Morning Differences Research Articles

TEKANAN DARAH SISTOLIK LEBIH TINGGI PADA SORE DARIPADA PAGI HARI PADA USIA 45-65 TAHUN

Blood pressure is the pressure of the blood pumped by the heart against the walls of the arteries and is divided into systolic and diastolic. Blood pressure decreases 10% in the evening at normal circadian rhythms and rises again in the morning. Insomnia is one of the factors that can affect blood pressure. This study aims to look at differences in morning and evening blood pressure at the age of 45–65 years. The research method uses observational analytic with a cross sectional approach. Collecting samples using consecutive non-probability sampling. Subjects aged 45–65 were 301 people. Blood pressure was measured in the morning and evening. Insomnia data obtained based on a questionnaire. The statistical test used paired t test with a significance of p <0.05. The results showed a significant difference between morning and evening systolic blood pressure (P = 0,023), but there was no difference between morning and evening diastolic blood pressure (P = 0,224). There is a relationship between insomnia and morning blood pressure (p=0,001). The conclusion from the research results is that systolic blood pressure in the afternoon is higher than in the morning. Morning blood pressure is associated with difficulty sleeping at night.

Lavender aromatherapy on anxiety and depression in patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome: a single-blind randomized clinical trial

Abstract Objective In cardiovascular disease, a patient's anxiety and depression can increase cardiac rehabilitation duration and recovery. Lavender aromatherapy as a non-pharmacological intervention effective in other contexts may be an efficient intervention to alleviating anxiety and depression in patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). Methods In this study, 110 ACS patients were randomly assigned to two intervention and control groups. Inhalation of the lavender fragrance was prescribed for the intervention group and the drop of aromatic almond for the control group for 3 days. Results The first-day anxiety and depression were significantly different in the two groups at 1 h and 9 h after the intervention. The ’morning's difference before the intervention was not significant, but it was substantial 1 h after the intervention. On the third morning of the intervention, this difference was confirmed. Conclusions This study confirmed the effectiveness of lavender aromatherapy in reducing anxiety and depression in ACS patients. This ‘study's results enable intensive care nurses to use aromatherapy with lavender oil as a non-pharmacological and cost-effective intervention to reduce their psychological tensions and increase patient satisfaction during hospitalization in the cardiac care units (CCU).

Morning and evening salivary cortisol levels in patients with chronic widespread pain and those at high risk.

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation has been implicated in chronic widespread pain (CWP); the hallmark of fibromyalgia (FM). This is the first study to compare HPA axis changes in individuals with CWP and those at high risk of symptom development. We sought to determine differences in morning and evening salivary cortisol levels in FM (n=19), those at-risk (n=20) and pain-free controls (n=17). Risk factors included non-CWP pain, somatic symptoms, illness behaviour and sleep disturbance. We conducted the study in the absence of centrally acting medication, to address limitations of previous research. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant main effects of group (p=0.003), and time of day (p=0.002), with no significant interaction. Cortisol levels were higher in FM (p=0.027) and at-risk (p=0.003) groups, compared to controls, but there was no significant difference between FM and at-risk groups. The main effect of group remained significant with sleep problems (p=0.021) and life events (p=0.007), but was not significant with anxiety (p=0.076) or depression (p=0.098) scores as covariates. With sleep problems as a covariate, cortisol levels remained significantly higher only in the at-risk group (p=0.017). This study indicates elevated salivary cortisol in FM and those at high risk, and identifies anxiety, depression and sleep problems as potential contributing factors. The results shed light on the dynamic relationship between stress, mood and sleep disorders and the brain's resilience to pain. This study examines neurobiological changes in chronic widespread pain and high risk individuals. One strength of the study is the absence of centrally acting medication. We found high salivary cortisol common to Fibromyalgia and those at risk and identified contributing factors. Our results offer insight into the early mechanistic changes underlying Fibromyalgia development and open up possibilities for early diagnosis and prevention.

