Morphometric Investigations Research Articles

Morphometric Investigation of Sexual Dimorphism and Homotypic Variations of Ossicula Auditus in Morkaraman Sheep

In this study, it was aimed to determine the morphometric characteristics of the bones forming the ossicula auditus of Morkaraman sheep and to reveal the differences between sexes and sides. For this purpose, 24 (12 females/12 males) craniums of Morkaraman sheep were used in the study. After the craniums were macerated, the ossicula auditus in the cavum tympani were dissected out and morphometric data were determined by taking linear measurements. Sexually dimorphic structures and homotypic variations of the obtained morphometric data were statistically calculated. It was observed that the bones forming the ossicula auditis were malleus, incus and stapes, respectively, When the morphometric data obtained were analyzed, it was determined that there were statistically dimorphic differences between sexes in the parameters of LH, WHM and LhM (P

Gross morphological and ultrasonographic dimensions of normal feline kidney with reference to resistive index

Ultrasonography with color Doppler is the most quantitative analysis method for intra-renal parameters. There is a wide variation between authors in the measurement site and referencing the inter-lobar resistivity index (RI) in felines. Our objective is to morphometrically and ultrasonographically investigate the normal renal dimensions and vasculatures and draw up a normal reference value for the renal inter-lobar artery resistivity index (RI) using a Pulsed wave-Doppler ultrasonography. A total of twelve adult domestic cats were sedated and treated according to IACUC regulation guidelines to be examined using Doppler ultrasound. The same cats were used for morphometric investigation and divided into three groups regarding the used technique. The size difference between the right and left kidneys is slight, measuring 17 g (weight), 3.65 ± 0.06 cm (length), 2.54 ± 0.08 cm (width), and 2.21 ± 0.03 cm (thickness) for the right kidney, and about 15 g, 3.42 ± 0.06 cm, 2.32 ± 0.05 cm, and 2.13 ± 0.03 cm for the left one, respectively. There are three patterns of renal arteries’ point of origin. The mean RI values of both kidneys were 0.57 ± 0.08 (0.50–0.67) in the right kidney and 0.60 ± 0.08 (0.51–0.69) in the left kidney. The gross examination and ultrasonography measurements did not have a statistically different effect on the actual renal dimensions. Moreover, 0.69 is considered the standard resistivity index (RI) threshold of the feline inter-lobar artery with no correlation to the animal’s body weight.

Morphometric Investigation of Nasal Structure with Nasal Septum Deviation in Young Adults and Correlation with 2:4 Digit Ratio

Aim: The nose, both anatomically and esthetically, is a central feature of the human face. This study aims to morphometrically investigate the nasal structure with septal deviation in young adults and examine its correlation with 2:4 digit ratio. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 194 volunteers (female: 100 and male: 94), aged 18–25 years, studying at Yıldırım Beyazıt University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara. Volunteers with nasal septum deviation were included in the study. Initially, participants’ height and weight measurements were taken, followed by morphometric measurements of the nasal and hand regions by the same researcher. Body mass index (BMI) was also calculated. Subsequently, the volunteers were divided into eight age groups for age and four for BMI. The data were analyzed using the Student’s t-test for normally distributed continuous variables and the Mann–Whitney U-test for ordinal or nonnormally distributed continuous variables. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Initially, the averages and standard deviations of parametric data taken from the nose and hand according to gender, age, and BMI were calculated. Then, the nasal and hand parameters were statistically evaluated according to gender, age, and BMI. The correlation between nasal parameters and the 2:4 digit ratio was also examined. The evaluation revealed statistically significant differences and correlation relationships between the parameters (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The data obtained from our study will assist clinicians involved in evaluating nasal development, determining gender in forensic medicine, diagnosing and treating pathologies related to the nose, describing anatomical points in surgical procedures applied to this region, and planning these surgical procedures.

