Mortality In ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Research Articles

Pre-hospital heparin is not associated with infarct vessel patency and mortality in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

Pre-hospital heparin administration has been reported to improve prognosis in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). This beneficial effect may be limited to the subgroup of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. To assess the impact of pre-hospital heparin loading on TIMI (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction) flow grade and mortality in STEMI patients with OHCA, we analyzed data from 2,566 consecutive patients from two hospitals participating in the prospective Feedback Intervention and Treatment Times in ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (FITT-STEMI) trial. In 394 participants with OHCA, 272 (69%) received heparin from the emergency medical service (EMS). Collapse witnessed by EMS (odds ratio (OR) = 3.53, 95%-confidence interval (CI) = 1.54-8.09; p = 0.003) and pre-hospital ECG recording (OR = 3.32, 95% CI = 1.06-10.35; p = 0.039) were identified as parameters significantly associated with pre-hospital heparin use. In univariate analysis, in-hospital mortality was lower in the group receiving heparin in the pre-hospital setting (26.8% vs. 42.6%, p = 0.002). However, in a regression model, pre-hospital heparin use was no longer a significant predictor of mortality (OR = 0.992; p = 0.981). Patency of the infarct artery prior to coronary revascularization, as measured by TIMI flow grade, was not associated with pre-hospital administration of heparin in OHCA patients (OR = 0.840; p = 0.724). In STEMI patients with OHCA, pre-hospital use of heparin is neither associated with improved early patency of the infarct artery nor with a better prognosis. Our results do not support the assumption of a positive effect of heparin administration in the pre-hospital treatment phase in STEMI patients with OHCA. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00794001.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of Australian and Indian ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

IntroductionThe incidence of STEMI and subsequent mortality has been reported to be higher in Indian populations compared to developed countries. However, there is limited data directly comparing contemporary primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) treatment strategies and clinical outcomes for STEMI patients between developed and developing countries. Materials and methodsWe compared population demographics, procedural characteristics, times to reperfusion and mortality in STEMI patients treated with pPCI between two tertiary referral centers in India and Australia respectively over a 3-year period (1st Jan 2017–31st Dec 2019). ResultsA total of 1293 STEMI presentations (896 Indian vs 397 Australian) were included. On average, Indian patients had lower median BMI than Australian patients (BMI 25.4 vs 27.8; p < 0.001), were significantly younger (mean age 56.0 vs 63.2 years; p < 0.001), more likely male (84 % vs 80 %; p = 0.046) and diabetic (48 % vs 18 %); p < 0.001). Radial access (50 % vs 88 %; p < 0.001) and TIMI III flow post PCI was also significantly lower (85 % vs 96 %; p < 0.001) with median door-to-balloon time significantly shorter in the Indian cohort (20mins vs 43mins; p < 0.001); however, median symptom to balloon time was significantly longer (245mins vs 160mins; p < 0.001). No significant differences in 30-day mortality (4.0 % vs 2.8 % Australian; p = 0.209) or 1-year mortality (6.5 % vs 4.3 %; p = 0.120) were observed. ConclusionSignificant differences in demographics and presentation characteristics exist between Indian and Australian STEMI patients treated with pPCI. Indian patients had significantly longer pre-hospital delays and lower achievement of TIMI III flow post PCI, yet shorter in-hospital time to treatment.

Shorter Door-to-ECG Time Is Associated with Improved Mortality in STEMI Patients.

Background: Delayed intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is associated with higher mortality. The association of door-to-ECG (D2E) with clinical outcomes has not been directly explored in a contemporary US-based population. Methods: This was a three-year, 10-center, retrospective cohort study of ED-diagnosed patients with STEMI comparing mortality between those who received timely (<10 min) vs. untimely (>10 min) diagnostic ECG. Among survivors, we explored left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) dysfunction during the STEMI encounter and recovery upon post-discharge follow-up. Results: Mortality was lower among those who received a timely ECG where one-week mortality was 5% (21/420) vs. 10.2% (26/256) among those with untimely ECGs (p = 0.016), and in-hospital mortality was 6.0% (25/420) vs. 10.9% (28/256) (p = 0.028). Data to compare change in LVEF metrics were available in only 24% of patients during the STEMI encounter and 46.5% on discharge follow-up. Conclusions: D2E within 10 min may be associated with a 50% reduction in mortality among ED STEMI patients. LVEF dysfunction is the primary resultant morbidity among STEMI survivors but was infrequently assessed despite low LVEF being an indication for survival-improving therapy. It will be difficult to assess the impact of STEMI care interventions without more consistent LVEF assessment.