Analysis of relationship of hormonal, hematological and biochemical parameters in Indian alcoholics with severity of alcohol dependence

BackgroundAlcohol dependence syndrome (ADS) is a major problem in India. ADS is known to be a systemic disorder involving almost all organ-systems. The evaluation of ADS patients’ needs successive assessment of severity of clinical condition. In this study, we attempted to explore Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire (SADQ-C) as a severity measure by studying its association with laboratory parameters. MethodsDuring the two months study period 155 diagnosed ADS male patients who had been admitted to the Psychiatric Ward of two zonal level hospitals were enrolled for the study. The participants were examined by the Psychiatrist and the severity of alcoholism ascertained by the SADQ-C scoring. Based on SADQ-C scoring they were divided into three groups: severe alcohol dependence, moderate dependence and mild physical dependence. The patients’ blood samples were collected and tested. ResultsIn our study, morning and evening level of serum cortisol showed positive correlation with increasing SADQ-C scoring. The differences in morning and evening cortisol level also augmented with increasing severity score (r=0.257; p=0.001). Hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and serum level of LH, FSH and testosterone levels were not shown any statistically significant alterations amongst the studied groups. Serum LH, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, AST, ALT and GGT level showed positive correlation with SADQ-C scoring but AST/ALT ratio showed negative correlation. ConclusionThis study elaborated relationship between SADQ-C scoring and laboratory parameters in Indian male ADS patients. It highlighted the requirement of incorporation of serum cortisol along with presently evaluated laboratory parameters for ADS severity evaluation.

Investigation of intra-day variability of gaseous measurements in sheep using portable accumulation chambers.

Portable accumulation chambers (PAC) enable short-term spot measurements of gaseous emissions including methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and oxygen (O2) consumption from small ruminants. To date the differences in morning and evening gaseous measurements in the PAC have not been investigated. The objectives of this study were to investigate: 1) the optimal measurement time in the PAC, 2) the appropriate method of accounting for the animal’s size when calculating the animal’s gaseous output, and 3) the intra-day variability of gaseous measurements. A total of 12 ewe lambs (c. 10 to 11 months of age) were randomly selected each day from a cohort of 48 animals over nine consecutive days. Methane emissions from the 12 lambs were measured in 12 PAC during two measurement runs daily, AM (8 to 10 h) and PM (14 to 16 h). Animals were removed from Perennial ryegrass silage for at least 1 h prior to measurements in the PAC and animals were assigned randomly to each of the 12 chambers. Methane (ppm) concentration, O2 and CO2 percentage were measured at 5 time points (T1 = 0.0 min, T2 = 12.5 min, T3 = 25.0 min, T4 = 37.5 min, and T5 = 50.0 min from entry of the first animal into the first chamber) using an Eagle 2 monitor. The correlation between time points T5-T1 (i.e., 50 min minus 0 min after entry of the animal to the chamber) and T4-T1 was 0.95, 0.92, and 0.77 for CH4, O2, and CO2, respectively (P < 0.01). The correlation between CH4 and CO2 output and O2 consumption, calculated with live-weight and with body volume was 0.99 (P < 0.001). The correlation between the PAC measurement recorded on the same animal in the AM and PM measurement runs was 0.73. Factors associated with CH4 production included: day and time of measurement, the live-weight of the animal and the hourly relative humidity. Results from this study suggest that the optimal time for measuring an animal’s gaseous output in the PAC is 50 min, that live-weight should be used in the calculation of gaseous output from an animal and that the measurement of an animal’s gaseous emissions in either the AM or PM does not impact on the ranking of animals when gaseous emissions are measured using the feeding and measurement protocol outlined in the present study.

