Morphometric Elements Research Articles

Impact of Geomorphic Variables on Dissection Index in Western Doon of Dehra, Uttarakhand, India

Dissection Index is a scale of measure of degree of roughness of the earth surface. The degree of roughness of earth surface is consolidated outcome of morphometric elements like – average slope, relative relief, absolute relief, drainage density and lithology. The dissection index is very useful variable in the study of the terrain. The purpose of researcher is to explore the effect of morphometric elements on the dissection index. The formula put forth by Dove Nir (1957) has been adopted to find out the dissection Index. The Wentworth Method has been adopted to calculate the average slope. Study reveals that the coefficient of correlation between relative relief and dissection index is 0.882. It is 0.627, in case of average slope and dissection index. The coefficient of correlations is 0.527 in respect of absolute relief and dissection index. Investigation reveals that relative relief has highly impacted the dissection index in the area. Average slope has moderately influenced the dissection index. The value of coefficient of correlation between drainage density and dissection index, suggests the less impact of drainage density on dissection index.

Problems Of Sustainable Management Of Water Resources Of Lake Sevan And Its Basin

Numerous rivers, lakes and other water features have suffered significant alterations as a result of human economic activity. As a result, hydrometric, hydrological, biological, ecological conditions, as well as morphometric elements of these objects were violated. In this regard, Lake Sevan and its basin might be used as a well-known example. There has never been any instance in the history of limnology where a lake’s level was artificially lowered by 18 meters over 3 to 4 decades (1930–1970), and by another 2 meters at the end of the 20th century (1990–2000). Additionally, the lake’s water volume dropped from 58 billion m3 to 32 billion m3. The Sevan problem first surfaced in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is still a problem today. However, it has many meanings/soundings at different times. Based on this, we usually divided the entire study period into several stages. It should be noted that the ecosystem has suffered irreparable losses as a result of the use of the Lake Sevan resources, inadequate water resource management, and both positive and negative effects of these factors. We disagree with the assertions of many experts that problems can only be prevented or solved by raising the lake level. Therefore, extensive actions must be taken in the Sevan basin management area, regardless of the lake’s level.

Quantitative Morphometric 3D Terrain Analysis of Japan Using Scripts of GMT and R

In this paper, we describe two related scripting methods of cartographic data processing and visualization that provide 2D and 3D mapping of Japan with different algorithm complexity. The first algorithm utilizes Generic Mapping Toolset (GMT), which is known as an advanced console-based program for spatial data processing. The modules of GMT combine the functionality of scripting with the aspects of geoinformatics, which is especially effective for the rapid analysis of large geospatial datasets, multi-format data processing, and mapping in 2D and 3D modes. The second algorithm presents the use of the R programming language for cartographic visualization and spatial analysis. This R method utilizes the packages ‘tmap’, ‘raster’, ‘maps’, and ‘mapdata’ to model the morphometric elements of the Japanese archipelago, such as slope, aspect, hillshade and elevation. The general purpose graphical package ‘ggplot2’ of R was used for mapping the prefectures of Japan. The two scripting approaches demonstrated an established correspondence between the programming languages and cartography determined with the use of scripts for data processing. They outperform several well-known and state-of-the-art GIS methods for mapping due to their high automation of data processing. Cartography has largely reflected recent advances in data science, the rapid development of scripting languages, and transfer in the approaches of data processing. This extends to the shift from the traditional GIS to programming languages. As a response to these new challenges, we demonstrated in this paper the advantages of using scripts in mapping, which consist of repeatability and the flexible applicability of scripts in similar works.

GIS and remotely sensed data-based morphometric elements analysis for determination of Bengal Basin evolution

GIS and remotely sensed data-based morphometric elements analysis for determination of Bengal Basin evolution

Reservoir sedimentation in the Sebeș hydrographic basin

The hydro-energetic potential assessment of Sebeş River from the Southern Carpathians through the construction of several dams led to the appearance of Oaşa, Tău, Obreja de Căpâlna and Petreşti Reservoirs. The study of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of lake water was the subject of many articles. This study wants to identify the particularities of the lake sedimentation because the sedimentation rate influences the water quality and the lake’s water volume, in fact the electric energy produced in the lake. For this were analysed the sedimentation sources and the indicators of the sedimentation rate, the sedimentation pace, the dynamic of sedimentation process and the characteristic volumes of each reservoir. Using the measurements made, sedimentation areas with maximum development sectors were highlighted. At the end, was analysed the influence of sedimentation process on the lake’s morphometric elements.

