Moroccan Men Research Articles

Comparison of the average daily production of vitamin D3 in Moroccan men between the summer and winter seasons

Comparison of the average daily production of vitamin D3 in Moroccan men between the summer and winter seasons

مبدأ المساواة بين الرجل والمرأة وفق قانون الجنسيّة المغربي رقم 62.06: دراسة مقارنة

Gender equality between men and women is considered one of the fundamental principles recognized in domestic legislation, international agreements, and conventions. These legal frameworks include specific provisions advocating for complete equality and the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women regarding the acquisition, change, or retention of nationality and their ability to grant it to their children. Islamic law , being at the forefront, was ahas pioneered in the granting dedication of equality in rights and duties. However, certain nationality laws still contain discriminatory provisions against women. This research , addresses this ining two main points: first, the principle of gender equality in nationality considering women as mothers, and second, the principle of gender equality in nationality considering women as wives. Moroccan legislators, through Law 62.06, have set limits to prevent discrimination between Moroccan men and women in granting original Moroccan nationality to their children. This legal equality extends to individuals born to either a Moroccan father or a Moroccan mother, contributing positively to the advancement of women's rights in various fields. Nevertheless, a comprehensive review of nationality law is necessary to ensure alignment with the complete gender equality principle. The Moroccan legislature should demonstrate full commitment to gender equality in aspects such as acquisition, loss, recovery of nationality, and granting it to children or foreign spouses. It is crucial for the Moroccan legal system to intervene, providing all necessary legal measures to guarantee full equality and mitigate the risks of statelessness. This involves removing all restrictions hindering complete equality in granting nationality to children and allowing Moroccan women to transfer their nationality to their children and foreign spouses. This necessitates Morocco's adoption of the 1957 Convention on the Nationality of Married Women.

Psychosocial factors may serve as additional eligibility criteria for cardiovascular risk screening in women and men in a multi-ethnic population: The HELIUS study

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention strategies include identifying and managing high risk individuals. Identification primarily occurs through screening or case finding. Guidelines indicate that psychosocial factors increase CVD risk, but their use for screening is not yet recommended. We studied whether psychosocial factors may serve as additional eligibility criteria in a multi-ethnic population without prior CVD. We performed a cross-sectional analysis using baseline data of 10,226 participants of Dutch, South-Asian Surinamese, African Surinamese, Ghanaian, Turkish and Moroccan origin aged 40–70 years, living in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Using logistic regressions and Akaike Information Criteria, we analyzed whether psychosocial factors (educational level, employment status, occupational level, financial stress, primary earner status, mental health, stress, depression, and social isolation) improved prediction of high CVD risk (SCORE-estimated fatal and non-fatal CVD risk ≥5%) beyond eligibility criteria from history taking (smoking, obesity, family history of CVD). Next, we compared the additional predictive value of psychosocial eligibility criteria in women and men across ethnic groups, using the area under the curve (AUC). Of our sample, 32.7% had a high CVD risk. Only socioeconomic eligibility criteria (employment status and educational level) improved high CVD risk prediction (p < .001 for likelihood-ratio tests). These increased AUCs in women (from 0.563 to 0.682) and men (from 0.610 to 0.664), particularly in Dutch, South-Asian Surinamese, African Surinamese and Moroccan women, and Dutch and Moroccan men. Concluding, socioeconomic eligibility criteria may be considered as additional eligibility criteria for CVD risk screening, as they improve detection of women and men at high CVD risk.

Between metropole and colony: Bordels militaires de campagne in colonial Morocco and France in the twentieth century

Abstract Bordels militaires de campagne (BMCs) were French military brothels in North Africa under colonial occupation. This system was extended to metropolitan France during the First and Second World Wars due to fears of sexual violence or consensual relationships between Moroccan men and French women. Even after brothels were banned in metropolitan France in 1946, French military authorities illegally brought hundreds of Moroccan women to France to work in BMCs because of the Moroccan soldiers still present in the metropole. With poor living conditions, underage labour and a high workload, French military brothels exploited Moroccan women to theoretically ‘protect’ European women against sexual violence from Moroccan men. This was based on a racialized understanding of Moroccan masculinity. This article uses the experiences of these Moroccan women and details of the sex work system in Morocco to understand the systemic cruelty behind the operation of these French military brothels.