Prioritization of sub-watersheds based on quantitative morphometric analysis of the Narmada River, India, using SRTM-DEM and GIS techniques

Investigating the contribution of basin to the cycle of hydrological and the area's size, shape, and creation through quantitative analysis of these characteristics of the local scenery. Additionally, estimates of the denudation rate and hypsometric analysis were made in order to comprehend the sub-basin's quantitative geomorphological properties. The link between the morphometric parameters shows that the local geological and geomorphological features significantly influence the drainage system. On a less elevated surface with a moderate slope, stream geometry displays a pattern as semi-dendritic in greater stream order flow. On mountainous terrain surfaces, main-order streams display a dendritic drainage pattern combined with a coarse texture of drainage. The center zone of the Narmada River basin's sub-watersheds area (9461 km2) underwent morphometric investigation utilizing geographical information systems (GIS) with remote sensing methods. It highlights the usefulness of using Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission – Digital Elevation Model (SRTM-DEM) and satellite images to enhance basin management to evaluate and comprehend many geo-hydrological aspects, like topographic & drainage analyses. ArcGIS hydrological modeling has been used to identify and study basins utilizing SRTM-DEM having 10 m resolution. For the micro-level research of its physiographic characteristics and flow structural control along with runoff, using morphometric parameters like relief, aerial, and linear is also beneficial. This may assist in predicting floods, their extent, and their severity.

The morphometric investigation of the Gelda watershed in the Lake Tana sub basin: implications for managing soil and water resources

The morphometric investigation of the Gelda watershed in the Lake Tana sub basin: implications for managing soil and water resources

Thickness Asymmetry of the Vertebral Artery Groove: A Dried Vertebrae Study.

The vertebral artery groove (VAG), located on the posterior arch of the first cervical (atlas) vertebra plays a pivotal role in guiding the vertebral artery's (VA) third part (V3). Deviations in VAG morphology and morphometry (dimensions) can influence vascular dynamics and pose clinical implications. The current study delves into the morphometric variants and explores the less-explored morphometric variable of the VAG thickness, highlighting possible laterality (asymmetry). A morphometric investigation was conducted on 141 dried atlas (73 male and 68 female) vertebrae from a Greek adult population. The VAG's minimum thickness was investigated by considering the laterality (sides' differences), gender, and age impact on it. Measurements were performed by two independent researchers, ensuring the data reliability. A significant asymmetry was identified in the VAG thickness between the left (3.9 ± 0.9 mm) and right (4.1 ± 1.1 mm) (p=0.005) sides, with the left side having the mean minimum thickness. Gender had a significant impact on VAG thickness only on the left side, with females presenting a significantly thinner left-sided VAG (3.6 ± 0.9 mm) than males (4.10 ± 0.7 mm) (p=0.001). Age had no significant impact on the VAG thickness. Conclusion: The present study underscores the significance of asymmetry in the VAG thickness in craniocervical interventions. This less-explored morphometric variable warrants careful consideration by surgeons during preoperative planning to minimize potential complications. The current findings highlight the importance of understanding the VAG thickness asymmetry and its clinical implications, as this osseous variable may be an index of a different diameter of the VA by side. It is recommended that surgeons incorporate this variable into their preoperative assessments to improve the safety and efficacy of craniocervical interventions.

Morphometric investigation of the effects of Azoxymethane, Diallyl disulfide and corn oil use on humerus and femur development in rats

The study aimed to examine the effects of Azoxymethane (AOM), Diallyl Disulfide (DADS), and corn oil on the humerus and femur in rats. In the study, 40 male Wistar Albino rats, 12 weeks old, were used. The animals were divided into four different groups (Control, AOM, DADS and Corn oil). After the experimental period, all animals were anesthetized and sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Humerus and femur from long bones resected from all animal groups. The maximum length, proximal width, distal width, diaphysis diameter, cortex thickness and cavum medullare diameter of the bones were measured. After the morphometric measurements index 1, index 2, robusticity index, and bone weight/bone length index were calculated for the bones. No difference was observed in the morphometric measurements and indices performed on the humerus. A statistical difference in proximal width and robusticity index was detected between the groups in the femur. A difference was observed between the AOM group and the Control/corn oil groups in proximal width. A difference was detected between the AOM group and the Control group in the robustness index, and it was determined that AOM caused a decrease in density and strength in bones. It is thought that the findings obtained in this study will contribute to the evaluation of the effects of cancer research using AOM on bones in rats.

