Mortality For Mitral Valve Replacement Research Articles

1-Year Outcomes Following Transfemoral Transseptal Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement: Intrepid TMVR Early Feasibility Study Results

BackgroundHigh surgical risk may preclude mitral valve replacement in many patients. Transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) using transfemoral transseptal access is a novel technology for the treatment of mitral regurgitation (MR) in high-risk surgical patients. ObjectivesThis analysis evaluates 30-day and 1-year outcomes of the Intrepid TMVR Early Feasibility Study in patients with ≥moderate-severe MR. MethodsThe Intrepid TMVR Early Feasibility Study is a multicenter, prospective, single-arm study. Clinical events were adjudicated by a clinical events committee; endpoints were defined according to Mitral Valve Academic Research Consortium criteria. ResultsA total of 33 patients, enrolled at 9 U.S. sites between February 2020 and August 2022, were included. The median age was 80 years, 63.6% of patients were men, and mean Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality for mitral valve replacement was 5.3%. Thirty-one (93.9%) patients were successfully implanted. Median postprocedural hospitalization length of stay was 5 days, and 87.9% of patients were discharged to home. At 30 days, there were no deaths or strokes, 8 (24.2%) patients had major vascular complications and none required surgical intervention, there were 4 cases of venous thromboembolism all successfully treated without sequelae, and 1 patient had mitral valve reintervention for severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. At 1 year, the Kaplan-Meier all-cause mortality rate was 6.7%, echocardiography showed ≤mild valvular MR, there was no/trace paravalvular leak in all patients, median mitral valve mean gradient was 4.6 mm Hg (Q1-Q3: 3.9-5.3 mm Hg), and 91.7% of survivors were in NYHA functional class I/II with a median 11.4-point improvement in Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire overall summary scores. ConclusionsThe early benefits of the Intrepid transfemoral transseptal TMVR system were maintained up to 1 year with low mortality, low reintervention, and near complete elimination of MR, demonstrating a favorable safety profile and durable valve function.

Early mortality and neurologic outcomes following mitral valve surgery in the very elderly.

Valve repair is the gold standard for treatment of degenerative mitral valve disease. As the population ages, patients undergoing valve degeneration and therefore considered for mitral valve surgery will naturally be getting older. We sought to evaluate whether mitral repair retained a survival advantage over replacement in patients ≥80 years old. A retrospective cohort study was performed using data acquired from the United Kingdom National Adult Cardiac Surgery Audit for the outcomes of in-hospital mortality and postoperative cerebrovascular event (CVA). Individual multivariable logistic regression models were created to investigate adjusted associations between these outcomes and type of mitral valve operation, repair or replacement. Additionally, associations between the individual model parameters and in-hospital mortality and CVA were investigated. A total of 1140 patients underwent mitral repair (66.4%, median age 82.3), and 577 patients underwent mitral replacement (33.6%, median age 82.1). The overall age range was 80-92. The incidence of in-hospital mortality favored the repair group (4.4% vs. 8.3%, p = .001). Multivariable logistic regression modeling demonstrated an increased adjusted odds of in-hospital mortality for mitral valve replacement (MVR) (odd ratio [OR]: 2.01, 1.15-3.50, p = .01). The only other parameter associated with an increased adjusted odds of in-hospital mortality was postoperative dialysis (OR: 14.2, 7.67-26.5, p < .001). There was not a demonstrated association between MVR and perioperative CVA (OR: 1.11, 0.49-2.4, p = .8). In patients ≥80 years old, mitral valve repair (MVr) was shown to be associated with a decreased adjusted odds of mortality, with a null association with CVA. These results suggest that, if feasible, MVr should remain the preferred management strategy, even in the very elderly.

Ultrasonic Emulsification of Severe Mitral Annular Calcification During Mitral Valve Replacement

PurposeSevere mitral annular calcification (MAC) increases surgical complexity and is independently associated with increased operative mortality for mitral valve replacement (MVR). Recently we adopted ultrasonic emulsification/aspiration for annular decalcification to address these risks and describe our early experience with this new technology. DescriptionExcluding previous mitral valve surgery or endocarditis, 179 patients with MAC underwent MVR at a single institution between January 2015 and March 2020. Of these, 15 consecutive patients with severe MAC (≥50% of the annulus) underwent annular decalcification with ultrasonic emulsification/aspiration as an adjunct treatment during MVR from April 2019 to March 2020. EvaluationMean patient age was 68 ± 12 years, and 72% (n = 128) were female. Mean preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction was 60% ± 11%, and mean mitral valve gradient was 9.1 ± 4.4 mm Hg. Concomitant procedures included antiarrhythmia (n = 52), aortic valve replacement (n = 32), and coronary artery bypass grafting (n = 20). There were no operative deaths or strokes in the group undergoing ultrasonic emulsification and aspiration. ConclusionsThe use of ultrasonic emulsification and aspiration in severe MAC patients may help mitigate the risks of MVR and facilitate operative success in this challenging, high-risk population.