Association of prealbumin with short-term and long-term outcomes in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

Prealbumin is considered to be a useful indicator of nutritional status. Furthermore, it has been found to be associated with severities and prognosis of a range of diseases. However, limited data on the association of baseline prealbumin level with outcomes of patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) are available. We analyzed 2313 patients admitted for acute STEMI between October 2013 and December 2020. In-hospital outcomes and mortality during the 49 months (interquartile range: 26-73 months) follow-up period were compared between patients with the low prealbumin level (< 170 mg/L) and those with the high prealbumin level (≥ 170 mg/L). A total of 114 patients (4.9%) died during hospitalization. After propensity score matching, patients with the low prealbumin level than those with the high prealbumin level experienced higher incidences of heart failure with Killip class III (9.9% vs. 4.4%, P = 0.034), cardiovascular death (8.4% vs. 3.4%, P = 0.035) and the composite of major adverse cardiovascular events (19.2% vs. 10.3%, P = 0.012). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified that the low prealbumin level (< 170 mg/L) was an independent predictor of in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular events (odds ratio = 1.918, 95% CI: 1.250-2.942, P = 0.003). The cut-off value of prealbumin level for predicting in-hospital death was 170 mg/L (area under the curve = 0.703, 95% CI: 0.651-0.754, P < 0.001; sensitivity = 0.544, specificity = 0.794). However, after multivariate adjustment of possible confounders, baseline prealbumin level (170 mg/L) was no longer independently associated with 49-month cardiovascular death. After propensity score matching, Kaplan-Meier survival curves revealed consistent results. Decreased prealbumin level closely related to unfavorable short-term outcomes. However, after multivariate adjustment and controlling for baseline differences, baseline prealbumin level was not independently associated with an increased risk of long-term cardiovascular mortality in STEMI patients.

Utility of Global Registry of Acute Coronary Event Score (GRACE) and Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Risk Score (TIMI Score) in predicting 30-day Mortality in patients undergoing primary angioplasty at a Tertiary care center – A record-based study

Background This research work aims to assess the effectiveness of Global Registry Of Coronary Events (GRACE) and Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) risk scores in predicting outcomes for patients who underwent primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI). The study included a cohort from a tertiary care centre. Methods This record-based study enrolled 94 patients who underwent primary PCI after a diagnosis of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The data, for this study, was extracted from sources including, medical records. These records contained the computation and documentation of both GRACE and TIMI scores. The study also conducted Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) curve analysis, subsequently yielding the area under the curve alongside a 95% confidence interval, which was duly reported. Results The current study attempts a comparative analysis of the capacities of TIMI and GRACE scores. Accordingly, the study highlights that both are equally effective in predicting 30-day mortality for patients with STEMI. The TIMI Risk Score, with 85% sensitivity and 99% specificity metrics (also p-value = 0.008), and the GRACE Score, with 85% sensitivity and 99% specificity metrics (also p-value = 0.006), exhibit a strong similarity in the prognostic performance. Also, the sensitivity and specificity metrics were obtained after a thorough analysis of the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROCC). Conclusions The study utilized the TIMI score which demonstrated a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 99% and the GRACE Score with 85% sensitivity and 99% specificity to predict 30-day mortality in STEMI patients. This included more than one month of observation period. Post observations, the results of the experiment suggested an improvement in the left ventricular functionwhich helped to infer that recovery after primary PCI is gradual rather than an immediate and pronounced recovery.