Morphometric Assessment of Condyle and Glenoid Fossa using Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Gujarati Population: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Several morphological alterations and remodelling occur in the mandibular condyle and glenoid fossa to adapt to trauma, malocclusion and other developmental disorders. Understanding these changes will aid healthcare providers in comprehending the pathophysiology of various Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) problems. Aim: To evaluate the morphometric attributes of the condyle and glenoid fossa in the Gujarati population using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional radiographic morphometric investigation was conducted at the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology at the College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre in Bopal, Gujarat, India using departmental archives from September 2019 to September 2022. A total of 40 CBCT scans (80 TMJs) were performed and analysed using the Papaya 3D and Genoray CBCT machines, along with Triana imaging software. Measurements were taken for condylar length, width, height, joint space (anterior, superior, posterior, medial, lateral) and the thickness of the Roof of the Glenoid Fossa (RGF) (sagittal, coronal) on the CBCT images. The aforementioned parameters were compared between genders, age groups and sides using a paired t-test and statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software package (Chicago, IL, USA), version 21.0 for Microsoft (MS) Windows. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 34±9.6 years. The condylar width between males and females was the only condylar characteristic that differed significantly (p-value 0.001). Apart from the gender analysis, no statistically significant variations (p>0.05) were found in the thickness of the RGF when comparing age or side. However, in the genderwise examination of joint space, males had significantly higher measurements of Superior Joint Space (SJS), Medial Joint Space (MJS) and Lateral Joint Space (LJS) than females. Conclusion: Gujarati males had a significantly larger condylar width compared to females. When considering gender-specific data, males also exhibited greater SJSs, MJSs and LJSs, as well as increased thickness of the RGF. The results of the present study may provide a relevant and comparable reference for the clinical assessment of individuals with healthy, functional, or pathological TMJs.

Morphometric investigation of Tribrachidium from Nilpena Ediacara National Park, South Australia

Morphometric investigation of Tribrachidium from Nilpena Ediacara National Park, South Australia

The stereological and morphometrical investigation of pars lumbalis of the spinal cord inNew Zealand rabbit

The stereological and morphometrical investigation of pars lumbalis of the spinal cord inNew Zealand rabbit

Radiological, Morphological and Morphometric Investigation of Mandible in Norduz Sheep

Canalis mandibularis içerisinde seyreden nervus mandibularis, foramen mentale’den geçince nervus mentalis olarak isimlendirilir. Bu iki farklı sinirin innervasyon alanları farklıdır. Dolayısıyla bu iki sinirin innervasyonunu sağladığı bölgelerin anestezik blokajlarını sağlamak için bölgenin anatomik ve topografik olarak iyi bilinmesi ve referans noktalarının iyi belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu nedenle, bu çalışma da yetiştiriciliği önem arzeden ülkemizdeki önemli gen kaynaklarından olan Norduz koyunu mandibulasının anatomisinin anlaşılması için makroanatomik, morfometrik, topografik ve radyolojik yöntemler kullanıldı. Çalışmada 10 adet dişi hayvana ait Norduz koyun mandibula’sı kullanıldı. Mandibulalar önce klasik yöntemlerle makroanatomik, morfometrik ve topografik yöntemlerle incelendi. Daha sonra radyoloji ünitesinde MR görüntüleri alındı. Margo alveolaris üzerinde bulunan son molar dişlerin materyallerin hiçbirinde alveolar çukurluktan dışarıya doğru çıkmadığı görüldü. Premolar dişlerin materyallerin yüzde kırkında üç kökten oluştuğu yüzde altmışında ise iki kökten oluştuğu görüldü. Foramen mentale’nin oval ve yuvarlak bir şekilde olduğu ve değişik sayılarda mandibula’nın lateral yüzünde yer edindiği görüldü. Foramen mandibula’nın eliptik bir şekilde olduğu gözlendi. Yapılan istatistiksel analize göre Norduz koyununda mandibula uzunluğu sağ tarafta 146.93±2.95, sol tarafta 147.91±3.32 mm, olarak ölçüldü. Processus condylaris’in infradental aralığa olan uzaklığı sağ tarafta 165.15±2.62, sol tarafta 162.43±2.97 mm, olarak analiz edildi. Mandibula’nın yüksekliği sağ tarafta 87.87±0.75 mm, sol tarafta 88.00±0.81 mm, olarak belirlendi. Margo interalveolaris’in uzunluğu sağ tarafta 35.69±0.61, sol tarafta 36.67±0.72 mm, olarak ölçüldü. İstatistiksel olarak analiz edilen parametreler mandibulalar arasında yön olarak anlamlı bir değer göstermedi (p>0.05).

