Morphological Changes In Organs Research Articles

Chemical Evaluations of Boiled Hemidactylus frenatus and Scolopendridae cataracta Solutions and their Histopathological Effects on Livers and Kidneys of Rats

This study evaluated the chemical profiles of boiled Hemidacylus frenatus (wall gecko, WG) and Scolopendridae cataracta (centipede) solutions and their effects on the liver and kidneys of albino rats. The GC-MS analyses of the solutions revealed that notable among the compounds present in boiled whole wall gecko solution (BWWGS) were hexadecanoic acid, 11-octadecanoic acid and methyl stearate. Hexadecanoic acid, 9,10-epoxy-18-(trimethylsiloxy)-, methyl stearate, 6-Octadecenoic acid and n-hexadecanoic were relatively present at high levels in boiled degutted wall gecko solution (BDWGS) while 9-octadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid and methyl stearate were also present in boiled centipede solution (BCS). Histological examinations of the kidneys and liver showed that the most notable effects of these solutions after 28-day exposure of the rats were haemorrhage in both organs, vacuolar degeneration in the kidneys and degeneration of the hepatocytes; in dose-dependent manners. The BWWGS and BCS induced hepatic and renal morphological changes in organs of the rats that were treated with them; indicating that the solutions contained toxic substances. The toxic effect was more pronounced with BWWGS relative to BDWGS; suggesting that the gut of WG might have contained agents responsible for the higher toxicity of its boiled solution. In conclusion, the boiled wall gecko and centipede solutions were toxic to the organs of the rats because of the toxic substances detected in them.

Morphopathological Effect of Ferrihydrite Nanoparticles in an Experimental Model of Toxic Hemolytic Anemia.

We studied the effect of biogenic ferrihydrite nanoparticles synthesized as a result of the culturing of Klebsiella oxytoca on Wistar rats with experimental toxic hemolytic anemia. The pathology was simulated by single intraperitoneal injection of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride. On day 4, the functional parameters of erythrocytes in rats corresponded to the state of toxic hemolytic anemia. It is shown that ferrihydrite nanoparticles suspension has chronic toxicity and causes morphological changes in organs (mainly in the spleen), which are characterized by accumulation of nanoparticles. Administration of phenylhydrazine induced systemic vascular damage and the formation of extramedullary hematopoietic foci, which indicated a compensatory activation in hematopoiesis in the liver and spleen. Injection of nanoparticles reduced discirculatory and necrotic changes in the kidneys.

Macromorphological Changes after Spontaneous Co-invasion of Eimeriosis, Histomonosis, and Trichomoniasis in Domestic Chickens

The study of macro morphological changes is important for recognizing pathological processes and diagnosing diseases, especially co-invasions. The current study aimed to reveal macro morphological changes during spontaneous co-invasion of Eimeria spp., Histomonas meleagridis, and Trichomonas gallinae in adult chickens. The methods of evisceration and parasitological studies of the carcasses of adult domestic chickens (n = 31) aged 1.5-2.3 years, and (n = 8) are the control group, died of a natural death from farms in the Kharkiv region of Ukraine revealed the peculiarities of manifestations of macro morphological changes in organs, which were characterized by manifestations of pathologies in 100% of cases in dead chickens by changes in the intestines and liver, in 48.39% in the spleen, in 16.13% in the bursa of Fabricius, in 16.13% in the peritoneum and 9.68% in skin. In particular, a mucosal-hemorrhagic inflammatory process was observed in the intestines of chickens with damage to both thin and thick parts (duodeno-jejuno-ileo-typho-cloacitis). This inflammatory process was observed in combination with necrotic-granulomatous lesions on the intestinal wall. A combined lesion of the liver was detected - hepatomegaly on the background of steatosis, multifocal necrosis, and granulomas (shiny, vitreous, with a white center) in the presence of Histomonas meleagridis and Trichomonas gallinae. A granulomatous splenitis was diagnosed in the spleen of chickens. Necrotic-granulomatous lesions leading to cyst formation were identified in the bursa of Fabricius. Additionally, granulomatous lesions originating from trichomoniasis were observed on the peritoneum and skin. These findings highlight the systemic nature of pathological-anatomical changes resulting from the co-infection of eimeriosis, histomoniasis, and trichomoniasis in domestic chickens. This systemic manifestation signifies the occurrence of multi-organ failure and holds valuable diagnostic implications.