Development and validation of a prognostic model for predicting post-discharge mortality risk in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI)

BackgroundAccurately predicting post-discharge mortality risk in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) remains a complex and critical challenge. The primary objective of this study was to develop and validate a robust risk prediction model to assess the 12-month and 24-month mortality risk in STEMI patients after hospital discharge.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted on 664 STEMI patients who underwent PPCI at Xiangtan Central Hospital Chest Pain Center between 2020 and 2022. The dataset was randomly divided into a training cohort (n = 464) and a validation cohort (n = 200) using a 7:3 ratio. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality following hospital discharge. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression model was employed to identify the optimal predictive variables. Based on these variables, a regression model was constructed to determine the significant predictors of mortality. The performance of the model was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and decision curve analysis (DCA).ResultsThe prognostic model was developed based on the LASSO regression results and further validated using the independent validation cohort. LASSO regression identified five important predictors: age, Killip classification, B-type natriuretic peptide precursor (NTpro-BNP), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and the usage of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers/angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ACEI/ARB/ARNI). The Harrell's concordance index (C-index) for the training and validation cohorts were 0.863 (95% CI: 0.792–0.934) and 0.888 (95% CI: 0.821–0.955), respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) for the training cohort at 12 months and 24 months was 0.785 (95% CI: 0.771–0.948) and 0.812 (95% CI: 0.772–0.940), respectively, while the corresponding values for the validation cohort were 0.864 (95% CI: 0.604–0.965) and 0.845 (95% CI: 0.705–0.951). These results confirm the stability and predictive accuracy of our model, demonstrating its reliable discriminative ability for post-discharge all-cause mortality risk. DCA analysis exhibited favorable net benefit of the nomogram.ConclusionThe developed nomogram shows potential as a tool for predicting post-discharge mortality in STEMI patients undergoing PPCI. However, its full utility awaits confirmation through broader external and temporal validation.

Long-term all-cause death prediction by coronary, aortic, and valvular calcification in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

To determine the prognostic value of cumulative calcification score of coronary artery calcification (CAC), thoracic aortic calcification (TAC) and aortic valve calcification (AVC) in acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. This was a retrospective, single-center cohort study. A total of 332 STEMI patients who received primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) were enrolled in this study between January 2010 to October 2018. We assessed the calcification in the left anterior descending branch (LAD), left circumflex branch (LCX), right coronary artery (RCA), thoracic aorta, and aortic valve. Calcification of each part was counted as 1 point, and the cumulative calcification score was calculated as the sum of all points. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine association of cumulative calcification score with end points. The performance of the score was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and absolute net reclassification improvement (NRI), compared with the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) risk score. The overall population's calcification score was 2.0 ± 1.6. During a mean follow-up time of 69.8 ± 29.3 months, the all-cause mortality rate was 12.1%. Kaplan-Meier curve showed that the score was significantly associated with mortality (log-rank p < 0.001). The multivariable Cox proportional hazard analyses showed that a calcification score of 4-5 was independently associated with all-cause death in STEMI patients [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.32, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-5.31, p = 0.046]. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the calcification score was 0.67 (95% CI: 0.61-0.72), and the AUC of the GRACE score was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.75-0.84). There was no statistical difference in the predictive value between both scores for 3-year mortality in STEMI patients after PPCI (p = 0.06). Based on the NRI analysis, the calcification score showed better risk classification compared with the GRACE score (absolute NRI = 6.63%, P = 0.027). The cumulative calcification score is independently associated with the long-term prognosis of STEMI patients after PPCI.