MORPHOGRAPHIC STUDY OF BOIULUI VALLEY HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN

The aim of the present paper is to determine the morphometric parameters and features of Boiului Valley hydrographic basin. The basin is located in a karst area, in Pădurea Craiului Mountains, Romania, which makes it special, as the rivers flow through soluble rocks. We selected a small basin in order to analyse its morphometric elements and check if the morphometric laws of hydrographic basins are respected in the same way by the rivers flowing in karst areas. We applied the classical working method, that is processing the information from the topographic maps and with the help of the ArcGis soft we managed to measure the major morphometric indicators: the surface of the basin, the area, the shape factor, the length and width of the basin, drainage basin asymmetry factor and sinuosity index.

Environmental sensitivity of flash flood hazard based on surface water model and GIS techniques in Wadi El Azariq, Sinai, Egypt

Wadi El Azariq basin constitutes the administrative division of the province in the northeastern part of the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. This wadi represents one of the most promising areas for different activities due to its hydrological and location importance. This study aims to implement a new methodology for flash flood assessment and modeling in this strategic region through the integration between physiographic features, surface water models (WMS and HEC-HMS), as well as Geographic Information System (GIS). Thirty-eight morphometric elements were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using topographic maps and recent satellite images. These parameters were inter-linked to yield nine important factors for assessment of the flash flood hazardous, which were determined and grouped in both high and low degrees. Also, hydrographs for Wadi El Azariq basin were constructed with different recurrence stages of extremely (maximum) daily rainfall using the last phase carried out in the modeling procedure. The obtained result proved that the total surface runoff ranges from 4.1×106 m3 to 13.8×106 m3 at recurrence stages of 5 years and 100 years respectively based on the maximum daily rainfall events. This study draws specifics about the flash flood-prone areas, planning rainwater harvesting and flood management approaches of Wadi El Azariq basin. Besides, areas of inundation and groundwater potentiality were also determined as the surface runoff potentiality.

Hydraulic parameters in the area of the main dam intake structure of the river

The article presents the study results of changes in flow hydraulic parameters and morphometric elements of the river in the area of the main dam intake structure. A model for studying the direction of flow and other parameters of the flow in the area of the main structure for obtaining water from the Amudarya without a dam has been developed. A functional graph of the depth dependence of the expenditure on the study object was obtained. Graphs of the functional dependence of the diurnal cross-section of the riverbed on the flow depth and the variation of the flow velocity depending on the flow depth were constructed. The direction and distribution of the flow in the area of the main dam intake structure were studied.

Substantiation of the influence of the channel shape and the roughness of machine canals on the pressure loss of irrigation pumping stations

To take into account the influence (on the value of head losses) of the channel cross-sectional shape and the presence of a flow with a free surface in it, additional correction factors are introduced (when using the concept of hydraulic radius), as well as new dependencies and formulas for determining the coefficient of hydraulic friction are presented, taking into account the influence of the morphometric elements of the channel on the hydraulic resistance of the machine channels of pumping stations. The article presents the results of hydraulic studies in free-flow and pressure water pipelines, the results of which showed that the dependencies obtained for calculating hydraulic resistance in round pressure pipes cannot be extended without appropriate adjustments to the pressure-free channels (provided that the pipe diameter is replaced in the corresponding calculations D-value 4R, where R-hydraulic radius). This position is justified by the presence of a number of factors that distinguish the pressure movement of liquid in pipes from its free-flow movement in the channels, where there is a free flow surface, a wider range of roughness of the channel bottom and walls, a different (than in pipes) distribution of tangential stresses along the wetted perimeter, the possibility of two different flow states (depending on the slope of the channel bottom). The work also considers the general equation of fluid motion in free-flow channels and the functional dependences of the hydraulic friction coefficient on the Reynolds number, relative roughness and on the shape of the free section of the channel; resistance formulas, first for the simplest channels with respect to the cross-sectional shape (round and infinitely wide rectangular), and then for channels with a more complex cross-sectional shape.