Predictors of Mortality in Patients Undergoing Mitral Valve Replacement.

Objective:Although mitral valve replacement is frequently performed in patients of all age groups, there are few studies available which determine the causes of operative mortality in mitral valve replacement especially in our region. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify factors that are significantly associated with operative mortality in mitral valve replacement.Methods:From August 2012 to March 2013, 80 consecutive patients undergoing mitral valve replacement in a single tertiary hospital were included. Patients with a history of previous coronary artery bypass graft surgery or congenital heart problems were excluded from the sample. The included patients were observed for a period of 30 days. Pre and post-operative variables were used to identify significant predictors of mortality.Results:The overall hospital mortality (30 days) was 15%. High post-perative creatinine (P =0.05), high ASO titre (P=0.03), young age (P=0.011), low cardiac output (P=0.0001), small mitral valve size (P=0.002) and new onset of atrial fibrillation (P=0.007) were the significant independent predictors of operative morality.Conclusion:Mitral valve replacement can be performed in third world countries with limited resources with low mortality. However, optimal selection of mitral valve size can help to improve operative mortality.

Mitral valve replacement combined with coronary artery bypass graft surgery in patients with moderate-to-severe ischemic mitral regurgitation

IntroductionIschemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) is associated with increased mortality. Even after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), IMR reduces survival. Several studies have shown increased perioperative mortality for mitral valve replacement (MVR) in this situation, but the subject remains controversial. ObjectiveTo investigate the impact of MVR on immediate outcomes in patients with moderate-to-severe IMR undergoing concomitant CABG compared with those undergoing CABG only. MethodsWe performed a retrospective study of 42 patients undergoing CABG+MVR (n=16) or CABG only (n=26) at the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of PROCAPE, between May 2007 and April 2010. Preoperative clinical characteristics, procedural characteristics, major and minor complications after surgery, preoperative and postoperative left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by echocardiography, and outcome (survivor or death) were assessed. ResultsMean patient age was 63.4±8.5 years, and 64.8% (n=23) were male. The CABG+MVR group showed lower rates of postoperative low cardiac output (6.3% vs. 42.3%, p=0.014) and atrial fibrillation (6.3% vs. 38.5%, p=0.021). Both groups had higher mean LVEF in the postoperative compared with the preoperative period, but the average gain in LVEF in the CABG+MVR group was higher than in the CABG-only group (8.88±2.39 vs. 4.31±1.23, p<0.001). There was no significant difference in operative mortality (6.3% vs. 7.7%, p=0.679). ConclusionsCABG+MVR can be performed safely in patients with moderate-to-severe IMR. CABG+MVR resulted in lower rates of complications than CABG only. Both surgical approaches resulted in significant improvement of postoperative LVEF. However, there was greater improvement in the CABG+MVR group.

Mitral valve replacement combined with coronary artery bypass graft surgery in patients with moderate-to-severe ischemic mitral regurgitation

IntroductionIschemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) is associated with increased mortality. Even after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), IMR reduces survival. Several studies have shown increased perioperative mortality for mitral valve replacement (MVR) in this situation, but the subject remains controversial. ObjectiveTo investigate the impact of MVR on immediate outcomes in patients with moderate-to-severe IMR undergoing concomitant CABG compared with those undergoing CABG only. MethodsWe performed a retrospective study of 42 patients undergoing CABG+MVR (n=16) or CABG only (n=26) at the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of PROCAPE, between May 2007 and April 2010. Preoperative clinical characteristics, procedural characteristics, major and minor complications after surgery, preoperative and postoperative left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by echocardiography, and outcome (survivor or death) were assessed. ResultsMean patient age was 63.4±8.5 years, and 64.8% (n=23) were male. The CABG+MVR group showed lower rates of postoperative low cardiac output (6.3% vs. 42.3%, p=0.014) and atrial fibrillation (6.3% vs. 38.5%, p=0.021). Both groups had higher mean LVEF in the postoperative compared with the preoperative period, but the average gain in LVEF in the CABG+MVR group was higher than in the CABG-only group (8.88±2.39 vs. 4.31±1.23, p<0.001). There was no significant difference in operative mortality (6.3% vs. 7.7%, p=0.679). ConclusionsCABG+MVR can be performed safely in patients with moderate-to-severe IMR. CABG+MVR resulted in lower rates of complications than CABG only. Both surgical approaches resulted in significant improvement of postoperative LVEF. However, there was greater improvement in the CABG+MVR group.