The CHA2DS2-Vasc Score's Role as A Standalone Predictor for Suboptimal Reperfusion and Short-Term Mortality Post Primary PCI in Individuals Diagnosed with Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Background: The CHA2DS2-VASc score is an established clinical prediction tool for assessing stroke risk in patients with atrial fibrillation. However, its potential utility in predicting outcomes following primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has not been extensively explored. The no-reflow phenomenon and in-hospital mortality are critical endpoints in the management of STEMI patients undergoing PCI. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the independent predictive value of the CHA2DS2-VASc score for suboptimal reperfusion and short-term mortality in patients with acute STEMI undergoing primary PCI. Methods: In a prospective cohort study involving 116 patients with confirmed STEMI at the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases in Karachi, participants were categorized based on their CHA2DS2-VASc score into low (&lt;3) and high (≥3) risk groups. Primary PCI was performed following standard treatment protocols, and variables such as initial TIMI flow, thrombus grade, and lesion complexity were documented. Statistical analysis, including multivariate regression, was conducted using SPSS Version 25. Results: Patients with a high CHA2DS2-VASc score (≥3) exhibited a significantly increased risk of no-reflow (p-value range 0.00-0.03) and in-hospital mortality (11.1%) compared to those with a low score (&lt;3; 1.3% mortality). Other significant findings included an association between high CHA2DS2-VASc scores and larger stent lengths (28.75±5.67 mm), smaller stent diameters (2.69±0.6 mm), higher creatinine levels (1.00±0.202 mg/dL), and increased incidence of diabetes mellitus (36.1%). The odds ratio for mortality associated with a high CHA2DS2-VASc score was 1.58 (95% CI: 1.14–2.13, p-value &lt; 0.00). Conclusion: The CHA2DS2-VASc score is a significant independent predictor of both no-reflow post-PCI and short-term in-hospital mortality in STEMI patients. These findings suggest the score's potential role in the pre-PCI risk stratification, which could guide clinical decision-making and potentially improve patient outcomes.

Analysis of the Prognosis Outcomes and Treatment Delay Among ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients in Emergency Department Based on the Presence of Symptoms Suggestive of COVID-19.

During COVID-19 pandemic, the emergency department (ED) was challenged to treat patients with COVID-19-related symptom. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate treatment delay and prognostic outcomes in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients during COVID-19 pandemic due to isolation or precaution and compare it with pre-COVID-19 period. This was a retrospective observation study using multicenter data with different case mix. Anonymized data were collected through each center's electronic medical data of common case report form. Primary outcomes were number and rate of in-hospital mortality within 28 days. Secondary outcomes were door-to-balloon time and length of stay in the ED. Kaplan-Meier estimation and Cox proportional hazard regression analysis were performed to determine impact of predictors on 28-day in-hospital mortality. Door-to-balloon time was longer in STEMI patients with COVID-19-related symptom(s) than those without symptom during the COVID-19 period (97.0 [74.8, 139.8] vs. 69.0 [55.0, 102.0] minutes, P<.001). However, there was no significant statistical difference in door-to-balloon time between STEMI patients with and without COVID-19-related symptom(s) during the pre-COVID-19 period (73.0 [61.0, 92.0] vs. 67.0 [54.5, 80.0] minutes, P=.2869). The 28-day mortality rate did not show a statistically significant difference depending on symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 during the pre-COVID-19 period (15.4% vs. 6.8%, P=.1257). However, it was significantly higher during the COVID-19 period (21.1% vs. 6.7%, P=.0102) in patients with COVID-19 suggestive symptoms than in patients without the symptoms. In Korea, symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 during the pandemic had a significant effect on the increase of door-to-balloon time and 28-day mortality in STEMI patients. Thus, health authorities need to make careful decision in designating symptoms indicated for isolation in ED based on opinions of various medical field experts.

Evaluation of the prognostic value of monocyte to HDL ratio (MHR) in primary PCI STEMI patients

&#x0D; &lt;p&gt;Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the prognostic value of the monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein ratio (MHR) as a marker of inflammation in patients diagnosed with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with a diagnosis of STEMI who underwent PCI between March 2021 and March 2022 at Madani Training and Research Hospital in Tabriz, Iran. Data regarding clinical and demographic properties, and laboratory parameters were obtained from medical records. Patients were categorized into two groups according to the median of admission MHR. Results: The study population consisted of 652 patients, 378 males (58%), and 275 females (42%), with a median age of 68 years (interquartile range: 57-77). Results showed that groups with higher MHR (&amp;gt;15.59) had higher rates of in-hospital mortality and higher major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in comparison with the group featuring lower MHR (&amp;lt;15.59). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves demonstrated that MHR could predict in-hospital mortality with a 75.7% sensitivity and 53.5% specificity, as well as predict MACE with 60.2% sensitivity and 59.7% specificity. Multivariate analyses indicated that MHR is an independent predictor of both in-hospital mortality (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.02-1.08, P=0.002) and MACE (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.02-1.08, P&amp;lt;0.001). Conclusion: This research indicated that the rise in MHR was independently associated with a higher risk of MACE and in-hospital mortality in STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI.&lt;/p&gt;&#x0D;