Morphometric elements of the channel and hydraulic flow parameters in the zone of the river backwater

The article is devoted to the analysis of the dynamics of the morphometry of the river bed and the hydraulic parameters of the flow under conditions of flow regulation. For the analysis of the dynamics of the bed morphometry and hydraulic elements of the flow, the Nietbaitas hydro-array located in the zone of the sub-flow of the lower reaches of the Amudarya river in Uzbekistan was selected. As a result of the analysis of data from long-term field studies and hydrometric measurements at the Nietbaitas hydrostorm of the Amudarya river, functional relationships were established between the morphometric elements of the channel and the hydraulic parameters of the flow. The dynamics of the Chezy coefficient, hydraulic resistance, and the roughness coefficient of the channel in conjunction with the hydrodynamic characteristic of the flow are established. Adapted formulas are recommended for determining the calculated values of the Chezi coefficients, roughness, and average flow velocity, taking into account the decelerating effect of the banks of the Amudarya river bed

The effects of morphometric elements of the channel on hydraulic resistance of machine channels of pumping stations

Presents the results of hydraulic studies in pressureless and pressure water conduits, the results of which showed that the dependences obtained for calculating the hydraulic resistance in round pressure pipes cannot be distributed without the corresponding adjustments of pressureless channels (provided that the diameter of the pipe is replaced in the corresponding calculations with a value where hydraulic radius). In particular, it follows (and this is confirmed by the data of the corresponding experimental studies published in the literature) that in the case of pressureless channels, the pressure loss coefficient, and therefore the pressure loss, depends not only on the relative roughness and Reynolds number, but also on the shape of the cross section the channel. Moreover, if for hydraulically smooth pressureless channels this dependence can be considered to a first approximation clarified, then for channels whose wetted surface is characterized by the presence of a certain roughness, the question of its influence, as well as the shape of the channel cross section on the pressure loss, is far from roughly approximate solution. The paper also considers the general equation of fluid motion in pressureless channels and the functional dependences of the coefficient of hydraulic friction on the Reynolds number, relative roughness, and on the shape of the living section of the channel; resistance formulas are first for the simplest with respect to the cross-sectional shape of the channels (round and infinitely wide rectangular), and then for channels with a more complex cross-sectional shape. To take into account the effect (on the pressure loss) of the channel cross-sectional shape and the presence of a flow with a free surface in it, additional correction factors are introduced (using the hydraulic radius concept) as well as new dependencies and formulas for determining the hydraulic friction coefficient are given, s taking into account the influence of morphometric elements of the channel on the hydraulic resistance of the machine channels of pumping stations.

Contribution to characterization of skin field cancerization activity: morphometric, chromatin texture, proliferation, and apoptosis aspects

BackgroundA skin field cancerization is a cutaneous area with subclinical changes resultant from chronic sun exposure, with a higher predisposition to development of pre-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. So far, there are no well-defined objective parameters that can indicate their degree of activity. ObjectivesTo describe and compare morphometric aspects and expression of factors related to apoptosis and cell proliferation in actinic keratosis (AK), in both photoexposed and photoprotected epidermis. MethodsA cross-sectional study of patients with actinic keratosis in the forearms, biopsied at two points: the actinic keratosis and the axillary region. The biopsies of the actinic keratosis, perilesional area, and axilla were evaluated through keratinocyte intraepithelial neoplasia (KIN), and immunohistochemistry of p53, survivin, and Ki67. Nuclear morphometry of basal layer cells was performed through digital image analysis: entropy, area, perimeter, Ra, fractal dimension, circularity, color intensity, and largest diameter. ResultsThere were 13 patients included and 38 actinic keratosis biopsied. In morphometry, 1039 nuclei were analyzed, of which 228 represented axillary skin, 396 demonstrated actinic keratosis, and 415 represented the perilesional area to the actinic keratosis. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in all variables tested for the topographies evaluated. A significant correlation was identified between nucellar morphometric elements, KIN, proliferation markers, and apoptosis. Joint patterns of p53, Ki67, and KIN discriminated the topographies sampled. Study limitationsThis was a cross-sectional study with a small number of patients. ConclusionsThere are patterns of proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, and different cellular morphometrics between photoprotected skin and photoexposed skin. The joint expression of p53, Ki67, and KIN can characterize skin field cancerization activity.