Pathogenesis of morphological changes in organs and tissues in chronic fluoride intoxication (literature review)

Introduction. Traditionally, the main manifestation of chronic fluoride intoxication is the damage to the skeletal system, while during recent years a large amount of works has been accumulated on the study of the mechanism of action of both fluorine and its compounds on non-skeletal tissues. Based on the analysis of the Russian Science Citation Index, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, Google Scholar, CyberLeninka databases, a review of contemporary concepts of morphological changes in organs and systems under the conditions of long-term exposure to fluorine compounds is presented.
 Effect of fluorine on the musculoskeletal system. Fluorine Ihas been shown to induce differentiation and apoptosis of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, leading to various skeletal injuries. Active osteogenesis and accelerated bone metabolism are key processes in the progression of skeletal fluorosis and the pathological base of the diversity of osteogenic lesions.
 Effect of fluorine on non-skeletal tissues. Data on the effect of fluorine on the induction of free radical oxidation in the cerebral cortex, redistribution, and damage to nerve cells are presented. Activation of apoptosis, oxidative stress, and a decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes under the influence of sodium fluoride in the heart muscle are shown, data on the development of functional and structural disorders in the myocardium are given. Due to fluoride intoxication, the formation of degenerative and inflammatory changes in the respiratory system, liver, and kidneys, structural disorders and dysfunction of the thyroid gland, as well as an increase in the level of reactive oxygen species and the induction of apoptosis in these organs are shown. Data on the effect of sodium fluoride on the histological structure of the reproductive organs with a decrease in sperm motility, lack of differentiation and maturation of spermatocytes, intensification of free radical oxidation and cell apoptosis are presented.
 Conclusion. The analysis carried out allows expanding the understanding of the pathogenetic bases of morphological changes and functional failure of organs and tissues under the conditions of chronic fluoride intoxication, to substantiate a systemic, integrated approach to its treatment and prevention.

ДИАГНОСТИКА СИНДРОМА ВЕГЕТАТИВНОЙ ДИСФУНКЦИИ У ЮНЫХ СПОРТСМЕНОВ

Purpose: A review of the most common and effective from the point of view of evidence-based medicine methods for diagnosing autonomic dysfunction syndrome in young athletes. Material and methods: The data of domestic and foreign literature on the diagnosis of autonomic dysfunction syndrome were analyzed. The search was carried out using electronic databases MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, eLIBRARY and Google Academy for the period from 2017 to 2022. For the search, we used keywords and their combinations: “vegetative dysfunction syndrome”, “athletes”, “diagnostics”, “functional tests”. A total of 28 sources analyzed Results: The autonomic dysfunction syndrome (ADS) is characterized by a significant polymorphism of clinical manifestations and is characterized by functional disorders of the activity of the cardiovascular, endocrine and other systems of the body. Diagnosis of this condition is associated with great difficulties associated with the nonspecificity of symptoms, their bright emotional color and the absence of morphological changes in organs. The frequent manifestation of ADS in childhood and adolescence, the proven relationship of symptoms with exercise and mental stress, determines the importance of early and effective diagnosis of this syndrome in young athletes. The key research methods for suspected autonomic dysfunction syndrome include taking anamnesis using special questionnaires and scales and conducting functional tests with registration of the parameters of the cardiovascular system (heart rate, blood pressure, HRV). The most common and informative functional tests: deep controlled breathing test, orthostatic test (active and passive), Valsalva test. Promising methods for diagnosing ADS include accelerometric tremorography and the study of baroreflex sensitivity. Also, for a deeper examination of a young athlete, it is recommended to use laboratory diagnostic methods to identify violations of the endocrine system, detect changes in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, etc. Conclusions: At the moment, further research is needed to study the autonomic dysfunction syndrome and methods for its diagnosis.