Section 10: Surgical Approaches to the Treatment of Heart Failure

Section 10: Surgical Approaches to the Treatment of Heart Failure

Mitral valve replacement combined with coronary artery operation: Determinants of early and late results

Mitral valve replacement combined with coronary artery bypass grafting has been reported as being associated with a higher mortality than either mitral valve replacement or coronary artery bypass grafting alone. Cause of mitral valve disease and severity of mitral regurgitation have been reported as related to mortality. To study the correlation of the cause of mitral valve disease and severity of mitral regurgitation to hospital mortality and long-term survival, we analyzed the results of 135 patients undergoing mitral valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting between June 1974 and August 1989. The hospital mortality was 11.8% ( 16 / 135 ). Fifteen preoperative and operative variables were tested for correlation with hospital or late mortality using univariate tests and multivariate regression. Advanced age (>60 years), New York Heart Association functional class, and wall motion score were independently associated with hospital mortality ( p < 0.05). The cause of mitral valve disease and severity of mitral regurgitation were not related to hospital mortality or long-term survival ( p > 0.05). The follow-up rate was 96.6% for the hospital survivors ( 115 / 119 ). Mean follow-up was 52.6 ± 4.1 months. There were 35 late deaths. Survival was 91.9%, 89.9%, 78%, and 49.9% at 1, 2, 5, and 10 postoperative years, respectively. Preoperative New York Heart Association functional class and use of catecholamines during the postoperative intensive care period were independently related to late survival ( p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study suggested that operative mortality for mitral valve replacement combined with coronary artery bypass grafting was correlated with preoperative New York Heart Association functional class, advanced age (>60 years), and wall motion score, and that long-term survival was correlated with preoperative New York Heart Association functional class and use of catecholamines postoperatively. Neither cause of mitral valve disease nor severity of mitral regurgitation was correlated with hospital or long-term survival.

Risk factors for morbidity and mortality in mitral valve replacement

Risk factors of operative mortality and long term survival were identified in 219 patients who underwent mitral valve replacement (MVR) using Bjørk-Shiley mechanical prostheses. Early mortality was 7.3%. The accumulated follow-up time was 1134 patient-years, and the 5-year survival for the total cohort was 78 +/- 3%. Independent prognostic factors of early mortality were poor NYHA class, which carried a relative risk (RR) of 3.2, and ischaemic aetiology, with a RR of 2.2. Ischaemic aetiology was the sole predictor of heart pump failure requiring intra-aortic balloon pump support (RR = 2.7). Independent risk factors of total mortality (early and late) were male sex (RR = 2.3), NYHA class III-IV (RR = 2.4), presence of mitral regurgitation (RR = 3.2) and relative heart volume (RR = 1.6 for a 800 ml/m2 size compared to a heart of 550 ml/m2). Our results underline the importance of patient-related factors in MVR, and indicate that care is needed in comparing the quality of MVR from different institutions with respect to mortality and morbidity. The results of MVR are palliative rather than curative except in female patients with NYHA class II function and mitral stenosis, in whom cure was attained.

Preservation of the posterior leaflet during mechanical valve replacement for ischemic mitral regurgitation and complete myocardial revascularization

Between 1980 and 1987, 40 patients with ischemic mitral insufficiency underwent mitral valve replacement (with a mechanical prosthesis) and coronary bypass grafting, 3.5 grafts per patient. The posterior mitral leaflet was preserved in 17 and resected in 23. Five arrived at operation in cardiogenic shock, 15 after recurrent episodes of pulmonary edema, and 20 electively, but in congestive heart failure. Twenty-five had unstable angina, and the remaining had chronic angina. Perioperative and early deaths occurred only in patients with an ejection fraction less than 35%. None of the 21 patients with an ejection fraction greater than 35% died, whereas eight of 19 with an ejection fraction less than 35% died, whereas eight of 19 with an ejection fraction less than 35% died (p less than 0.001). When causes of death in patients with an ejection fraction less than 35% were studied, operative and early mortality was zero of seven with preservation of the posterior mitral leaflet versus eight of 11 with excision of the leaflet (p = 0.035). We concluded that the high mortality in mitral valve replacement for ischemic mitral insufficiency is linked to an ejection fraction less than or equal to 35% and, in this particular group of patients, is due to the surgical destruction of the left ventricular chordae tendineae supportive apparatus. Preservation of this apparatus by preservation of the posterior mitral leaflet drastically reduces operative and early mortality. Preoperative cardiogenic shock, left ventricular aneurysmectomy, and multiple grafting (up to five grafts per patient) did not increase the risk of operation. Extensive revascularization (3.5 grafts per patient) provides improved long-term results.