Analysis of peripheral blood white blood cell parameters in White stork (Ciconia ciconia L.) chicks varies by sex

The aim our study was qualitative and quantitative analysis of white blood morphometric elements of peripheral blood (determining the quantity, blood cells dimension and several hematological values) in White Stork chicks. One of the aims was to indicate whether the sex relevantly influences the variety of the examined white blood indicators. White blood cells parameters of 53 White Stork chicks, with molecularly marked sex, was examined. Blood samples were collected in southern Poland (around Krapkowice town, near Opole city). Lymphocytes of White Storks (mean 37% for females and males) were identified as round cells with dark purple non-lobed, eccentrically positioned nucleus. Among the whole population we differentiated small lymphocytes: with diameters of 5.31 ± 0.65 μm in males and 5.57 ± 0.59 μm in females, and large lymphocytes with a diameter of 8.10 ± 0.66 μm and 8.28 ± 0.74 μm, respectively in females and males. Monocytes (mean 8% for female and males) were the largest leukocytes found in the blood film of White Stork, measuring 13.40 ± 0.97 μm for males and 13.09 ± 1.05 μm for females in diameter. The cytoplasm was abundant and it stained blue-gray, very often contained vacuoles. Heterophils (mean 42.7%) were the largest in granular leukocytes group. They were round and 11.14 ± 0.65 μm for males and 11.01 ± 0.48 μm for females in diameter. The nucleus of heterophils was lobed, usually with two or three lobes. The cytoplasm contained brick-red, elongated granules. Eosinophils (mean 9.44%) were round cells, with a diameter of 10.72 ± 0.49 μm and 10.97 ± 0.53 μm, respectively in males and females. The nucleus was lobed and mostly stained clear blue and contained red-orange, round or rod-shaped granules. Basophils (mean 1.84%) were round and contained dark blue granules, with average of 9.56 ± 0.78 and 9.13 ± 0.84 μm in diameter, for males and females. The nucleus was usually non-lobed. The H/L ratio was 4/4 for both sexes. No significant differences in levels and types of leukocytes between male and female juvenile storks have been observed.

Myotendinous junction plasticity in aged ovariectomized rats submitted to aquatic training.

The study aims to describe the tissue plasticity of MTJ through the morphological analysis of MTJ soleus in ovariectomized aged female Wistar rats submitted to aquatic training. Forty aged Wistar rats, 1 year and 2 months of age, were divided into four groups: sedentary (S), trained (T), ovariectomized (O), and trained/ovariectomized (OT). Employing the transmission electron microscopy, the ultrastructural and morphometric elements were revealed. In the S group, changes in morphological characteristics as a consequence of the aging process were seen, demonstrated by the conical shape of the muscle cell extremity, a large area with collagen deposit, and misalignment of sarcomeres in series. The T group presented ample adjustments when revealed the organization of MTJ, through the increase of the contact area and greater lengths of sarcoplasmatic invaginations and evaginations. The O group revealed extensive tissue disorganization with muscle atrophy, reduction of MTJ contact area, and consequently, changes in sarcoplasmatic invaginations and evaginations. The OT group demonstrated extensive remodeling with restructuring MTJ through the increase of tissue contact area, extensive organization, parallel arrangement, and increased length of sarcoplasmatic invaginations and evaginations. The distal sarcomeres presented higher lengths compared to the proximal sarcomeres in both the groups. We conclude that aquatic training was effective in the organization and structural remodeling of the myotendinous interface of ovariectomized aged rats. There was a greater area of contact, and consequently, greater resistance in the myotendinous interface promoting a lower predisposition to injuries.