The importance of changing urban scenery in the assessment of citizens’ soundscape perception. On the need for different time-related points of view

Abstract The city of Granada is experimenting a big urban transformation, attending national and international commitments on clean air, energy efficiency and savings linked to greenhouse gases reduction strategies and sustainable development action plans. This situation constitutes a good scenario for new noise control approaches that take into account the sound variable and citizens empowering in urban design, such as the soundscape assessment of urban territory. In this way, soundscape tools have been used in Granada as a complementary method for environmental noise characterisation where traditional noise control techniques are difficult to be carried out or give limited results. After 2016 strategic noise map and in the preparation of the new noise action plan, the city came across a great acoustic challenge in a new area located outskirts characterised by growing urbanisation, still under development, the greatest legal protection because of sensitive teaching and hospital buildings and the greatest noise exposure from nearby ring-way supporting heavy traffic flow. As quiet urban areas are not characterised by the absence of noise but for the presence of the right noise, this research intended to provide the local administration with results and proposals to transform this conflict area in a pleasant or quiet urban place. Main results came from important and significative differences in morning and evening characterisation, as great differences appear in soundscape assessment over the day and along the soundwalk path, indicating the importance of time and local issues to adequately characterised citizens perception to be considered by administration in the development of strategies and effective noise control actions.

Relationships Between Pain, Life Stress, Sociodemographics, and Cortisol: Contributions of Pain Intensity and Financial Satisfaction

Objective The relationship between psychosocial stress and chronic pain is bidirectional. An improved understanding regarding the relationships among chronic pain, life stress, and ethnicity/race will inform identification of factors contributing to health disparities in chronic pain and improve health outcomes. This study aims to assess relationships between measures of clinical pain, life stress, sociodemographics, and salivary cortisol levels. Methods A cross-sectional analysis involving data from 105 non-Hispanic White (NHW) and non-Hispanic Black (NHB) participants aged 45–85 years old with or at risk for knee osteoarthritis. Data included sociodemographics, clinical pain, psychosocial stress, and salivary cortisol across five time points over an approximate 12-hour period. Non-parametric correlation analysis, sociodemographic group comparisons, and regression analyses were performed. Results Clinical pain and psychosocial stress were associated with salivary cortisol levels, particularly morning waking and the evening to morning awakening slope. With the inclusion of recognized explanatory variables, the Graded Chronic Pain Scale characteristic pain intensity and financial satisfaction were identified as the primary pain and psychosocial measures associated with cortisol levels. Sociodemographic group differences were indicated such that NHB participants reported higher pain-related disability, higher levels of discrimination, lower financial and material satisfaction, and showed higher evening salivary cortisol levels compared to NHW participants. In combined pain and psychosocial stress analyses, greater financial satisfaction, lower pain intensity, and lower depression were associated with higher morning waking saliva cortisol levels while greater financial satisfaction was the only variable associated with greater evening to morning awakening slope. Conclusion Our findings show relationships among clinical pain, psychosocial stress, sociodemographic factors, and salivary cortisol levels. Importantly, with inclusion of recognized explanatory variables, financial satisfaction remained the primary factor accounting for differences in morning waking cortisol and evening to morning awakening cortisol slope in an ethnic/racially diverse group of middle aged and older adults with or at risk for knee osteoarthritis.

Automatic vehicle counting using background subtraction method on gray scale images and morphology operation

Traffic monitoring on road needs to be done, the counting of the number of vehicles passing the road is necessary. It is more emphasized for highway transportation management in order to prevent efforts. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a system that is able to counting the number of vehicles automatically. Video processing method is able to counting the number of vehicles automatically. This research has development a system of vehicle counting on toll road. This system includes processes of video acquisition, frame extraction, and image processing for each frame. Video acquisition is conducted in the morning, at noon, in the afternoon, and in the evening. This system employs of background subtraction and morphology methods on gray scale images for vehicle counting. The best vehicle counting results were obtained in the morning with a counting accuracy of 86.36 %, whereas the lowest accuracy was in the evening, at 21.43 %. Differences in morning and evening results are caused by different illumination in the morning and evening. This will cause the values in the image pixels to be different.