Phenological growth stages of Magnolia ×soulangeana according to the extended BBCH scale

AbstractMagnolia × soulangeana, one of the most famous ornamental trees of Magnoliaceae, is widely cultivated around the world. However, its phenological characteristics at life‐cycle scale have never been detailedly reported so far. In this article, the extended BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt, und Chemische Industrie) scale was applied to divide the growth and development cycle of M. × soulangeana in both juvenile phase and adult phase, and describe the characteristics of phenological development stage, so as to provide theoretical guidance for its cultivation measures implementation. Based on the BBCH phenological scale, the processes of germination (0), leaf development (1), main stem elongation (3) and dormancy (9) were observed in the juvenile phase. Likewise, the morphological changes of organs in adult phase were abundant, and eight principal growth stages were described: vegetative bud development (0), leaf development (1), shoot development (3), reproductive development (5), flowering (6), fruit development (7), maturity of fruit (8) and dormancy (9). Our newly developed scale provides a unified standard for describing and identifying the phenological period of M. × soulangeana. In addition, it is of great significance to understand the phenological characteristics of M. × soulangeana for its breeding and cultivation management.

Pathological changes in organs in rheumatoid arthritis with secondary amyloidosis of the heart and kidneys on the background of COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic is a global health emergency. The relevance of this problem in immunoinflammatory rheumatic diseases is due to the increased risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and its severe course. The paper describes the clinical features and morphological changes in organs in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and secondary amyloidosis of the heart and kidneys, who died from an infection caused by SARS-CoV-2.

Experimental study of the specificity of morphological changes development in internal organs with prolonged exposure to coal-rock dust and sodium fluoride to the body

Introduction. Occupational diseases detected at occupational examinations - pneumoconiosis and fluorosis - are, as a rule, chronic, the initial stages of development are almost asymptomatic. Industrial dust affects only the respiratory organs. Specific sign of fluoride intoxication is a lesion of the musculoskeletal system. The information available in the literature on the systemic manifestations of these diseases is not numerous. In this regard, it is relevant to study the early morphological changes, the timing of their occurrence and the features of development, depending on the specificity of the production factor. The study aims to experimentally identify the specificity of the development of morphological changes in organs and tissues under prolonged exposure to harmful production factors: coal-rock dust and sodium fluoride. Materials and methods. The authors conducted studies on adult white male laboratory rats. Scientists studied the features of the development of morphological changes in the bronchopulmonary system, heart, liver and kidneys in the dynamics of the impact of production factors on experimental models of anthracosilicosis and chronic fluoride intoxication. For histological examination, specialists carried out organ sampling in animals after 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 weeks of the experime Results. Chronic exposure to coal-rock dust, as well as sodium fluoride, leads to the development of compensatory and adaptive changes in the internal organs in the early stages of the experiment before the formation of degenerative and fibroplastic disorders of the stromal and parenchymal components in the later stages. Inhalation of coal-rock dust creates in experimental animals by an early breakdown of the adaptive mechanisms of the respiratory system and heart muscle. There is a formation from the 6th week of the experiment of pneumosclerosis with the spread to the air-conducting structures, atrophy of the bronchial mucosa, degenerative changes in cardiomyocytes. Despite the early formation of stroma fibrosis, reparative processes restrain dystrophic cell changes in the liver and kidneys. All this develops by the 9th week of the experiment. The accumulation of sodium fluoride leads to the early formation of pronounced protein dystrophy of the liver and kidney parenchyma with the development of necrotic changes by the 6-9 weeks of the experiment. Disorders in the bronchopulmonary system before the 9th week of exposure are of the nature of immune inflammation with the subsequent development of degenerative changes in the air-conducting structures. The heart has moderate dystrophy throughout the experiment. Regardless of the influencing factor, changes in the vessels of the studied organs at the initial stages of the experiment lead to hypertrophy of smooth muscle cells of the media and intima, followed by the development of endotheliosis and hyalinosis. Limitations. The results of the histological examination are descriptive of pathomorphological changes in the bronchopulmonary system, heart muscle, liver and kidneys. We did not conduct a morphometry of various structures of the studied organs has not been carried out with subsequent statistical processing of the results obtained. In this regard, when studying the specifics of the development of morphological changes depending on the influencing harmful production factor, the compared indicators were the first morphological changes and the timing of their formation. Conclusions. The obtained results have theoretical and practical significance for the development of recommendations for timely preventive and organ-specific therapeutic measures in the premorbid period of the development of occupational diseases. Ethics. The researchers conducted maintenance, feeding and removal of animals from the experiment in accordance with the requirements of the Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation "On approval of the Rules of Good Laboratory Practice" (No. 199n of 01.04.2016), as well as the Guide for the Maintenance and Use of Laboratory Animals (Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 1996). Scientists received permission from the Bioethical Committee of the Research Institute of Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases to conduct the study.