Persistent Gender and Racial Hierarchies: Marriage Migration and Mixedness in Morocco from the French Protectorate to the Present

This article presents a historical and anthropological approach to mixed marriages in Morocco, tracking the continuities and changes between the French colonial period and contemporary experiences to see how attitudes towards mixed couples changed in Morocco throughout the French protectorate, in the post-independence period and the increasingly globalised world of the 21st century. This interdisciplinary approach combines historic data (primarily from a 1949 study into mixed marriages conducted by the colonial government as well as magazines, novels and memoirs) with 52 anthropological semi-structured interviews (conducted in Morocco between 2018 and 2022) with children of mixed couples and some of their parents.We examine first how the demographic make-up of mixed couples and where they choose to settle has shifted, looking at their gender split, their countries of origin, their occupations and where they met. This has diversified considerably throughout the 20th century: the individuals come from a much larger number of countries (no longer primarily Moroccan soldiers who returned from France with French women) and Moroccan women are now more likely to travel abroad. But gender still impacts mobility as the country of settlement is still often linked to the husband’s job. We then compare how in some cases legal and religious restraints have affected which mixed couples can marry. Although European men could marry Moroccan women, the French colonial authorities sought to ban European wives or partners of Moroccan men from entering Morocco because they believed these relationships would threaten the hierarchies of colonial rules. However, in contemporary Morocco migration is considerably easier for individuals from the Global North. Today the Moroccan family law (Mudawana) states that a foreign man has to convert to Islam if he wishes to marry a Moroccan Muslim woman. What is forbidden has changed, but women’s freedom remains subject to external pressures to maintain social cohesion. Finally, we examine the emotional motivations behind choosing mixed marriages, often overlooked by studies of migration, arguing that mixed marriage in Morocco has always shown a “desire for elsewhereness” and offered a space of freedom, a way to embrace new possibilities and turn away from certain social norms. In the 20th century, in the colonial and post-independence period, many Moroccan men used mixed marriage as a way to escape traditional pressures to pay a bride price (sdaq) to a Moroccan woman’s family. Some Moroccan men also expressed colonialist ideas that European women were more “evolved” and would make better partners than Moroccan women as they were more educated because of gender inequalities in access to education. This has changed due to Moroccan women’s improved access to education. But emotions are still at the heart of these experiences of intimacy across racial, national and religious borders. Contemporary and historical couples see mixedness as imbued with new opportunities to express their desire for change, for a new way of living and for creativity. Mixed marriages provide a change to re-evaluate customs and lifestyles, but these are also deeply intimate relationships born out of emotional attachment. This article reminds readers that marriage migration is, at heart, a migration for love. This love, and the feeling of possibility it offers, can be considered a threat to existing power structures. We argue that in post-independence Morocco, mixed marriages are no longer considered a threat to political power but that they still reveal the existence of persistent racial and gender symbolic boundaries. Indeed, social perception of mixed couples has shifted from a fear of neo-imperialism to a feeling of opportunities in a globalized world, but gender and racial hierarchies still prevail as significant symbolic boundaries that shape mixed couples and attitudes towards them.

Relationships between Moroccan soldiers and white women in WW II: ambiguous perspectives

The study focuses on Moroccan veterans’ stories about the French military command’s comprehensive interference in romantic relationships between Moroccans and European women in France during the Second World War. It is based on interviews with some Moroccan veterans about European women’s elopement with their alien suitors to Morocco. The Muslim soldiers’ attachment to their Islamic norms in a Western society was quite embarrassing to the French colonial mind. There was an element of ambiguity in the French officers’ objection to the French women and Moroccan men’s marriages, with the aim of establishing stringent demarcations between white females and colonial soldiers. While some French soldiers directly castigated Western women for befriending or marrying Moroccans, other French men were indifferent to the issue of hybrid relationships.