Remodeling of soft tissue in the extremities during acute ischemia-reperfusion in the context of acute hemorrhage

Histological and morphometric investigation of the soft tissues of the femur in white rats was conducted following acute 2-hour limb ischemia induced by the application of a tourniquet under conditions of acute blood loss. Morphological changes in the soft tissues were examined two hours after the tourniquet application without reperfusion. Tissue examination was carried out at various intervals after the elimination of ischemia: in 2 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 7 days, and 14 days. The early postischemic period model was represented by groups of animals with reperfusion changes at 1 hour, 2 hours, and 1 day after the removal of the tourniquet, while the late postischemic period model comprised groups examined on the 7th day and the 14th day after the removal of the tourniquet.
 Pathological lesions in muscle tissue were evident as edema, structural and integrity impairments in myocytes, and leukocyte infiltration of endo- and perimysium. The lesions of microcirculatory bed were manifested by microarchitectonic damage, stasis, diapedesis hemorrhages, and perivascular cell infiltrates. The most pronounced changes in soft tissues due to reperfusion-ischemic syndrome under acute blood loss conditions were observed on the first day. During this period, the average diameter of muscle fibers ((43.66±0.41) μm) exceeded the corresponding control group indicator ((40.63±0.24) μm) by 6.94% (P < 0.01). Subsequently, there was a gradual normalization of indicators, with the diameter on the 14th day ((40.83±0.36) μm) not significantly differing from the control (P > 0.05).
 The revealed patterns can be used to develop new approaches and methods for the correction of structural and functional disorders of soft tissues in lower extremities by different types of acute ischemic trauma under conditions of acute blood loss.

Morphometric investigation into astrocyte and microglial population in mutant tremor mice, a murine model of audiogenic seizures

Morphometric investigation into astrocyte and microglial population in mutant tremor mice, a murine model of audiogenic seizures

Epidemiological and molecular updates on hookworm species in dogs from southern Italy

BackgroundThe zoonotic hookworms Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala are widespread soil-transmitted helminths in dogs in Europe. Given the veterinary and public health importance of hookworms in dogs and the recent changes in the molecular epidemiology of some species, there is a need to continuously monitor the epidemiological and molecular prevalence of these parasites also at the “local” level. The present study aimed to update the epidemiological scenario of hookworm infections in both owned and stray dogs in southern Italy and to discriminate between different hookworm species (A. caninum and U. stenocephala) through molecular analyses. For this purpose, a retrospective analysis was performed over 10 years (2011–2021), including a total of 7008 owned dogs and 5642 stray dogs referred to our laboratory for copromicroscopic examinations. Moreover, 72 faecal samples, from dogs naturally infected by hookworms, were used to discriminate between A. caninum and U. stenocephala using two PCR protocols. Prior to molecular analyses, a subsample of 40/72 positive faecal samples was used for morphometric investigations on hookworm eggs.ResultsThe results of the ten-year retrospective analysis (2011–2021) showed an overall prevalence of hookworm infection of 9.16%, specifically 5.1% in owned dogs and 14.2% in stray dogs. Logistic regression showed a significant association between positivity to hookworms and the variable “puppies” both in stray (13.84%; OR = 2.4) and owned (7.07%; OR = 2.2) dogs. The results of molecular analyses showed that positivity was confirmed only in 21/72 samples, specifically, 6 samples using protocol A and 19 with protocol B. Sequencing revealed 15 samples positive to U. stenocephala and 6 to A. caninum.ConclusionsThe findings of this study showed a high prevalence of hookworm infections in dogs in southern Italy, updating the epidemiological scenario of the last decade. Moreover, the results of the study revealed the first identification of hookworm species in dogs in Italy by molecular studies, highlighting that U. stenocephala is more prevalent than A. caninum.

Histological Study of Alteration in Testes and Epididymis of Domestic Rabbits Caused by Tribulus Terrestris and Vitamin E