Diurnal variation of default mode network in patients with restless legs syndrome

ObjectiveRestless legs syndrome (RLS) patients compared to controls have been found to have abnormal patterns in the default mode network (DMN) in the morning when symptom threshold is the highest and symptoms are least likely to occur. If these morning abnormalities in DMN are pertinent to disease expression, then similar or further detectable differences may be expected on a nighttime assessment when RLS symptom threshold is at its lowest. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the potential neural mechanisms underlying the circadian aspect of RLS symptom expression by assessing diurnal changes in DMN. MethodsFifteen drug-naïve subjects with idiopathic RLS and 15 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects had fMRI scans in the morning and evening. The DMN patterns were compared both for differences between morning and evening and between RLS and controls. ResultsRLS patients compared to the healthy controls showed significant differences in morning and evening DMN. In particular, RLS patients showed consistent increased connectivity in the parietal lobule in both the morning and evening. In contrast, connectivity in the thalamus was increased in the morning and reduced in the evening. In addition, there were negative correlations between thalamic connectivity and the Korean versions of the international RLS scale and the quality-of-life subscore. ConclusionsThe results indicated diurnal disturbances of the DMN in RLS subjects are consistent with both the circadian rhythm and severity of RLS. The circadian expression of RLS may relate to changes in arousal cortical-activation thresholds occurring with diurnal changes in the thalamic circuits of the DMN.

State- and trait-like variation in morning and evening components of morningness–eveningness in winter depression

Purpose: Evening preference (eveningness) can be a risk factor for depression and a shift toward morning preference (morningness) can occur in response to treatment. A study of winter depression provides possibility to longitudinally evaluate state- and trait-like variation in morningness–eveningness during treatment in winter and remission in summer.Material and methods: Female patients with winter depression and controls without a psychiatric history (n = 54 and 32 with mean age ± standard deviation of 34.4 ± 11.0 and 35.7 ± 9.5 years, respectively) were treated with two-hour bright light for a week during winter period. Some of them (n = 40 and 19, respectively) were then restudied in summer. Measures obtained during the winter period from patients before and after treatment were compared to those obtained from controls and from the same patients in the summer period. Among compared measures, there were self-assessments of state- and trait-like differences in morning and evening components of morningness–eveningness.Results: The groups of depressed patients and controls differed in self-assessments of morning but not evening component of morningness–eveningness. The difference in state-like variation in morning component became non-significant after treatment and in summer. On the other hand, trait-like variation in this component demonstrated adequate test–retest (winter–summer) reliability, i.e. a shift toward trait-like eveningness persisted in patients in the summer.Conclusions: The observed normalization of state-like variation in morning component of morning–evening preference can be mainly explained by the disappearance of such depressive symptoms as lack of energy, social withdrawal, loss of interest in once enjoyable activities, etc.

Differences in morning–evening type and sleep duration between Black and White adults: Results from a propensity-matched UK Biobank sample

ABSTRACTBiological evidence suggests that ethno-racial differences in morning–evening type are possible, whereby Blacks may be more likely to be morning type compared to Whites. However, population-level evidence of ethno-racial difference in morning–evening type is limited. In an earlier study, we reported that morning type was more prevalent in Blacks compared to Whites in the United Kingdom (UK) Biobank cohort (N = 439 933). This study aimed to determine if these ethno-racial differences persisted after accounting for an even broader range of social, environmental and individual characteristics and employing an analytic approach that simulates randomization in observational data, propensity score modeling. Data from UK Biobank participants whose self-identified race/ethnicity was Black/Black British or White; who did not report daytime napping, shift work or night shift work; who provided full mental health information; and who were identified using propensity score matching were used (N = 2044). Each sample was strongly matched across all social, environmental and individual characteristics as indicated by absolute standardized mean differences <0.09 for all variables. The prevalence of reporting nocturnal short, adequate and long sleep as well as morning, intermediate and evening type among Blacks (n = 1022) was compared with a matched sample of Whites (n = 1022) using multinomial logistic regression models. Blacks had a 62% greater odds of being morning type [odds ratio (OR) = 1.620, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.336–1.964, p < .0001] and a more than threefold greater odds of reporting nocturnal short sleep (OR = 3.453, 95% CI: 2.846–4.190, p < .0001) than Whites. These data indicate that the greater prevalence of morning type and short nocturnal sleep in Blacks compared to Whites is not fully explained by a wide range of social and environmental factors. If sleep is an upstream determinant of health, these data suggest that ethno-racially targeted public health sleep intervention strategies are needed.