Assessment of Smile Dimensions in an Adult Moroccan Population

Background: This study aimed to assess the smile dimensions according to gender, age, and the perception of the overall quality and attractiveness of the smile. Methods: A cross-sectional study including 204 Moroccan men and women distributed over five age categories was conducted between January and September 2021. Gender, age, satisfaction and auto-evaluation of the smile were collected using questionnaire. Then, two images of each participant, one at rest and one upon the largest smile were taken. The following distances were measured on the images: length of the lips and width of the mouth at rest and upon smile, gingival and maxillary central incisor displayed upon smile. Results: Dimensions were significantly more important in men. Women displayed significantly more gingiva. With age, the length of the upper lip at rest increased significantly until the age of 50 and the width of the mouth upon smile continued increasing significantly. 74% of the participants were satisfied with their smile. Participants' satisfaction with their smile was not associated with the degree of gingival display. Conclusion: Males have more important dimensions of the lips and the mouth. Females display more gum than males. Age influences the upper lip length at rest which increases up to the age of 50, and the mouth width upon smile which continues to increase with age. Practical Implications: The definition of specific facial norms for each ethnic group considering gender and age groups is essential to establish diagnoses and orthodontic treatment plans.

Socio-economic characteristics, health status and access to health care in an elderly Moroccan community: study of the gender factor.

In Western societies, gender differences in health and health behavior are extensively documented, but less is known about gender health disparities in Morocco. Aging is not yet a research topic or a source of concern. However, the country will face significant demographic aging in the future. The purpose of this study was to investigate gender differences in indicators associated with socioeconomic status, health status, and access to health care among the elderly population of the El Jadida region in Morocco. It is a cross-sectional study on a random sample of 537 persons, aged 60 and older (136 women and 401 men) from the El Jadida region. When compared to their male counterparts, older Moroccan women face a number of disadvantages, including lower levels of education and literacy, lower levels of employment, rising rates of widowhood and living alone, and a lower likelihood of receiving formal pension benefits. In terms of health status, half of older women do not have medical coverage, almost all feel more tired, and, in discomfort, half suffer from total and central obesity, with more visual, oral, and memory health problems. Older Moroccan men, on the other hand, have greater hypertension, smoke and consume more tobacco and alcohol, and are more anxious, depressed, and insomniac. Overall, for both sexes, the perception of self-rated health status was deemed poor, with three health problems reported per person. Many other demographic, psychosocial, and economic indicators were not significantly related to gender. In Morocco, older people face a variety of problems that have a negative impact on their perception of aging. Furthermore, there are gender differences in socioeconomic status, prevalence, symptoms, and correlates of chronic diseases, health service use, and lifestyle. Longitudinal studies and immediate implementation of medical policy for this population are needed.

Successful Management of Locally Advanced Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (PNET) of the Urinary Bladder: a Case Report and Literature Review

Background: Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) are highly malignant neoplasms arise from neuroectodermal cells that have cholinergic features. These tumours are closely related to osseous or extraosseous Ewing’s sarcomas, with which they share the same chromosomal abnormality. Over the last few years, PNETs have been increasingly reported to occur in various organs, which may be due to recent progress in immunohistochemical techniques. PNETs arising in the urinary bladder are extremely rare, but more frequent in older adults. Case presentation: A 16 years Moroccan men old, who consults for a total hematuria and dysuria evolving for 2 months in a context of deterioration of the general state. Cyst biopsy was performed. The morphological result in favor of an undifferentiated round cell tumor process infiltrating the bladder muscle, the immu-histochemical study was in favor of a round cell tumor of the Ewing sarcoma/PNET type. Pelvic Magnetic resonance imaging MRI revealed the presence of an endovesical process invading the left antero-inferior pre-vesical fat. We decided, after a multidisciplinary consultation meeting, to start with two cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, then to propose locoregional treatment, either radiotherapy or partial resection. The patient was put on the VAC/IE protocol with a clear regression in tumor size after two cycles. Conclusion: Both clinician and pathologist must be aware of this rare entity during diagnosis and management. Surgery or radiotherapy supported with chemotherapy should be considered an option, especially in advanced disease. Studies of more cases of primary PNET of the urinary bladder with longer follow-up periods are needed to clarify the clinical features and treatment.