Abstract 17780: Trends in Clinical Characteristics and Short-Term Mortality in STEMI Patients in Senegal

Introduction: The prevalence of in-hospital ACS has risen from 4% to 10% in Dakar cardiology departments over the past 15 years. Hypothesis: The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical profile and short-term prognosis of patients with acute ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) treated by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: This was a single-center descriptive study using prospective data collection from September 2020 to July 2022, including all patients with acute STEMI managed by PCI in with Hôpital Principal Dakar (HPD). The latter is the main military hospital of Senegal. Results: Among the 1146 patients admitted in HPD cardiology department, 156 (13.61%) had STEMI and 92 (58.97%) of them had undergone PCI. The mean age of the patients was 60.04 ± 11 years, with a male predominance (78.26%). Eighty-three patients (90.2%) were seen within the first 12 hours, with an average of 3.26 ± 3 hours. Regarding clinical presentation, almost all patients (98.9%) were in Killip I or II class. Seventy-eight patients (84.8%) had a diagnostic ECG within the first 12 hours of symptoms initiation, with a mean of 3.95 ± 2.95 hours. Thrombolysis was performed in 10.86% of the patients with a success rate of 70%. The radial approach predominated largely (89%) and primary PCI was performed in 71.73% of patients. Overall, PCI with stent implantation, exclusively drug eluting stent (DES), was done in 95.65% of cases with a success rate of 98.91%. Three non-fatal periprocedural complications were reported and in-hospital mortality rate was 4.34%. Conclusions: In Dakar, the prognosis of acute STEMI has been improved since the availability of PCI with routine primary PCI 24/7. However, the intervention delays need to be perfected.

Differences in door-to-balloon time and outcomes in SARS-CoV-2-positive ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The coronavirus disease 2019 infection has significantly impacted the world and placed a heavy strain on the medical system and the public, especially those with cardiovascular diseases. Hoverer, the differences in door-to-balloon time and outcomes in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are not known too much. Web of Science, EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Wanfang, VIP, and China's National Knowledge Infrastructure were utilized to perform a systematic literature search until April 30, 2023. We computed the odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to determine the correlation. A random-effects model was used for the meta-analysis if the study had significant heterogeneity. Meanwhile, sensitivity analysis and Trial sequential analysis were also accomplished using Rveman5.4 and trial sequential analysis 0.9.5.10 Beta software, respectively. A total of 5 eligible studies were explored in our meta-analysis, including 307 cases and 1804 controls. By meta-analysis, the pooled data showed that SARS-CoV-2-positive STEMI patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention had a longer door-to-balloon time (OR 6.31, 95% CI 0.99, 11.63, P = .02) than the negative subjects. The glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor use after SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.53, 4.81, P = .0006) was relatively frequent compared with controls, and the postoperative Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction blood flow (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.34, 0.67, P < .0001) was worse compared that. The in-hospital mortality (OR 5.16, 95% CI 3.53, 7.53, P < .00001) was higher than non-SARS-CoV-2 infection ones. In addition, we also discovered that age, gender (male), hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, smoking, previous myocardial infarction, total ischemia time, and thrombus aspiration use did not have a significant association with the development of STEMI patients with SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 positivity is significantly associated with longer door-to-balloon time and higher in-hospital mortality in STEMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

The prognostic value of HALP score in predicting in-hospital mortality in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