Differences in morning and evening fatigue in oncology patients and their family caregivers

Purpose of the researchTo identify distinct latent classes of individuals based on ratings of morning and evening fatigue; evaluate for differences in phenotypic characteristics, as well as symptom and quality of life scores, among these latent classes; and evaluate for an overlap in morning and evening fatigue class membership. Patients and methodsIn a sample of 167 oncology outpatients and 85 of their FCs, growth mixture modeling was used to identify distinct latent classes based on ratings of morning and evening fatigue obtained before, during, and after radiation therapy. Analyses of variance and Chi Square analyses were used to evaluate for differences among the morning and evening fatigue latent classes. ResultsThree distinct latent classes for morning fatigue were identified. Participants in the High Morning Fatigue class (47%) were younger and had lower functional status. Three distinct latent classes for evening fatigue were identified. Participants in the High Evening Fatigue class (61%) were younger, more likely to be female, more likely to have children at home, and more likely to be a FC. Only 10.3% of participants were classified in both the Very Low Morning and Low Evening Fatigue classes and 41.3% were classified in both the High Morning and High Evening Fatigue classes. ConclusionsDifferent characteristics were associated with morning and evening fatigue, which suggests that morning and evening fatigue may be distinct but related symptoms. Additional research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms that may underlie diurnal variability in fatigue.

Time-of-Day Effect on Cardiac Responses to Progressive Exercise

This study was designed to examine time-of-day effects on markers of cardiac functional capacity during a standard progressive cycle exercise test. Fourteen healthy, untrained young males (mean ± SD: 17.9 ± 0.7 yrs of age) performed identical maximal cycle tests in the morning (08:00–11:00 h) and late afternoon (16:00–19:00 h) in random order. Cardiac variables were measured at rest, submaximal exercise, and maximal exercise by standard echocardiographic techniques. No differences in morning and afternoon testing values at rest or during exercise were observed for oxygen uptake, heart rate, cardiac output, or markers of systolic and diastolic myocardial function. Values at peak exercise for Vo2 at morning and afternoon testing were 3.20 ± 0.49 and 3.24 ± 0.55 L min−1, respectively, for heart rate 190 ± 11 and 188 ± 15 bpm, and for cardiac output 19.5 ± 2.8 and 19.8 ± 3.5 L min−1. Coefficients of variation for morning and afternoon values for these variables were similar to those previously published for test-retest reproducibility. This study failed to demonstrate evidence for significant time-of-day variation in Vo2max or cardiac function during standard progressive exercise testing in adolescent males. (Author correspondence: thomas.rowland@bhs.org)

Gender differences in morning and evening lateness

Studies of morning–evening preference consistently recognize age differences, but gender differences are rarely reported. To examine these differences, we applied the Sleep–Wake Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (Putilov 1990, 2000, 2007). Unlike unidimensional morningness–eveningness scales, it includes separate scales for the measurement of Evening and Morning lateness (E and M, respectively). Data on 7465 adolescents and adults suggest that both E and M scores significantly decline with age. Genders are identical on the sum of E and M scores, but female respondents of any age cohort have a lower E score and a higher M score. Differences between these scores remain constant across ages. Analysis of a subset of data on 2016 adults revealed significant correlation of this difference with self-reported sleep length which, however, is not significantly longer in women. We concluded that, compared to men, women prefer earlier bedtimes and later wake up times and can desire but not obtain more sleep.