The Impact of Testosterone on Financial Risk Tolerance

This study aims to examine the relationship between gender and financial risk tolerance. A mixed (qualitative and quantitative) approach was adopted with 100 respondents consisting of 63 Moroccan men and 37 Moroccan women, aged between 18 and 47 years. The analysis of the responses to the questionnaire based on the risk tolerance question of The Survey Of Consumer Finances, demonstrated that men have a higher risk tolerance than women and that there is a relationship between gender and individuals' attitude toward risk. The results of the questionnaire show that 78.37% of the women surveyed have no tolerance for risk and only 21.62% of women are more tolerant of financial risk. While 35 men in our sample are willing to take significant financial risks and only 11 men prefer not to take any. Otherwise, 23.81% of the men surveyed are intolerant of financial risk and 76.19% are more tolerant of financial risk. The regression analysis examined the relationship between testosterone levels in the sample and financial risk tolerance. It was found that there was a positive relationship between the two variables. However, the study reveals that testosterone is not the only factor that could explain excessive risk-taking and thatother variables can also explain financial risk tolerance.

The Stuttgart Incident: Sexual Violence and the Uses of History

At the height of World War II in Europe, as the Allies advanced on Germany, the U.S. military was disturbed by reports that a mass rape had taken place in the city of Stuttgart. U.S. journalists on the ground reported that a thousand German women and girls had been herded into an underground tunnel and kept there for several days while they were sexually assaulted.1 The journalists blamed African troops, though they were uncertain about the ethnic and national origin of the soldiers in question: they implicated Senegalese, Moroccan, Tunisian, and Algerian men alike. According to some reports, later taken up by U.S. senators, the soldiers were wearing U.S. Army uniforms and the local population mistook them for African Americans.2 The soldiers were from the French First Army, but since September 1944 had been fighting under U.S. command.3 The “Stuttgart Incident,” as this event became known, threatened...

Janus in the Metropole: Moroccan Soldiers and Sexual Violence Against Women in the Spanish Civil War

Approximately 80,000 Moroccan men fought on the side of Franco in the Spanish Civil War. When the colonial wars ended, those men were recruited from very poor villages (some of them at the age of 16). Although the core collective memory that remains about those Moroccan troops (‘the Regulars’) concerns absolute cruelty, particularly towards women, they also form part of the history of the Spanish colonisation. During the Civil War, Franco’s General Queipo de Llano promised that the ‘castrated’ Republican soldiers’ women would know about the ‘virility’ of those Moroccan troops. Departing from fragmented historical data, this contribution presents a brief critical victimological analysis of grey zones and ‘Janus’ characters to better understand the complexities of victim and victimiser that overlap in the contexts of victimhood, accountability, colonisation, war and violence against women.

Large health disparities in cardiovascular death in men and women, by ethnicity and socioeconomic status in an urban based population cohort.

BackgroundSocioeconomic status and ethnicity are not incorporated as predictors in country-level cardiovascular risk charts on mainland Europe. The aim of this study was to quantify the sex-specific cardiovascular death rates stratified by ethnicity and socioeconomic factors in an urban population in a universal healthcare system.MethodsAge-standardized death rates (ASDR) were estimated in a dynamic population, aged 45–75 in the city of The Hague, the Netherlands, over the period 2007–2018, using data of Statistics Netherlands. Results were stratified by sex, ethnicity (country of birth) and socioeconomic status (prosperity) and compared with a European cut-off for high-risk countries (ASDR men 225/100,000 and women 175/100,000).FindingsIn total, 3073 CVD deaths occurred during 1·76 million person years follow-up. Estimated ASDRs (selected countries of birth) ranged from 126 (95%CI 89–174) in Moroccan men to 379 (95%CI 272–518) in Antillean men, and from 86 (95%CI 50–138) in Moroccan women to 170 (95%CI 142–202) in Surinamese women. ASDRs in the highest and lowest prosperity quintiles were 94 (95%CI 90–98) and 343 (95%CI 334–351) for men, and 43 (95%CI 41–46) and 140 (95%CI 135–145), for women, respectively.InterpretationIn a diverse urban population, large health disparities in cardiovascular ASDRs exists across ethnic and socioeconomic subgroups. Identifying these high-risk subgroups followed by targeted preventive efforts, might provide a basis for improving cardiovascular health equity within communities. Instead of classifying countries as high-risk or low-risk, a shift towards focusing on these subgroups within countries might be needed.FundingLeiden University Medical Center and Leiden University

Unpacking negative attitudes towards Moroccans: The interactive effect of ethnicity and gender on perceived morality.