Despite major advances in reperfusion therapies, morbidity and mortality rates associated with cardiovascular disorders remain high, particularly in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Therefore, identifying prognostic variables that can be used to predict morbidity and mortality in STEMI patients is critical for better disease management. The HALP (hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, and platelet) score, a novel index indicating nutritional status and systemic inflammation, provides information about prognosis. In this context, this study was carried out to investigate the relationship between HALP score assessed at admission and in-hospital mortality in STEMI patients. The population of this retrospective study consisted of 1307 consecutive patients diagnosed with STEMI and who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). The 1090 patients included in the study sample were divided into two groups based on the median HALP score value of 3.59. In-hospital and all-cause mortality rates during the follow-up were obtained from the registry. In-hospital mortality rate was significantly higher in patients with a HALP score of less than 3.59 compared to those with a HALP score of more than 3.59 (7.5% and 0.7%, respectively; P < 0.001). Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses revealed that the HALP score is independently associated with in-hospital mortality. The optimal HALP score cutoff value of <3.72 predicted in-hospital mortality with 95.56% sensitivity and 49.19% specificity. This study's findings indicate that HALP score may be a significant independent predictor of in-hospital mortality in patients with STEMI treated with pPCI.

Triglyceride glucose index predicts in-hospital mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction who underwent primary angiography.

To assess the correlation between triglyceride glucose (TyG) index and in-hospital mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). A total of 2190 patients with STEMI who underwent primary angiography within 12 h from symptom onset were selected from the prospective, nationwide, multicenter CAMI registry. TyG index was calculated with the formula: Ln [fasting triglycerides (mmol/L) × fasting glucose (mmol/L)/2]. Patients were divided into three groups according to the tertiles of TyG index. The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Overall, 46 patients died during hospitalization, in-hospital mortality was 1.5%, 2.2%, 2.6% for tertile 1, tertile 2, and tertile 3, respectively. However, TyG index was not significantly correlated with in-hospital mortality in single-variable logistic regression analysis. Nonetheless, after adjusting for age and sex, TyG index was significantly associated with higher mortality when regarded as a continuous variable (adjusted OR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.16-2.63) or categorical variable (tertile 3 vs. tertile 1: adjusted OR = 2.50, 95% CI: 1.14-5.49). Furthermore, TyG index, either as a continuous variable (adjusted OR = 2.54, 95% CI: 1.42-4.54) or categorical variable (tertile 3 vs. tertile 1: adjusted OR = 3.57, 95% CI: 1.24-10.29), was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality after adjusting for multiple confounders in multivariable logistic regression analysis. In subgroup analysis, the prognostic effect of high TyG index was more significant in patients with body mass index < 18.5 kg/m2 (P interaction = 0.006). This study showed that TyG index was positively correlated with in-hospital mortality in STEMI patients who underwent primary angiography, especially in underweight patients.

Prognostic value of Intermountain Risk Score for short- and long-term mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock.

There is a lack of current research examining the predictive value of the Intermountain Risk Score (IMRS) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) caused by cardiogenic shock. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the ability of IMRS to predict short- and long-term mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock triggered by STEMI. The participants included 492 consecutive cardiogenic shock patients who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention following STEMI. The patients were separated into two groups depending on their survival status. The groups' baseline characteristics, laboratory data, echocardiographic variables, and risk assessments were then compared. Next, the IMRS score was tested for its ability to predict both short- and long-term mortality. In order to assess its accuracy, the prognostic value of the IMRS was also compared that of the SYNTAX score II (SSII). After adjustment for the characteristics in the univariable study, multivariable Cox regression analysis indicated that the IMRS and SSII were both independently associated with short- and long-term mortality in STEMI patients with cardiogenic shock. However, the receiver operating characteristic curves indicated that the IMRS outperformed the SSII in terms of predicting both short- and long-term mortality. This preliminary investigation showed that IMRS can predict both short- and long-term mortality in individuals with STEMI accompanied by cardiogenic shock.