Regional Rainfall Climatologies Derived from Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) Data

Climatologies of convective precipitation were derived from passive microwave observations from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager using a scattering-based algorithm of Adler et al. Data were aggregated over periods of 3-5 months using data from 4 to 5 years. Data were also stratified by satellite overpass times (primarily 06 00 and 18 00 local time). Four regions (Mexico, Amazonia, western Africa, and the western equatorial Pacific Ocean (TOGA COARE area) were chosen for their meteorological interest and relative paucity of conventional observations. The strong diurnal variation over Mexico and the southern United States was the most striking aspect of the climatologies. Pronounced morning maxima occured offshore, often in concativities in the coastline, the result of the increased convergence caused by the coastline shape. The major feature of the evening rain field was a linear-shaped maximum along the western slope of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Topography exerted a strong control on the rainfall in other areas, particularly near the Nicaragua/Honduras border and in Guatemala, where maxima in excess of 700 mm/month were located adjacent to local maxima in terrain. The correlation between the estimates and monthly gage data over the southern United States was low (0.45), due mainly to poor temporal sampling in any month and an inadequate sampling of the diurnal cycle. Over the Amazon Basin the differences in morning versus evening rainfall were complex, with an alternating series of morning/evening maxima aligned southwest to northeast from the Andes to the northeast Brazilian coast. A real extent of rainfall in Amazonia was slightly higher in the evening, but a maximum in morning precipitation was found on the Amazon River just east of Manaus. Precipitation over the water in the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) north of Brazil was more pronounced in the morning, and a pronounced land-/sea-breeze circulation was found along the northeast coast of Brazil. Inter-comparison of four years revealed 1992 to be the driest over Amazonia, with about a 23% decrease in mean rate compared to the 4-year mean estimated rain rate.

Regular vs as-needed inhaled salbutamol in asthma control

Recent studies have suggested that regular use of inhaled beta2 agonists cause loss of asthma control as measured by worsening peak-flow rates, increased asthma symptoms, and more frequent need for supplementary bronchodilators. However, the magnitude of this effect and the reliability of investigator-originated definitions of control is unknown. We studied 341 people with asthma in a four-week, randomised, crossover trial of regular salbutamol (2 puffs— 200 μg—four times daily) for two weeks and as needed for two weeks. There were no significant differences in morning and evening peak-flow rates between treatments but asthma symptoms and supplementary bronchodilator use were significantly less frequent when salbutamol was given regularly. Asthma episodes occurred 1 39 (1·52) times per day during regular treatment and 2 44 (1·75) times per day during as-needed treatment (p<0 0001) and 0·50 (0·56) vs 0·65 (0·66) times per night (p<0·0001). Daytime use of supplementary salbutamol was 1·14 (1·40) vs 2·35 (1·71) puffs per day, (p<0·0001); night-time use was 0·45 (0·55) vs 0·64 (0·66) puffs per night (p<0·0001). When control endpoints were compared between treatment periods for each individual by two blinded investigators and control judged by six different sets of criteria, in 70 asthmatics there was no difference in symptom control between periods but in the remainder, control was achieved more often by regular than by as-needed salbutamol (166 vs 69, p<0·0001). In asthma of moderate severity, regularly administered salbutamol does not produce lower peak flow rates than as-needed salbutamol and is associated with less frequent asthma symptoms.

Differences in Morning and Evening Sample Milkings and Adjustment to Daily Weights and Percents

Dairy Herd Improvement Association sample-day data were analyzed 1) to explain variation of month-to-month differences of single milking yields and fat percents and 2) to develop adjustment factors for estimating daily yield and fat tests from a single milking. Prior to analyses, single sample data were adjusted for month-to-month differences determined from standard two sample data. Guernsey and Holstein data involving 1,632 and 16,784 cows were available in the single sample files. Analyses were separate for Guernseys and Holsteins and for yield and test.Regression equations involving from 13 to 16 independent variables accounted for proportions of variance of the dependent variable ranging from .31 to .48 for the four combinations of breed and trait. Regression equations for adjustment of Dairy Herd Improvement Association single sample data were developed. Each equation included only two independent variables for adjustment purposes. Those equations developed from Holstein data have been implemented by the Pennsylvania Dairy Herd Improvement Association to adjust single sample data for all breeds.