Research on stereotyping has mainly focused on single social categories such as ethnicity or gender. Extending prior work, here we analyse the effects of the intersection of ethnicity and gender on stereotyping considering the descriptive and prescriptive components of positive and negative stereotype dimensions of morality, sociability and competence. We also examine these interaction effects on the stereotypes-emotions-facilitation behavioural tendencies link. Following a 2 × 2 between-subjects design, Spanish participants evaluated Moroccan immigrant (vs. Spaniard) women (vs. men). We found interaction effects only on descriptive moral character: Moroccan men are perceived as less moral than Spanish men, and less moral and more immoral than Moroccan women. Moreover, (im)morality has a driving role in predicting less facilitation tendencies towards Moroccan men (vs. Moroccan women and Spanish men) via positive emotions. Our findings reveal the primacy of (im)morality in social perception and helping intentions towards targets varying on gender and ethnicity.

The Conflation of Single Mothers and Prostitutes in Morocco

The Conflation of Single Mothers and Prostitutes in Morocco

Love, relationships and couple happiness: A cross-cultural comparison among Spanish couples and Moroccan couples in Southern Spain

Love and relationships are sociocultural constructions that, in recent times, have experienced great changes in terms of type of relationship, type of love and happiness of the couple. Few studies have analysed the love relationships immigrant population in Europe. This study aims to explore the differences and similarities in love styles between Spaniards and Moroccan immigrants, the country’s largest foreign population, and analyse the relationship between these styles and level of couple happiness. This cross-sectional study disseminated a survey to young adults between the ages of 18 and 40 in southern Spain. Of those who received the survey, 574 young adults responded, of which 182 were of Moroccan origin and 392 were Spanish. The results indicated that there are sociocultural and gender differences in the types of relationships young adults maintain and in the agents that facilitate romantic socialisation. The Spaniards describe less stable relationships, more influenced by several agents, while the Moroccans demonstrated more stability in relationships, more influenced by family and religion. In accordance with Sternberg love components, different types of love were recognised. Spanish women are the group most value love in their lives, rated higher in couple happiness, and gave special importance to intimacy (but not to commitment and passion). Moroccan women followed models of love closer to Sternberg's romantic love, giving importance to commitment, intimacy and passion. Spanish men were similar to Moroccan men regarding their type of love, although they were the only ones that included commitment as a predictor of happiness. This study reveals that the importance of an intersectional approach to analyse love and couples.

Symptoms presentation and aggressiveness pattern of prostate cancer in a Moroccan population

Around the world, prostate cancer is one of the leading types of cancer in men. Indeed, according to the most recent reports, approximately 1.27 (7.1%) million new cases were diagnosed with an estimated 358,989 (3.8%) deaths. Prostate cancer manifests in a varied incidence according to the ethnic-geographic origin of patients. In Morocco, it is a public health issue regarding its frequency and severity, being the second most common male cancer with 3990 (15.8%) new cases recorded in 2018. This work aims at depicting the pattern of prostate cancer presentation in the Moroccan population for the first time, in regard to some clinical and pathological features along with aggressiveness nature in patients followed up in Mohammed V military hospital of Rabat which is a referral center. In this retrospective record-based study, the epidemiological, clinical, and histo-biological characteristics of 104 prostate cancer cases, at the time of diagnosis were assessed, such as age, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, Gleason grade, symptomatic pattern. Data analysis was done by the software SPSS version 23 using the statistical test two-tailed Pearson Qui-square test and two-tailed independent t-test. The results show that the mean age at diagnosis is 68 years. The mean PSA level, prostate volume and PSAd (PSA density) levels were 70.08 ng/ml, 61 grams and 1.66 ng/ml/gm respectively. Half of the patients had a PSA level of less than 10 ng/ml and only 21.2% were accidentally discovered during systematic screening. Symptomatic patients were significantly associated with age ( P = 0.04) and with digital rectal examination (DRE) suspicion ( P = 0.03) at diagnosis. Our reports confirm that Moroccan men with prostate cancer have higher PSA, PSA density and aggressive Gleason grade at diagnosis and that symptoms presentation increase along with age and are significantly related to the abnormality of DRE.