ДИАГНОСТИКА ХРОНИЧЕСКОГО ЛУЧЕВОГО СИНДРОМА НА РАННЕЙ СТАДИИ

Purpose: To describe early symptoms of chronic radiation syndrome (CRS) which is of utmost importance for diagnosing this rare radiation pathology in man. 
 Material and methods: The paper presents the findings of retrospective analysis of early clinical manifestations of chronic radiation syndrome (CRS) based on the data of a long-term medical follow up of the residents of the Techa riverside communities. Mean doses of postnatal exposure to red bone marrow in patients with CRS calculated with TRDS-2016D were 698.8±18.2 mGy, maximum doses were 3 603.9 mGy.
 Results: Clinical picture of the CRS at the early stage was characterized by a set of non-specific changes including hematological, immune, neurological, and endocrine ones, as well as impairment of functions of a number of internal organs. The above-mentioned CRS symptoms developed in a certain sequence and depended on dose rate and absorbed dose to the organs. Prior to the development of a full-scale CRS clinical picture patients had a decrease in olfactory and taste thresholds, in vibration sensitivity, and changes in systemic immunity. Impairment of hematopoiesis, nervous and endocrine systems were also noted even at the early stage of CRS. Initial CRS changes were moderate and transient. The analysis of early CRS symptoms allows assuming that early CRS stage is a dysregulation pathology that is caused initially by radiation-induced disorders of immunohematopoiesis, nervous and endocrine systems. Visceral changes at the early CRS stage are secondary and functional. If exposure is terminated, they are reversible. However, if exposure continues at doses high enough to cause morphological changes in organs and tissues (dystrophy, fibrosis, hypoplasia, etc.), CRS course worsens and becomes irreversible.
 Conclusion: It was demonstrated that CRS diagnosis at the early stage is very complicated. The key issue is to analyze the relationship of specific CRS symptoms development and dose rate and absorbed organ doses.

Modern vision on the problem of chronic heart failure in the older persons

Aim. To analyze the factors associated with the development of chronic heart failure (CHF) in older age and to evaluate possible approaches to managing outpatients.Material and methods. The search for domestic and foreign publications in Russian and international systems (PubMed, eLibrary, Medscape, etc.) for the last 0.5–15 years has been carried out. The analysis includes articles from the peer-reviewed literature.Results. During aging, a number of structural changes and changes at the cellular level occur in the cardiovascular system, predisposing to the development of myocardial dysfunction, which explains the variety of manifestations of heart failure and the prevalence of preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Involutional functional and morphological changes in organs and systems form multimorbidity and nonspecificity of clinical symptoms and signs. «Cross symptoms» of frailty and CHF often complicate the timely diagnosis of the heart failure. Medications used for the treatment of CHF in older and younger patients are similar, but when choosing a specific drug, caution should be exercised in the group of the most vulnerable patients: over the age of 85, in the first two weeks after discharge from the hospital and in the presence of frailty.Conclusion. Based on the available results of studies, it is necessary to be alert of primary care physicians regarding the presence of CHF with preserved LVEF in older persons with multimorbidity and geriatric syndromes. The therapeutic strategy for CHF older patients is complex and involves an individualized approach, depending on the clinical situation.