Prognosis Analysis of Delayed Call Time for Chest Pain in Patients With Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Direct Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

To describe the impact of delayed call time for chest pain in the salvage of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients and its associated independent risk factors, and to identify risk factors associated with cumulative morbidity and mortality in STEMI patients at 4 years after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Retrospective analysis of 398 patients diagnosed with STEMI and treated with emergency PCI within 24 hours of symptom onset in Fuyang People's Hospital from April 2018 to April 2021. The enrolled patients were divided into ≤60 minutes group (193 cases), and > 60 minutes group (205 cases), according to the delayed call time of patients with chest pain. Analysis of basic clinical data, rescue time, and major cardiovascular adverse events in the 2 groups. Multifactorial logistic regression analysis of independent correlates of delayed chest pain calls and Cox proportional risk regression modeling of risk factors for cumulative morbidity and mortality at 4 years after surgery. Compared to the delayed call time ≤ 60 minutes group, the > 60 minutes group had a higher proportion of females, a history of diabetes, rural remote areas, and farmer occupation (P < .05). Binary logistic regression analysis shows the history of diabetes and female as independent risk factors for delayed call time >60 minutes for chest pain. In the delayed call time ≤60 minutes group, the time from symptom onset-to-balloon (S0-to-B) and from symptom onset-to-first medical contact (SO-to-FMC) were smaller than in the delayed call time >60 minutes group (P < .05). The sum of postinfarction angina and major cardiovascular adverse events was lower in the group with delayed call time ≤60 minutes than in the group with delayed call time >60 minutes (P < .05). The Kaplan-Meier survival curve and the survival curve without the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events were statistically significant in both groups (P < .05). Multifactorial Cox regression analysis showed that delayed call time for chest pain >60 minutes, left main + 3 branch lesions, and cardiac function Killip ≥ III were all risk factors for cumulative morbidity and mortality at 4 years after PCI in patients with STEMI. Delayed call time for chest pain >60 minutes, left main + 3 branch lesions, and cardiac function Killip ≥ III are all risk factors for cumulative morbidity and mortality in STEMI patients at 4 years after PCI. Reducing the delayed call time for chest pain can improve the long-term prognosis of patients.

293 IMPACT OF FEMALE GENDER ON ACUTE AND MID-TERM MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH ST-SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION DURING THE PANDEMIC ERA

Abstract Background There is still much controversy concerning the impact of gender on mortality during ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The COVID-19 pandemic deeply affected the clinical history of these patients, both in terms of presentation time and management. The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of female gender on acute and mid-term mortality in STEMI patients hospitalized during the pandemic period. Materials and Methods Our study focuses on STEMI patients hospitalized during the darkest period of the pandemic. We retrospectively analyzed consecutive STEMI patients hospitalized from 15 March 2020 to 15 March 2021 in our Hub centre in Milan, Lombardy. All clinical, demographic, and procedural characteristics were collected in a dedicated database. Patient follow-up was carried out through clinical visits, telephone calls and remote monitoring through the “Lombardia Regional Registry”. Results From a total of 283 patients, women represented 26.8% of the population, with a mean age of 72 - 11.2 years vs. 64.7 - 12.6 years in men. Anterior STEMI was the most represented with a mildly reduced ejection fraction (EF 48.3 _ 11.8%) similar between genders. Coronary angiography showed more extensive disease in man, while women presented with a higher Killip class at admission and a more pronounced anemic status. In-hospital and 1-year mortality of the whole cohort were 11.4% and 7.5%, respectively, with no significant differences between genders (14.5% women vs. 10.6% men, p = ns; 9.2% women vs. 7% man, p = ns). EF resulted in being the only independent predictor of mortality in the short-term and at 1-year follow up in both genders. In the acute phase, the only other independent predictor of mortality was COVID-19 infection, secondary to the higher rate of respiratory omplications, without any difference in terms of major adverse cardiac events. The impact of COVID-19 infection on mortality was completely lost at 1-year follow up. Conclusions Our study has shown that female gender in STEMI patients does not represent an independent predictor of mortality both in the short- and in the mid-term follow up. Concomitant COVID-19 infection significantly influenced in-hospital mortality due to the higher rate of respiratory complications in both genders. The impact of COVID-19 on mortality was completely lost at follow-up, where age and a reduced EF remained the only independent predictors, regardless of gender.

The Relation of Body Mass Index with In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction.