FLUVIAL LANDFORMS SEEN AS CAUSES OF THE DANUBE FLOODS CASE STUDY: OLTENITA - CALARASI SECTOR

&lt;p&gt;The aim of this paper is to analyze the fluvial landforms and to identify the main factors that influence the Danube floods. In this respect, we have performed a short analysis of the morphological and morphometric elements of the Danube Floodplain from the Oltenita - Calarasi area, of the wetlands and a correlation between these and the floods that have been cause. Finally, the current situation of embankments was assessed. For understanding the causes of floods in the studied area, two aspects should be taken into consideration: the morphometric and morphologic properties of the floodplain (low altitudes, low slope, low &lt;a href="http://hallo.ro/search.do?l=ro&amp;amp;d=en&amp;amp;query=roughness"&gt;roughness&lt;/a&gt;) and human intervention (drainage of the lakes and wetlands, harnessing measures like irrigation and drainage channels, lack of embankments rehabilitation).&lt;/p&gt;

Nuclear morphometry and chromatin textural characteristics of basal cell carcinoma

Histological subtypes of basal cell carcinoma have biological, evolutionary and distinct prognostic behavior. The analysis of characteristics of the nucleus can provide data on their cellular physiology and behavior. The authors of this study evaluated nuclear morphological parameters and textural patterns of chromatin from different subtypes of basal cell carcinoma: nodular (n=37), superficial (n=28) and sclerodermiform (n=28). The parameters were compared between neoplasms' subtypes and with unaffected adjacent basal epithelium. Nuclear area and diameter of sclerodermiform neoplasms were superior to the other subtypes. Chromatin's color intensity and fractal dimension were less intense in superficial subtypes. Nuclear roundness and chromatin's entropy presented lower values in tumors than in normal epithelium. There was significant correlation between morphological and textural variables of normal skin and tumors. Morphometric elements and textural chromatin's homogeneity of basal cell carcinomas may be related to evolutionary, biological and behavior particularities related to each histotype.

Diagnosis system for hepatocellular carcinoma based on fractal dimension of morphometric elements integrated in an artificial neural network.

Background and Aims. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a leading cause of death by cancer worldwide. Computerized diagnosis systems relying on novel imaging markers gained significant importance in recent years. Our aim was to integrate a novel morphometric measurement—the fractal dimension (FD)—into an artificial neural network (ANN) designed to diagnose HCC. Material and Methods. The study included 21 HCC and 28 liver metastases (LM) patients scheduled for surgery. We performed hematoxylin staining for cell nuclei and CD31/34 immunostaining for vascular elements. We captured digital images and used an in-house application to segment elements of interest; FDs were calculated and fed to an ANN which classified them as malignant or benign, further identifying HCC and LM cases. Results. User intervention corrected segmentation errors and fractal dimensions were calculated. ANNs correctly classified 947/1050 HCC images (90.2%), 1021/1050 normal tissue images (97.23%), 1215/1400 LM (86.78%), and 1372/1400 normal tissues (98%). We obtained excellent interobserver agreement between human operators and the system. Conclusion. We successfully implemented FD as a morphometric marker in a decision system, an ensemble of ANNs designed to differentiate histological images of normal parenchyma from malignancy and classify HCCs and LMs.

Geotectonic Configuration of Kulon Progo Area, Yogyakarta

DOI: 10.17014/ijog.v8i4.168Kulon Progo Mountain, located west of Yogyakarta, is known as a unique morphological expression of an elongated dome frequently called “oblong dome”. The structural elements occurring in Kulon Progo Mountain were predominated by a radial pattern. Applying a quantitative method to measure various morphometric elements however, revealed that the regional geotectonic pattern apparently controlled the development of Kulon Progo Mountain. A general picture of the tectonics showed that the mountain building of Kulon Progo was not solely predominated by a vertical undation force; instead it was closely related to the general geotectonics operating in the area. The macro morphological analysis using various types of satellite imageries augmented with field visits unraveled three regional tectonic stages controlled the development of Kulon Progo Mountain. Those are Meratus, Sunda, and Java trends, operating in SW-NE, NNW-SSE, and E-W directions respectively.