‘Disgusting and Intolerable’: Sexual Relationships between European Women and Moroccan Men in French Morocco in the 1940s and 1950s

AbstractThis paper examines sexual relationships between European women and Moroccan men during the French protectorate in Morocco in the early twentieth century. These relationships were forbidden and often resulted in calls for expulsion as the women engaged in them were considered ‘dangerous for public safety’. The Moroccan men faced no such consequences due to French racial attitudes. Many of the women engaged in these relationships were married to French men who were responsible for managing the French imperial presence, either in the military or as fonctionnaires. Through correspondence sent from these women to their lovers, held within governmental reports on eighty‐three individual cases, this paper examines attitudes towards these sexual relationships as well as the experience of those engaged in them. These relationships were considered to reverse the well‐established function of imperial power through male sexual domination of ‘colonised’ women. Many Moroccan men may have been drawn to such relationships for this reason. Additionally, highlighting the role of female sexual desire demonstrates how the gendered hierarchies within the relationships themselves threatened imperial racial hierarchies.

Lung cancer incidence differences in migrant men in Belgium, 2004\u20132013: histology-specific analyses

BackgroundImmigrants make up an important share of European populations which has led to a growing interest in research on migrants’ health. Many studies have assessed migrants’ cancer mortality patterns, yet few have studied incidence differences. This paper will probe into histology-specific lung cancer incidence by migrant origin aiming to enhance the knowledge on lung cancer aetiology and different risk patterns among population groups.MethodsWe used data on all lung cancer diagnoses during 2004–2013 delivered by the Belgian Cancer Registry individually linked with the 2001 Belgian Census and the Crossroads Bank for Social Security. Absolute and relative inequalities in overall and histology-specific lung cancer incidence have been calculated for first-generation Italian, Turkish and Moroccan migrant men aged 50–74 years compared to native Belgian men.ResultsMoroccan men seemed to be the most advantaged group. Both in absolute and relative terms they consistently had lower overall and histology-specific lung cancer incidence rates compared with native Belgian men, albeit less clear for adenocarcinoma. Turkish men only showed lower overall lung cancer incidence when adjusting for education. On the contrary, Italian men had higher incidence for overall lung cancer and squamous cell carcinoma, which was explained by adjusting for education.ConclusionsSmoking habits are likely to explain the results for Moroccan men who had lower incidence for smoking-related histologies. The full aetiology for adenocarcinoma is still unknown, yet the higher incidence among Italian men could point to differences in occupational exposures, e.g. to carcinogenic radon while working in the mines.

Cancer risk among individuals of migrant origin in Belgium during the 2000s - Evidence of migration as a 'cancer risk transition'?

Recent research has shown a generally lower cancer risk and mortality among migrants from less-industrialised country origin. However, while rates are usually lower for 'lifestyle-related' cancers (e.g. breast, prostate, lung, colorectal), they are typically elevated for 'infection-related' ones such as liver and stomach cancer. Although these observations appear in line with the theory of 'migration as a rapid epidemiological transition', changes in cancer risk after migration have yet to be investigated, effectively testing if migration also entails a 'rapid cancer risk transition'. This study therefore examines cancer risk among migrants in Belgium, focusing on colorectal cancer as a typically lifestyle-related cancer on the one hand, and infection-related cancers on the other hand. We subdivide migrant groups of more and less industrialised country origin according to duration of stay, and calculate absolute and relative incidence rates between 2004 and 2013. Our findings corroborate the transition assumptions for men from Turkey and Morocco, but cannot support them for women. Italian male immigrants have an in-between position: their colorectal cancer risk does not differ from that of Belgian men, but infection-related and non-cardia stomach cancer risks are higher and remain so with longer duration of stay. The fact that rates for migrants from the Netherlands and France generally do not differ from those of Belgians further strengthens support for a cancer transition among male migrants. Further examinations should focus on changes in health-related behaviour that can explain persistently low colorectal cancer risks among Turkish and Moroccan migrants and can inform preventive strategies for other population subgroups. Knowledge about the higher non-cardia stomach cancer risk among Turkish, Moroccan, and Italian men can support early detection strategies by primary care providers when patients present with gastric symptoms, especially because this cancer tends to have unfavourable prognosis.