with the strongest association with the mortality rate of the working-age population. The total period of 2005-2021 was divided into five segments of 3-4 years each, characterising the picture of the socioeconomic state of the country during the period under consideration. The socioeconomic approach used in the study made it possible to assess the extent to which the mortality rate was influenced by the indicators adopted for analysis. The results of this study show that over the whole period, life security (48%) and working conditions (29%) contributed most to the level and dynamics of mortality in the working-age population, while factors determining living standards and the state of the healthcare system accounted for much smaller shares (14% and 9%, respectively). The methodological apparatus of this study is based on the application of methods of machine learning and intelligent data analysis, which allowed us to identify the main factors and their share in the total influence on the mortality rate of the working-age population. The results of this study show the need to monitor the impact of socioeconomic factors on the dynamics and mortality rate of the working-age population in order to improve the effectiveness of social programme. When developing and adjusting government programmes to reduce mortality in the working-age population, the degree of influence of these factors should be taken into account.

The age vector of risk factors for mortality of young Muscovites

European-like life expectancy levels in Moscow are attributable to the prevalence of older population and the manifold increase in the working-age population mortality, especially among young people. The goal of the study is to identify the age-specific risk factors for Moscow youth mortality. This analysis is based on the official Russian Statistics Service’ data on mortality in the age groups of 15–24 and 25–34 years between 2000 and 2019. As demonstrated, during the study period, the Moscow youth mortality rates decreased twofold between both age groups. Starting from 2017, the mortality rate of Moscow youth began to increase, mainly among the 15–24-year-olds. The age vector of the youth mortality structure indicates a change in risk factors associated with age: while adolescents die from external causes, i.e. specific risks directly leading to death, later on youth mortality is more often associated with long-term behavioral factors indirectly resulting in death (such as sexual conduct as a risk factor for HIV/AIDS mortality, alcohol as the main cause for deaths from digestive system diseases and mental disorders, drugs as a risk factor for deaths from cardiovascular diseases and mental disorders). It is important to take note of the wide age range of the population classified as «young»: while it might be justified in legal and social context, in the demographic context it blurs the differences in mortality among people of different ages. Moreover, the abnormally high level and contribution of mortality from inaccurately described conditions, which the Moscow youth suffered from in the 2000s, calls into question the official rates of mortality due to underlying causes, primarily injuries, poisonings, and circulatory diseases. At the same time, given the increase in the young people’s overall mortality in the recent years, the extremely high mortality rates from inaccurately described conditions make it difficult to identify health priorities for the Moscow youth and, therefore, do not allow determining the reserves for their effective decline.

The impact of changes in labor relations on mortality rates in Russia

Purpose. The purpose of the study is to assess the indicators characterizing a comprehensive change in social and labor relations in Russia for the period 1992-2016 and the subsequent change in the indicators of total mortality and mortality of the working-age population. Methodology/approach. Economic analysis and grouping of empirical data, construction of dynamic series and their visualization were performed. The research period is the entire post-Soviet stage of social and labor relations development, i.e. from 1992 up to the present. Results. 1) the complex impact of the change in the state of social and labor relations on the population mortality rates and on the development of existing proven dependencies was estimated; 2) previously identified deferred impact of the income factor on the working age population mortality rate was confirmed; a similar influence of the labor conditions factor was revealed; 3) the influence of the working day's duration factor was observed; 4) the coincidence of the changes trends in the population death rate with the stages of social and labor relations transformation was confirmed: proto-transformation, partial transformation and complete transformation. Conclusions. Practitioners can use these results in developing directions to reduce mortality and improve working life quality; researchers can use these results as a basic hypothesis for determining the degree of mortality rates dependence on social and labor relations indicators.

Avoidable mortality in Moldova: an untapped resource for increasing life expectancy

Reducing mortality represents one of the main priorities on the government's agenda, and the achieved effectiveness in the public health policy is usually measured by the dynamics of life expectancy. The method of avoidable cause-of-death elimination has been used in this article, in order to emphasize the possible increase in life expectancy. The results suggest that the theoretical exclusion of preventable and treatable mortality would contribute to an increase in life expectancy by 14.2 years in males and 8.1 years in females, respectively. It thus follows that there is a great resource in decreasing young and working-age population mortality. A significant contribution to avoidable mortality is made by cerebrovascular and ischaemic heart diseases, neoplasms, as well as external and alcohol-related causes of death. Keywords: avoidable mortality; unnecessary deaths; life expectancy; preventable and treatable deaths; population health.

Mortality in working-age population during the Great Recession and austerity in Spain.