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to determine whether body mass index (BMI) is an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients and to assess the relationship between BMI and mortality. Methods: One thousand three hundred fifty-seven patients with STEMI were included to the study. Primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. The multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between BMI and in-hospital mortality using age, gender, diabetes mellitus, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, smoking status, serum creatinine and hemoglobin, type of STEMI, and Killip class as adjustment variables. Results: The frequency of in-hospital mortality was 14.7%. The mean BMI was found to be 28.2 ± 4.8 kg/m2. Considering the in-hospital mortality frequencies between the groups, mortality was observed in 61.7% of the BMI <20 kg/m2 group, 15.5% of the 20-25 kg/m2 group, 8.5% of the 25-30 kg/m2 group, and 9.5% of the >30 kg/m2 group (chi-square P value <0.001). In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, a change in BMI from 20 to 30 kg/m2 was associated with a reduced risk of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio: 0.39, 95% confidence interval: 0.23-0.67, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Our study results revealed that there was inverse significant association between BMI and in-hospital mortality in STEMI patients.

The Prognostic Value of Echocardiographic Wall Motion Score Index in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

When compared to left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), previous studies have suggested the superiority of wall motion score index (WMSI) in predicting cardiac events in patients who have suffered acute myocardial infarction. However, there are limited studies assessing WMSI and mortality in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We aimed to compare the prognostic value of WMSI in a cohort of STEMI patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). A comparison of WMSI, LVEF, and all-cause mortality in STEMI patients treated with primary PCI between January 2008 and December 2020 was performed. The prognostic value of WMSI, LVEF, and traditional risk scores (TIMI, GRACE) were compared using multivariable logistic regression modelling. Among 1181 patients, 27 died within 30-days (2.3%) and 49 died within 12 months (4.2%). WMSI ≥1.8 was associated with poorer survival at 12-months (9.2% vs 1.5%; p < 0.001). When used as the only classifier for predicting 12-month mortality, the discriminatory ability of WMSI (area under the curve (AUC): 0.77; 95% CI: 0.68-0.84) was significantly better than LVEF (AUC: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.61-0.79; p=0.034). After multivariable modelling, the AUC was comparable between models with either WMSI (AUC: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.85-0.94) or LVEF (AUC: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.83-0.92; p < 0.08) yet performed significantly better than TIMI (AUC: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.62-0.79; p < 0.001), or GRACE (AUC: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.54-0.71; p < 0.001) risk scores. When examined individually, WMSI is a superior predictor of 12-month mortality over LVEF in STEMI patients treated with primary PCI. When examined in multivariable predictive models, WMSI and LVEF perform very well at predicting 12-month mortality, especially when compared to existing STEMI risk scores.

SARS-CoV-2 Positivity, Stent Thrombosis, and 30-day Mortality in STEMI Patients Undergoing Mechanical Reperfusion.

SARS-Cov-2 has been suggested to promote thrombotic complications and higher mortality. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of SARS-CoV-2 positivity on in-hospital outcome and 30-day mortality in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) enrolled in the International Survey on Acute Coronary Syndromes ST-segment elevation Myocardial Infarction (ISACS-STEMI COVID-19 registry. The 109 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients were compared with 2005 SARS-CoV-2 negative patients. Positive patients were older (P = .002), less often active smokers (P = .002), and hypercholesterolemic (P = .006), they presented more often later than 12h (P = .037), more often to the hub and were more often in cardiogenic shock (P = .02), or requiring rescue percutaneous coronary intervention after failed thrombolysis (P < .0001). Lower postprocedural Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 3 flow (P = .029) and more thrombectomy (P = .046) were observed. SARS-CoV-2 was associated with a significantly higher in-hospital mortality (25.7 vs 7%, adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) [95% Confidence Interval] = 3.2 [1.71-5.99], P < .001) in-hospital definite in-stent thrombosis (6.4 vs 1.1%, adjusted Odds Ratio [95% CI] = 6.26 [2.41-16.25], P < .001) and 30-day mortality (34.4 vs 8.5%, adjusted Hazard Ratio [95% CI] = 2.16 [1.45-3.23], P < .001), confirming that SARS-CoV-2 positivity is associated with impaired reperfusion, with negative prognostic consequences.