Tribulus Terrestris (TT) is a common herbal plant with different categories that grows in many countries of the world. Traditional Chinese and Indian therapies have used TT for infertility treatment and also as a powerful antioxidant agent. Therefore, this study aimed to use this plant supplemented with vitamin E to study their combined effects on the histological condition of the testicle and epididymis of rabbits. This study was performed on 28 healthy male rabbits (445-950 g, 2.0-3.0 months old) that were randomly divided into four groups (n=7). All animals were subjected to clinical examination to ensure that they were free of external and internal parasites with the use of some preventive treatments. The animals were housed individually (cage size: 50 cm×50 cm×40 cm) over the 60-day study period starting from January 2022, with an adaptation period of two weeks. Tribulus Terrestris and vitamin E treatments were as follows: the first group (G1) was daily fed on a standard diet and kept as the control group, the second group (G2) was daily fed on the same ration plus 1 g of TT (animal/daily), the third group (G3) was daily fed on the same ration plus 1 g of TT supplemented with 60 mg of vitamin E (orally) (animal /daily), and the fourth group (G4) was daily fed on the same ration, with the addition of 60 mg vitamin E per animal (orally). The morphometric investigation, macroscopic variables (including body weight, testicular weight, and volume), and the microscopic parameters of the testicular seminal tubule were measured. The histological section showed the absence of negative effects after the oral administration of TT at a dose of 1 g per day and 60 IU vitamin E for each animal. However, there was a positive effect on spermatogonia and spermatocytes in all animals, while the spermatogonia in the experimental groups were more dense, especially in the second and third groups, compared to the control group. The seminiferous tubules were significantly lined with spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and round spermatids (P<0.5) in the experimental groups, compared to the control group. Nevertheless, the epididymis tissue did not show traces of histological changes, such as epididymal hyperplasia. Sperms were more frequent in the lumens of the epididymis as well as the lumens larger than those of the control. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the pole plant and vitamin E have a positive effect on the epithelial lining of the seminiferous tubules and the epididymis with an increase in sperm formation and differentiation towards maturity.

Histological Study of Alteration in Testes and Epididymis of Domestic Rabbits Caused by Tribulus Terrestris and Vitamin E.

Tribulus Terrestris (TT) is a common herbal plant with different categories that grows in many countries of the world. Traditional Chinese and Indian therapies have used TT for infertility treatment and also as a powerful antioxidant agent. Therefore, this study aimed to use this plant supplemented with vitamin E to study their combined effects on the histological condition of the testicle and epididymis of rabbits. This study was performed on 28 healthy male rabbits (445-950 g, 2.0-3.0 months old) that were randomly divided into four groups (n=7). All animals were subjected to clinical examination to ensure that they were free of external and internal parasites with the use of some preventive treatments. The animals were housed individually (cage size: 50 cm×50 cm×40 cm) over the 60-day study period starting from January 2022, with an adaptation period of two weeks. Tribulus Terrestris and vitamin E treatments were as follows: the first group (G1) was daily fed on a standard diet and kept as the control group, the second group (G2) was daily fed on the same ration plus 1 g of TT (animal/daily), the third group (G3) was daily fed on the same ration plus 1 g of TT supplemented with 60 mg of vitamin E (orally) (animal /daily), and the fourth group (G4) was daily fed on the same ration, with the addition of 60 mg vitamin E per animal (orally). The morphometric investigation, macroscopic variables (including body weight, testicular weight, and volume), and the microscopic parameters of the testicular seminal tubule were measured. The histological section showed the absence of negative effects after the oral administration of TT at a dose of 1 g per day and 60 IU vitamin E for each animal. However, there was a positive effect on spermatogonia and spermatocytes in all animals, while the spermatogonia in the experimental groups were more dense, especially in the second and third groups, compared to the control group. The seminiferous tubules were significantly lined with spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and round spermatids (P<0.5) in the experimental groups, compared to the control group. Nevertheless, the epididymis tissue did not show traces of histological changes, such as epididymal hyperplasia. Sperms were more frequent in the lumens of the epididymis as well as the lumens larger than those of the control. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the pole plant and vitamin E have a positive effect on the epithelial lining of the seminiferous tubules and the epididymis with an increase in sperm formation and differentiation towards maturity.

Morphometric Analysis of Sexual Dimorphism in Penthicodes farinosus (Weber, 1801) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) from Sarawak

The Penthicodes farinosus are strikingly coloured insects and can be found in India, Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, the Philippines, and Borneo. Despite their wide distributional range in Asia with a common occurrence in Borneo, morphometric investigation of P. farinosus is still lacking. The study is aimed to investigate the morphological variations of this species between two different sexes in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Eleven morphometric characters were measured from 183 specimens (69 males and 114 females). The data were analysed using an independent t-test, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA). Sexual dimorphism index (SDI) was found ranging from 0.044 (LV) to 0.1008 (BTg) indicating females were larger than males. In PCA, cumulative variations of 59.9% were recorded from two principal components, showing higher loadings in the length of tegmen (LTg) and total length (TL). DFA revealed a single function that explains a canonical correlation of 0.895 with 100% variation. The Wilks’ Lambda values of 0.199 were highly supported with p&lt;0.0001. The highest loadings for the model are LTg and TL. The two variables were further tested using Leave-One-Out Cross Validation (LOOVC) method which resulted in 97.2% cases being correctly classified as male or female. This suggests LTg and TL can be useful in separating both sexes of P. farinosus.