ObjectiveTo analyze the mortality trend in Spain before, during and after the economic crisis and austerity policies in the working-age population.MethodsFrom 2005 to 2016 we calculated the annual all-cause mortality rate and the annual mortality rate from the main causes of death in the population aged 15 to 64. We also estimated the linear trends in mortality rates during four time intervals—2005–2007 (before crisis), 2008–2010 (first part of the crisis), 2011–2013 (second part of the crisis and implementation of austerity policies) and 2014–2016 (after the crisis)- by the annual percentage change (APC).ResultsThe all-cause mortality rate in men and women showed the greatest decline in 2008–2010 and the smallest decline in 2014–2016. The decline in 2011–2013 was higher than in 2014–2016. The APCs in 2005–2007, 2008–2010, 2011–2013 and 2014–2016 were -2.8, -4.1, -3.0 and -1.5 in men and -1.0. -2.1, -1.1 and -0.6 in women, respectively, although the APC in 2014–2016 in women was not significant. In 2014–2016, cancer mortality showed the largest decrease, mortality from cardiovascular diseases (men), respiratory diseases and traffic accidents reversed and showed an upward trend, and the downward trend in mortality from infectious diseases and digestive diseases was equal to or greater than that observed before the crisis.ConclusionThe decline in all-cause mortality in the working-age population during the economic crisis and the introduction of austerity measures was greater than that observed before and after the economic crisis. The slowing of the decline after the crisis was due to the reversal of the trend in mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.

The analysis of dynamics and structure of mortality of female and male population of reproductive age in the Republic of Chuvashia

Reducing mortality of working-age population is a potential reserve for preserving Russia's population and its labor force. In addition, the task of analyzing health of economically active citizens of our country is inextricably linked with the challenge of developing strategy of development of reproductive potential at the regional level. As reproductive or generative woman's age is defined precisely enough, and such unambiguous definition for men is lacking, the study used mortality rates, calculated for men and women of working age (16 - 59 years and 16 - 54 years respectively) and officially published by the Russian Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) as characteristics of reproductive health. The analysis of mortality rate for working age men and women in the Republic of Chuvashia as well as the structure of main causes of death are presented for 2002-2016 in comparison with average indicators for the Russian Federation. The mortality rate of the mentioned population category in Republic of Chuvashia since 2002 has decreased by 17.5% in all age groups except women aged 30-39 years. At this, the rate of mortality decreased in men during the analyzed period is higher than in women i.e. 20.5% and 19.3% respectively. As compared with 2002, the percentage of circulatory system diseases, neoplasms, digestive system diseases increased with a simultaneous decrease in the proportion of "external" causes in mortality structure of able-bodied population of the Republic of Chuvashia in 2016. Throughout the analyzed period relative mortality rates of able-bodied men are four times and higher than those of women. The analysis of dynamics characteristics in mortality level and structure among working age women and men as well as risk factors that contribute to its growth, can become the basis for developing an organizational improvement program of rendering medical care to economically active population as a component of regional strategy of increasing the level of reproductive potential.

The Impact of Innovation on the Performance of Health Care in the Economic Security System of the Region

A breakthrough in innovations largely depends on the quality of human potential. In the context of demographic threats for economic security of the region, the national project “Healthcare†has prepared measures for reducing the mortality of the working age population, including mortality from cancer. However, the costs of cancer detection and treatment, as well as social costs of temporary disability are later compensated by reduced mortality losses and increased contribution of the labour potential to gross regional product (GRP). During the research we applied systematic and integrative approaches, methods of comparative and statistical analysis using modern IT solutions. The research is based on the data from oncology services of Tyumen and Sverdlovsk regions. The organizational and medical innovations in Tyumen region, including modern diagnostics on the basis of radiological centre, have increased the detection rate of malignant neoplasm. Moreover, these innovations have significantly reduced the number of cancer-related deaths in comparison with the national average value. In 2017, this indicator per 100 thousand was 112.78 in the Russian Federation, while in Tyumen region it was 90.04. For the period from 2013 to 2017, improvements in diagnostics and quality of the oncology service in Sverdlovsk region contributed to a higher detection of various diseases, longer treatment in the hospital and at home, which did not allow achieving economic effects by reducing costs. However, these measures have led to significant reduction of damage from working age population mortality. An indicator of “multidimensional economic effect in health care†is calculated as the sum of various types of effects. Its value demonstrates compensation for costs incurred at certain stages of medical assistance with the effects resulting from preservation of human potential by reducing mortality. Our forecast shows that medical and demographic indicators of the oncology service of the Sverdlovsk region will improve by 2022. Such improvements will result from constructing and equipping the centre of nuclear medicine and the proton centre in the framework of the public-private partnership in Sverdlovsk region healthcare. The results of the study can be applied for an objective assessment of health care and its contribution to the regional economy.