Biogenic Ferrihydrite Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Properties In Vitro and In Vivo Testing and the Concentration Effect.

Biogenic ferrihydrite nanoparticles were synthesized as a result of the cultivation of Klebsiella oxytoca microorganisms. The distribution of nanoparticles in the body of laboratory animals and the physical properties of the nanoparticles were studied. The synthesized ferrihydrite nanoparticles are superparamagnetic at room temperature, and the characteristic blocking temperature is 23–25 K. The uncompensated moment of ferrihydrite particles was determined to be approximately 200 Bohr magnetons. In vitro testing of different concentrations of ferrihydrite nanoparticles for the functional activity of neutrophilic granulocytes by the chemiluminescence method showed an increase in the release of primary oxygen radicals by blood phagocytes when exposed to a minimum concentration and a decrease in secondary radicals when exposed to a maximum concentration. In vivo testing of ferrihydrite nanoparticles on Wister rats showed that a suspension of ferrihydrite nanoparticles has chronic toxicity, since it causes morphological changes in organs, mainly in the spleen, which are characterized by the accumulation of hemosiderin nanoparticles (stained blue according to Perls). Ferrihydrite can also directly or indirectly stimulate the proliferation and intracellular regeneration of hepatocytes. The partial detection of Perls-positive cells in the liver and kidneys can be explained by the rapid elimination from organs and the high dispersion of the nanomaterial. Thus, it is necessary to carry out studies of these processes at the systemic level, since the introduction of nanoparticles into the body is characterized by adaptive-proliferative processes, accompanied by the development of cell dystrophy and tension of the phagocytic system.

Morphological changes in organs after infection with SARS-CoV-2 against the background of AL-amyloidosis

<h3></h3> В статье представлено описание клинического случая смерти больной 57 лет от идиопатического AL<b>-</b>амилоидоза после инфицирования SARS-CoV-2. При гистологическом исследовании выявлены признаки<b></b> пневмонии с явлениями пневмосклероза, гистологически определялись диапедезные кровоизлияния, некрозы и десквамация альвеолярного эпителия, по контурам альвеолярных ходов, альвеолярных мешочков — гиалиновые мембраны. Во многих участках гистоархитектоника легочной паренхимы была резко нарушена, определялась соединительная ткань в альвеолярных ходах, в просветах альвеол. Межальвеолярные перегородки были утолщены за счет разрастания соединительной ткани. Положительная окраска конго красным визуализировалась преимущественно в периваскулярных и межальвеолярных перегородках, по ходу сосудов; в сердце — между кардиомиоцитами, в почках — в капиллярных петлях клубочков, базальных мембранах отдельных канальцев коркового слоя, в стенках сосудов. Таким образом, причиной смерти больной явилось тяжелое течение инфицирования SARS-CoV-2; наличие сопутствующего заболевания в виде идиопатического AL<b>-</b>амилоидоза внутренних органов и хронических заболеваний, очевидно, усугубило состояние пациентки и способствовало наступлению летального исхода.