Preventive and management approach of triptonide, a diterpenoid compound against streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy in Wistar rat model

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious complication in the patients with diabetes, which develops due to the increased blood glucose status. DR is a severe condition, which may causes permanent vision loss in many diabetic patients worldwide. The current experimentation was dedicated to disclose the healing property of triptonide against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DR in Wistar rats via regulation of inflammatory markers and crucial metabolic factors. DR was induced to the animals via injecting the one-time dosage of STZ (60 mg/kg) through intraperitoneal route. The DR rats was then orally administered with 25 mg/kg of triptonide for 60 days. The animal bodyweight and level of blood glucose was assessed. The triglycerides, LDL, cholesterol, HDL, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers were measured using corresponding available standard kits. The status of MCP-1, MMP-9 and VEGF was enumerated by available commercial kits. The morphometric investigation of animal retina tissues was also measured. The relative protein expressions of apoptotic markers like Bax, Bcl-2 and its combined ratio as well measured. Overall triptonide administration effectively reduced the food consumption and glucose level and enhanced the body mass of STZ induced rats. The TNF-α, IL- 1β & 6, TG, LDL, cholesterol and HDL, MCP-1, MMP-9 and VEGF status was considerably down regulated by the triptonide treatment. Our compound triptonide also enhanced the levels of antioxidants; with improved morphometric measures like retinal thickness, cell numbers and reduced alterations in islets ultrastructure morphology by histopathological examination. Ultimately, our outcomes recognized that the triptonide ameliorated the STZ-induced diabetic retinopathy in wistar rats.

The Glenoid Fossa's Morphometric Investigation and Its Clinical Implications.

Background The inconsistent morphology of the scapula is based on variable dimensions of its glenoid cavity, in addition to its broadened and truncated lateral angle. Its variable shapes are attributed to the spinoglenoid cavity (superior and posterior aspect of thescapula), which appears oval, inverted comma-shaped, and piriform (pear-shaped).Traumatic conditions often lead to glenoid dislocation/fracture. The precise administration of total shoulder arthroplasty with glenoid component adjustment warrants a comprehensive knowledge of scapular morphology. This study aims to assess the glenoid cavity/scapula shapes (anthropometric assessment) among individualslocated in Odisha, India. Methods This cross-sectional analysis was undertaken on 74 left-sided and 70 right-sided, dry, and undeteriorated scapulae of human adult specimens obtained from the anatomy department irrespective of their gender and age. Results The glenoid cavity was most commonly inverted comma-shaped (34.02%) and pear-shaped (48.61%) while 17.36% of scapulae had oval-shaped glenoid cavities. The mean scapular breadth and length dimensions were 98.12±7.87mm and 135.76±12.85mm, respectively. Statistically insignificant bilateral variations were observed between the glenoid cavity index (mean value: 68.44±7.98%), glenoid diameter-2 (anteroposterior; mean value: 16.17±2.24mm), glenoid diameter-1 (anteroposterior; mean value: 22.67±1.53mm), and glenoid diameter (superoinferior; mean value: 36.03±2.15mm). Conclusion The size and shape of the glenoid cavity are directly associated with the dislocation of the shoulder joint and may disturb the results of total shoulder arthroplasty and rotator cuff surgeries. The current study analyzed the morphological types and diameters of the glenoid cavity in the scapulae to improve efficiency and lessen the failure proportions in shoulder arthroplasty. The study shows that morphological measurement of scapulae plays a vital role in the effective maintenance of posture and shoulder functions.

Anatomical, Histological, and Morphometrical Investigations of the Auditory Ossicles in Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus from Saint Kitts Island.

Otological studies rely on a lot of data drawn from animal studies. A lot of pathological or evolutionary questions may find answers in studies on primates, providing insights into the morphological, pathological, and physiological aspects of systematic biological studies. Our study on auditory ossicles moves from a pure morphological (macroscopic and microscopic) investigation of auditory ossicles to the morphometrical evaluation of several individuals as well as to some interpretative data regarding some functional aspects drawn from these investigations. Particularities from this perspective blend with metric data and point toward comparative elements that might also serve as an important reference in further morphologic and comparative studies.