Methods of the Assessment of Economic Losses Caused by the Mortality of the Population Employed in Regional Economy

The purpose of the study is to determine the most appropriate method to estimate the society losses from premature mortality. The authors compared the variants of the quantitative assessment of the economic losses caused by the mortality of the workingage population. The hypothesis of the research is the assumption that the researchers face the problem of choosing indicators for the analysis of various social and demographic groups of population, external factors and aims of calculation that can result in radically different results. On the grounds of domestic and foreign publications, the authors have analyzed preferable methodological tools to assess the economic losses and have defined the crucial factors affecting the estimated parameters. Using the example of the Sverdlovsk region and Ekaterinburg, we have evaluated the dynamics of the level and structure of working-age population mortality and estimated the economic losses from the mortality of working-age population for 2015 and 2016. The research uses two different methods to calculate the economic losses from the premature mortality of the working-age population. It has allowed to receive different evaluations of working people losses and to discuss the modification of socio-economic damage from the premature mortality taking into account regional characteristics. Thereby, we have defined gender and territorial differences of economic losses. Thus, the methodological tools allow estimating the economic losses of society caused by the premature mortality of working population both on the regional and municipal levels depending on the research purpose. The obtained results may be used to develop preventive measures for reducing mortality of the working population, increasing life expectancy and formulating the regional social policy.

Characteristics of urban regions and all-cause mortality in working-age population

Abstract Using Finnish register data on individuals linked to information on urban regions, this study aimed to estimate the effects of some regional characteristics on all-cause mortality among working-age population in 1995-2001, and to find out whether these effects are different among those long-term unemployed than among others. Multilevel Poisson regression models were used. The characteristics of regions included unemployment rate, level of urbanisation, voting turnout, a summary measure of family cohesion, and the geographic location of the region. Our study showed that effects of most area characteristics on mortality were clear among those who suffered from long-term unemployment in the baseline but not among others, adjusting for basic socio-demographic characteristics of the individuals. The results thus suggest that the weaker in the society are more vulnerable to the effects of social environment than those better off. 1. Introduction Many multilevel studies have found effects of characteristics of areas on health and mortality after controlling for socioeconomic and other characteristics of individuals (e.g., Anderson et al. 1997, Blomgren et al. 2004, Davey Smith et al. 1998, Haan, Kaplan, and Camacho 1987, Martikainen, Maki, and Blomgren 2004, Sloggett and Joshi 1998, Yen and Kaplan, 1999). Studies have been conducted on different area levels, with different area characteristics and adjusting for different individual variables, which complicates the comparability of the results. However, a consensus seems to prevail about the importance of community and area characteristics affecting health and mortality, but the effects are generally admitted to be modest compared to the effects of individual-level socioeconomic effects (see review of Pickett and Pearl 2001). Most above-mentioned multilevel studies have focused on the effects of socioeconomic structure, unemployment rate or deprivation of areas and have generally reached the conclusion that poor socioeconomic circumstances induce adverse effects on mortality. Areas have also been characterised by their level of social capital or social cohesion. Social capital has been measured in a variety of ways, often based on Putnam's definition of the density of memberships in associations, levels of interpersonal trust and strengths of mutual aid and reciprocity (Kawachi and Berkman 2000, Putnam 1993). Defined in the Putnam way, social capital has been found to be associated with health and mortality in many studies both at the state level in the US (Kawachi, Kennedy, and Glass 1999, Kawachi et al. 1997) as well as at the neighbourhood level (Lochner et al. 2003). Other studies have used voting turnout and strength of traditional family norms as measures of social capital or social cohesion and have found that low levels of social cohesion are associated with increased alcoholrelated and suicide mortality (Blomgren et al. 2004, Martikainen et al. 2004). Most multilevel studies have adjusted for individual-level variables since part of the observed area differences in mortality may arise from the more favourable composition of population as regards to mortality in some areas than in others (Duncan, Jones, and Moon 1998). The relationships between mortality and socio-demographic characteristics of individuals, such as age, sex, education and social class, are well established. Among the individual-level socio-demographic characteristics, our study focuses on the effects of long-term unemployment and the joint effects of long-term unemployment and regional social characteristics on mortality. The relationship between unemployment and mortality has been shown in many studies. However, it has often been difficult to conclude whether there are true causal effects of unemployment on mortality or whether the unemployed are selected in terms of their characteristics leading both to poor health and higher risk of unemployment (Bartley 1994, Bartley and Ferrie 2001, Valkonen and Martikainen 1995). …