Sub-chronic and chronic toxicity evaluation of 7-methylxanthine: a new molecule for the treatment of myopia

Myopia (nearsightedness) is a vision disorder with a blurring of far objects, affect millions worldwide. 7-methylxanthine (7-MX) is a molecule that is presently under clinical investigation for the treatment of myopia. In the present study, we have investigated sub-chronic and chronic toxicity of 7-MX in comparison to other clinically used methylxanthines i.e., caffeine and theobromine as per OECD guidelines 408 and 452. 7-MX was administered orally for 90 days at three different doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg for sub-chronic toxicity evaluation, and at a limit dose of 1000 mg/kg in 180 days chronic toxicity evaluation in rats. In sub-chronic treatment, 7-MX showed no mortality and signs for toxicity in any group, whereas 10% and 40% mortality with signs for toxicity were observed in caffeine and theobromine treated groups, respectively. A similar, safety profile was observed with 7-MX in 180 days of chronic toxicity study. Further, to confirm any morphological changes in organs; ultrasound and X-rays analysis were performed and no changes in the size of organs, cyst formation, fluid retention, or crystal formation was observed. Thus, the repeated dose study of 7-MX for 180 days may augment the possibility of using 7-MX clinically for the safe and effective treatment of myopia.

Tropical malaria with a fatal outcome

Tropical malaria is an acute infectious disease from a group of parasitic diseases transmitted by the vector-borne route. Russia registers deaths due to imported malaria. The paper gives brief information on the epidemiology, etiology, and clinical manifestations of the disease and describes the fatal outcome of cerebral tropical malaria, as well as morphological changes in organs and tissues. The K76T mutation associated with drug resistance in parasites was identified in the structure of the plasmodium gene.

Pre-clinical toxicological study of analogue of hypothalamic hormone tsifetrilin

Introduction. The work is devoted to preclinical toxicological research on laboratory animals tsifetrilin – a drug, an analogue of the hypothalamic hormone somatostatin, selected according to the results of studying hormonal, cytotoxic and antitumor activity. The purpose was preclinical toxicological studies of the drug’s tsifetrilin – an analogue of the hypothalamic hormone for the treatment of malignant hormone – dependent diseases. Materials and methods. Studies were carried out on 80 healthy mice hybrids (CBA × C57Bl/6J) F1 males and females, 100 non-inbred healthy mongrel male and female rats and 5 breed dogs English Beagle males and females. Preclinical toxicological studies were carried out using tsifetrilin granulate, which contained 57.3 mg of Citrate in 1 g of granulate. As a solvent, 1 % starch paste was used. In the experiments to study acute toxicity were administered orally once tsifetrilin: mice at doses of 100, 200, 300 and 600 mg/kg, to rats in doses of 100, 200, 400 and 500 mg/kg. The period of observation of the animals was 30 days. In experiments on chronic toxicity, the drug was administered orally 15 times a day: rats – total doses of 30 and 300 mg/kg; dogs – total doses of 124.5 and 622.5 mg/kg. The observation period in studies in rats was 45 days, in studies on dogs – 60 days. Results. As a result of the study of acute toxicity in mice and rats in females and males when tsifetrilin was administered at the maximum possible concentration and the maximum possible volumes, the drug did not cause death of animals, did not affect the general condition of the animals, caused no external toxicity, animals. In the study of chronic toxicity of tsifetrilin in rats and dogs with daily oral administration for 15 days, no death was observed in all the doses studied, and the drug did not cause any external toxicity. The limiting type of toxicity is not established, since the drug causes minor morphofunctional changes of varying degrees of reversibility in virtually all organs and systems of the body of rats and dogs. Based on the experimental data on functional and morphological changes in organs and tissues, it was shown that females are more sensitive to the preparation than males. Conclusion. Taking into account the functional and morphological changes in the internal organs of both rats and dogs, the studied doses of tsifetrilin are characterized as doses that cause slight minor changes-low toxic doses. Based on the analysis of the data, the initial (starting) safe dose for a person in phase I of clinical trials, which is currently being conducted, is determined.