Differences of MMF and USLE Models for Soil Loss Predictionalong BTC and SCP Pipelines

The main goal of this study is to assess the Morgan-Morgan-Finney (MMF) and the universal soil loss equation (USLE) erosion models in the prediction of soil degradation along the corridor of oil and gas pipelines. In the comparative analysis, the MMF model revealed a larger coefficient of variation (COV) in predicted soil loss rates. Based on the pair-sample t-test, the predictions of the two models were significantly different in the spatial distribution of soil loss along the rights-of-way (RoW) of the pipelines. Sensitivity of the MMF and USLE models to terrain morphometric elements was also assessed. Slope gradient was one of the controlling factors of erosion processes, but not of the soil loss rates. The MMF and USLE models did not reveal any sensitivity to slope aspects. In terms of elevation, the MMF model revealed higher soil loss rates in the lower elevations than with the USLE model, leading to the conclusion that the USLE model is more sensitive to elevation change than the MMF model. The USLE model revealed higher sensitivity to the terrain curvature than the MMF model because it had larger variations within concave and flat terrain curvature types. Both models were sensitive to increasing vegetation cover (VC) percentage. Both models revealed different sensitivities; therefore, better understanding of these sensitivities may contribute to the selection of the most suitable model, depending on the terrain, to yield the highest soil loss prediction accuracy. Qualitative validation of the spatial distribution of USLE- and MMF-predicted erosion-prone areas was performed using 6 years of ongoing surveillance and measurement of erosion occurrences. Quantitative validation of the predicted soil loss was performed using 3 years of monitoring of field erosion plots. The USLE model performed better than the MMF model in terms of the frequency ratio of erosion occurrences within the critical erosion classes (soil loss > 10 t/ha). The USLE-predicted soil loss rates were more reliable than the MMF rates not only in terms of spatial distributions of critical erosion classes, but also in quantitative terms of soil loss rates because of the high correlation with the soil loss measurements of field erosion plots. The number of erosion-prone pipeline segments realistically predicted by the USLE model, e.g., soil loss more than 10 t/ha, was 88, whereas the MMF model predicted only 76 erosion-prone pipeline segments. The regression analysis between the total of 354 USLE and MMF erosion-prone segments revealed an R2 equal to 0.33, which means that the predictions by the USLE and MMF erosion models are significantly different on the level of pipeline segments.

Glaciar relief and pleistocene glaciation in retezat mountains (Transylvanians Alps, Romania)

The article describes the glacial relief and the development of Pleistocene glaciation for one of the most representative mountain units of Romania, the Retezat Mountains, with special attention to the glacial cirques and valleys. Some morphometric elements have been used to analyze the specific way in which the glaciers have modeled the relief of Retezat Mountains - the surface area, the perimeter and circularity index for glacial cirques and depth, valley top width and form ratio for glacial valleys, as well as the relations between them expressed by regression equations. Assimilating the longitudinal profile of the cirques of a logarithmic curve y = k(1-x)e-x that describes the concavity of the longitudinal profile, we found together with the known values 0.5, 1 and 2 of the constant k, that describes the concavity of the longitudinal profile, there are cirques that need the new value 1.5. The geomorphological mapping has allowed a reconstruction of the development of the Pleistocene glaciation in this mountain area. In the Lolaia phase, (Riss II), the maximum phase, the glaciers occupied 25 % of the surface of these mountains, reach down to 1035-1100 m.a.s.l., and the altitude of the perennial snow limit is placed at 1646 m, the longest glacier, Lăpuşnicu Mare having 18.1 km. The last glaciers existed in the Younger Dryas (Beagu phase) in which there were only very small lens shaped glaciers, only in the cirques situated at an altitude of over 2150 m.