Experiência com dois tipos de técnicas para o tratamento cirúrgico da insuficiência mitral: I. Prótese com preservação de elementos do sistema valvar. II. Plastia valvar com reconstrução e avanço da cúspide posterior

Na integridade funcional do ventrículo esquerdo, é importante a continuidade entre a valva mitral e a parede ventricular mantida pelas cordas tendíneas e os músculos papilares. Por outro lado, além de maior mortalidade cirúrgica da insuficiência mitral, quando comparada com as próteses aórticas e a revascularização do miocárdio, observa-se menor morbi-mortalidade nos casos de valvoplastias em relação às próteses mitrais. Estes fatos constituem um desafio para a moderna cirurgia cardíaca, justificando-se todos os esforços de ampliação dos estudos no tratamento do refluxo valvar, tanto pelas correções plásticas, como pelo implante de prótese. No presente trabalho, apresenta-se a experiência com dois tipos de técnicas para o tratamento cirúrgico da insuficiência mitral: prótese com preservação de elementos do sistema valvar e plastia valvar com ampliação e avanço da cúspide posterior. Preocupou-se mais com os detalhes cirúrgicos, não tendo sido realizados estudos da função ventricular esquerda. Apresentam-se as diversas táticas para garantir a continuidade entre o anel valvar e parede do ventrículo nas trocas valvares. Ressalta-s a importância, nem sempre lembrada, da ampliação da cúspide posterior e a sua associação com outras técnicas de plastias valvares, tais como: comissurotomias, papilarotomias, anuloplatias e encurtamento de cordas tendíneas.

Toward a Better Understanding of the Etiology of Left Ventricular Dysfunction after Mitral Valve Replacement: An Experimental Study with Possible Clinical Implications

The relatively high morbidity and mortality of mitral valve replacement (MVR) appears to be related to an impairment in left ventricular (LV) function. This two-part investigation was designed to assess the effect of MVR on global LV function in an isolated heart preparation and to evaluate whether a mitral prosthesis with a flexible annulus would be of benefit. In Part I (14 pigs), the effects of each step in MVR were studied. Division of the chordae tendineae caused a severe deterioration in LV function (systolic pressure, 180 ± 13 versus 120 ± 10 mm Hg; p < 0.05; developed pressure, 167 ± 13 versus 108 ± 11 mm Hg; p < 0.05; first derivative of LV pressure [dP/dt], 2,630 ± 300 versus 1,610 ± 180 mm Hg/sec; p < 0.05; balloon volume, 30 ml). Fixation of the mitral annulus prior to division of the chordae tendineae resulted in a small decrease (not significant) in LV function but had no effect after the chordae tendineae were divided. In Part II (10 pigs), two mitral annular prostheses were studied: a standard rigid prosthesis and a prosthesis of identical size but with a flexible annulus. LV function was better with the flexible than the rigid prosthesis (systolic pressure, 118 ± 10 versus 89 ± 5% control, p < 0.02; developed pressure, 120 ± 11 versus 87 ± 5% control; p < 0.02; dP/dt, 119 ± 10 versus 85 ± 4% control; p < 0.02; balloon volume, 30 ml). These results demonstrate that MVR causes a profound deterioration in LV function, a deterioration primarily due to division of the chordae tendineae. Fixation of the mitral annulus with a rigid prosthesis may also be an important cause of LV dysfunction.

Avoidance of Transverse Midventricular Disruption Following Mitral Valve Replacement

From 1974 through 1977 when our hospital mortality for aortic valve replacement and myocardial revascularization was 3.5% and 1.1%, respectively, hospital mortality for mitral valve replacement (MVR) was 8.3% (13/156)—as high as 14.9% in 1976. Transverse midventricular disruption (TMD) was present in 7 of 10 patients on whom an autopsy was done and was clinically diagnosed in 3 others without postmortem examination. Transverse midventricular disruption presented as refractory myocardial failure immediately on termination of bypass or later (1 to 5 days) after an initial period of good hemodynamics. It appeared to result when volume loading or afterload pressure was returned to the untethered ventricle after MVR performed with potassium-induced, cold cardioplegia and ischemic arrest. Operative techniques were modified to preserve a portion of the mitral suspensory mechanism, to extend the reperfusion interval following cardioplegia and ischemic arrest, and to control strictly ventricular volume and pressure loading following bypass. By utilizing these methods, TMD was avoided from 1978 through 1982, and hospital mortality for MVR was 3.7% (9/241). The improved hospital mortality and avoidance of TMD did not result from patient selection. Allowing adequate time for recovery of the myocardium after cardioplegia plus ischemic arrest prior to ventricular loading, preservation of mitral suspensory function, and strict control of preload and afterload pressures have been effective in lowering hospital mortality for MVR and have eliminated TMD in a 5-year period.