Structural and Functional Fundamentals of Alcoholic Disease

Aim. To suggest a new perspective on chronic alcohol intoxication by means of investigating the associated severe multiple organ pathology, which frequently becomes the cause of lethal outcome in patients suffering from drunkenness and alcoholism.Key points. The empirical basis of the study consisted in the analysis of autopsy results obtained from 1,115 corpses of persons having abused alcohol during their lifetime. In addition, 800 experiments on rats were carried out. As a result, a concept of alcoholic disease (AD) is proposed. AD is defined as a condition, in which chronic ethanol intoxication leads to the development of morphological changes in organs and systems: from minimal injuries of the microcirculatory pathway to a multiple organ pathology showing signs of alcoholism. AD pathogenesis is demonstrated to undergo 3 major stages, from (1) episodic alcohol intoxication, through (2) drunkenness and to (3) alcoholism. It is noted that, while the morphological changes are considered to be reversible during the first two stages, they become irreversible at the stage of alcoholism.Conclusion. It is concluded that the forms of the disease that involve the described morphological changes in organs and systems should be primarily treated by physicians, not by psychiatrists and narcology practitioners who are only capable of dealing with the psychological aspect of the problem.

Pathomorphological and histochemical changes in the internal organs of rats after chronic effect of phenols derivatives in the prolonged experiment.

Background. Neonols are known as ethoxylated phenol derivatives which have surfactant properties and adversely affect the structure and function of organs by changes in biochemical reactions in the body. Objective. The purpose of this study was the morphological characteristics of liver, kidneys, spleen, adrenal, lung, small intestine, stomach, pancreas, heart of rats under load with various doses of toxic phenol derivatives for a prolonged experiment. Methods. Tissues were fixed in neutral formalin, dehydrated in alcohol and embedded in paraffin. Staining of sections with hematoxylin and eosin was performed according to standard procedures. The 10 mkm sections of organs frozen in liquid nitrogen at a temperature of -196°C were prepared in a cryostat at -18 ° C. In these sections cytophotometric study determined dehydrogenase by tetrazolium salts. Results. It was found that at a dose of 1/1000 DL50 morphological changes in organs are not observed. The oral administration of aqueous solutions of phenol derivatives in doses of 1/10 and 1/100 DL50 caused pathological changes in liver morphology, kidney, spleen and adrenal glands. As a result of the long-term experiment the expanded pericapillary spaces of the liver, deformation of the kidney glomeruli, dilatation of lymphoid follicles of the spleen and enlargement of sinusoidal capillaries in adrenal glands were revealed. Histochemically phenol derivatives increased histological enzymatic activity in the liver, kidneys, adrenal glands, spleen or lead to a modification of activity in the structural units of the organ. Conclusion. The prolonged intoxication by phenol derivatives is critical factor for the development of disorders in structural integrity of tissues in liver, kidneys, spleen, adrenal glands and their further dysfunction.

The effect of size on osmoregulation ability, chloride cells and Na+, K+-ATPase activity in Salmo caspius Kessler, 1877 juveniles

This study was carried out to determine the appropriate size of Caspian trout ( Salmo caspius Kessler, 1877) juveniles for releasing into the rivers that enter south of the Caspian Sea for stock enhancement, or possibility of cage culture in the Caspian Sea. A total of 1611 specimens in 4 weight groups of 5, 10, 15 and 20g were exposed to 3 salinity trials which include Caspian Sea water (11- 11.5ppt), water of 7ppt salinity and freshwater (as control). Each trial was done in 3 replicates. The blood samples and tissue fixations were taken from juveniles of control group (in freshwater) and 3, 6, 12, 24, 72, 168 and 240 hrs after exposure of fish in different salinities to determine the dynamics of some parameters that can give characteristic of osmoregulatory process and morphological changes of organs that take part in osmoregulation. The results of osmolality and ions measuring concurrently showed that all weight groups can live in salinity of 7ppt and they maintain the osmolality and ion concentrations. In the Caspian Sea water, weight groups excluding 5g juveniles showed the same result. The number and size of gill chloride cells were not changed significantly ( P >0.05) after 7 days of fish exposure in the Caspian Sea water and in water of 7ppt salinity for 5g juveniles, whereas within weight groups of 10, 15 and 20g in Caspian Sea water and groups of 15 and 20g in water of 7ppt salinity, the increase of chloride cells were observed ( P <0.05). Na + , K + -ATPase activity in juveniles of 5g in the Caspian Sea water was low (4.3-6.1μmol Pi /mg protein/h) and this group was in parr stage. Exposure of 15 and 20g fish to the Caspian Sea water increased activity of Na + , K + -ATPase after 3hrs. The results show that under the salinity condition of the Caspian Sea, juvenile fish (≈10g) are able to survive and adjust functions of their organs. Increase in body size shows positive feedbacks thus release of Caspian trout juvenile at this weight for stock rehabilitation or future cage culture is feasible and exerts no negative impact on fish.

The Influence of Soluble Chemical Compounds of Hexavalent Chromium of Outbreed Male Rats Causes Hemolytic Anemia: Randomized Experimental Research

Morphological changes of organ of immune system in chronic influence of Hexavalent chromium are researched well but they are not showed in acute poisoning. The goal of our research was the studying of pathomorphological changes of thymus and spleen in the influence of hexavalent chromium in the acute experiment. Materials and Methods of Research: Male rats, weighing 200,0 ± 20,0 g, were oral dosed one time: the control group (30) - 1 ml of saline, the experimental group (30) - hexavalent chromium at a dose of 75 mg / kg (LD 50) in the form of potassium dichromate .The rats were taken out of experiment on first, third and seventh days. The histological specimen was colored by hematoxylin and eosin, azure II-eosin. The received data were processed by statistical program Biostat Exc. Results of Research: 40% of experimental rats died on the 1st day and 10% of experimental rats died on the third day. Thymus weight was reduced in 3rd and 7th day-in 2 times, and spleen weight was increased in 1.3 times in comparison with the control. There was a focal and extensive necrosis in the cortical thymus, in the medulla - petechial and extensive hemorrhages; increase in cell number in a state of degradation focal accumulations haemosiderin; formation of segments with lymph follicular hyperplasia was observed. In the vessels of thymus haemolysis of erythrocytes, plasma and soaking fibrinoid swelling of the walls of the arteries was observed. In the spleen focal and extensive hemorrhage; focal necrosis in the white pulp; in the red pulp numerous focal accumulations of hemolyzed red blood cells, haemosiderin was observed. Conclusion: The development of a mixed dystrophy (parenchyma-mesenchymal)-total haemosiderosis with the development of splenomegaly was observed in the thymus and spleen of experimental rats.

Neonatal estrogen treatment with β-estradiol 17-cypionate induces in post-pubertal mice inflammation in the ductuli efferentes, epididymis, and vas deferens, but not in the testis, provoking obstructive azoospermia

Neonatal estrogen treatment (NET) induces morphological changes in male reproductive organs. NET with β-estradiol 17-cypionate is reported to induce inflammation with stromal-epithelial abnormalities in the prostate and seminal vesicles in post-pubertal mice. The aim of this study was to investigate the histopathology of the testis, ductuli efferentes, epididymis, and vas deferens in mice after NET with β-estradiol 17-cypionate. No morphological changes in these organs were observed until 4weeks after NET. However, some inflammatory cells were found in epididymis and vas deferens 6weeks after NET. Eight weeks after NET, inflammatory cells spread to the ductuli efferentes and inflammation was severe from 6 to 12weeks after NET. Inflammatory cells were never seen in the whole testis, but cystic dilatation of the rete testes with spermatogenic disturbance was found around the mediastinum testis. Many inflammatory cells emigrated into the lumen of the epididymis, resulting in complete absence of spermatozoa in the vas deferens. Most of the inflammatory cells penetrating into the epithelial layers of epididymal ducts were neutrophils. These results indicate that in post-pubertal mice, NET with β-estradiol 17-cypionate induces inflammation in the ductuli efferentes, epididymis, and vas deferens, but not in the testis, provoking obstructive azoospermia.