Mitral Valve Replacement with the Hancock Bioprosthesis: Five- to Ten-Year Follow-up

One hundred eleven patients undergoing mitral valve replacement, either alone (56) or in conjunction with another type of prosthetic valve, prior to 1975 were evaluated. Hospital mortality was 9.9%. Cumulative follow-up is 505 patient-years (mean, 5.4 years). Seventy patients have been followed between 5 and 10 years. Late mortality for mitral valve replacement alone is 4.3 ± 1.3% per patient-year; actuarial survival is 82 ± 6% at 5 years and 65 ± 11% at 10 years. The incidence of emboli was 3.3 ± 0.9% per patient-year for all patients with bioprostheses (62) and 4.2 ± 1.7% per patient-year for bioprostheses and concomitant mechanical aortic valves (32). In patients with only bioprostheses, two of twelve emboli occurred within the first 6 postoperative months and there were three fatal cerebral emboli (0.8 + 0.5% per patient-year). The incidence of hemorrhagic complications is 4.9 ± 1.9% for anticoagulated patients with bioprostheses and mechanical aortic valves; one hemorrhage was fatal (0.7 ± 0.7% per patient-year). Intrinsic mitral bioprosthesis failure occurred in 10 patients; 2 died. Five patients had valve failure secondary to perivalvular regurgitation (3) or endocarditis (2). Actuarial late survival free from intrinsic mitral bioprosthetic failure was 99 ± 1% at 5 years, 92 ± 4% at 7 years, 70 ± 12% at 9 years, and 61 ± 13% at 10 years. It is unknown at the present time whether the long-term risk of late intrinsic valve failure and reoperation will outweigh the low incidence of emboli and avoidance of anticoagulant-related hemorrhage. Until further information becomes available, the Hancock bioprosthesis is used for mitral valve replacement only in patients older than 60 years or in patients with contraindications for anticoagulant therapy.

Cardiac valve replacement in patients over 75 years of age.

Elderly patients with symptomatic cardiac valvular malfunction have a grave prognosis if managed medically but can be offered a reasonable chance for long-term survival and a good chance for improvement by replacement of the malfunctioning valve. A series of patients 75 years of age and older who underwent aortic valve replacement (31 patients) mitral valve replacement (9 patients), or combined valve replacement (on patient) has been reviewed. The overall operative mortality for aortic valve replacement was 23% (17% over the past 5 years) and the 5-year actuarial survival was 54 +/- 11%. The operative mortality for mitral replacement was 11% and the 5-year actuarial survival was 55 +/- 21%. The average hospital stay for survivors was 19 days after aortic valve replacement. Four patients have had embolic events since valve replacement, 3 after aortic and one after mitral valve replacement. The addition of coronary artery bypass surgery to the valve replacement procedure is becoming more frequent and may have contributed to improved operative survival. A literature review of reported clinical experience shows that the advancement of cardiac surgery has permitted a redefining of the group thought as "elderly", and that this group has an improved operative survival with the improvements in cardiac valve surgery.

Mitral valve replacement with ball and tilting disc valve prosthesis. A clinical and haemodynamic study.

A survey is presented on the results of 100 consecutive patients who underwent mitral valve (78 patients) or mitral and aortic and/or tricuspid valve replacement (22 patients) with ball or disc valve prosthesis. The patients were followed-up from 6 to 54 months postoperatively. The mortality for mitral valve replacement was 13 (17%) early deaths (up to one month from operation) and 5 (6%) late deaths. The corresponding figures for multiple valve replacements were 9 (41%) and 3 (14%). A direct correlation was found between early mortality and preoperative functional class IV of the New York Heart Association (30% dead). Pulmonary hypertension combined with multiple valve disease resulted in an early mortality of 42%. No significant differences in early mortality figures after MVR were found between ball and disc valve prostheses. Predominant complications were respiratory infection and atelectasis (13%), acute myocardial infarction (11%) and haemorrhage (9%). Haemolysis was found in 9 patients and three other patients had haemolytic anaemia attributable to paravalvular leak which in two indicated the reapplication of the prosthesis. The main causes of death were heart failure, 8 early and 4 late deaths, and myocardial infarction, 5 and 4 respectively.