Morning Glory Research Articles

Impact of Scale Effects on Discharge Coefficient in Morning Glory Spillway Models of Dokhan Dam

Impact of Scale Effects on Discharge Coefficient in Morning Glory Spillway Models of Dokhan Dam

Human Amniotic Membrane: A Seal for Complex Retinal Detachments.

To evaluate the efficacy of human amniotic membrane (hAM) transplantation for complex retinal detachments (RD). A retrospective analysis of consecutive patients who underwent vitreoretinal surgery with hAM transplantation for complex RD was conducted. The indications included high myopic macular hole (MH)-associated RD (n=5), traumatic large macular tears (n=4), combined RD with MH due to cicatricial retinopathy of prematurity (n=2) and severe retinitis (n=1), and morning glory syndrome (n=1). Surgical procedures, anatomical and functional results, and complications were noted. Thirteen eyes of 13 patients with a median age of 7 years (range, 0-65 years) were included. The follow-up was 15 months (range, 6-30 months). All eyes achieved MH sealing. Sealing occurred after a single surgery in 75% of eyes, while 25% required a second surgery due to hAM contraction/dislocation. The retina was attached and silicone oil could be removed in 92% of eyes during follow-up. The mean logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity increased from 2.08±0.49 to 1.78±0.70 (p=0.07). Optical coherence tomography showed good integration of the hAM grafts with the retina, albeit without discernible retinal layer differentiation in any case. Amniotic membrane grafting appears to be promising for anatomical sealing of MHs and posterior retinal tears in complex RDs such as those associated with degenerative myopia, severe trauma, tractional membranes, and retinal shortening, where conventional surgical techniques are likely to fail. Further research is needed to clarify the regenerative potential and functional capacity of hAM grafts in severe retinal pathologies.

Curvature in plants

Curvatures are ubiquitous in the animal kingdom - the spiral shell of the nautilus and the corkscrew horns of the blackbuck being iconic examples. Dynamic changes in curvature (i.e., curving) are most striking in the locomotion of some animal species - swimming in fishes and mollusks, looping in leeches, undulatory locomotion in snakes and lampreys, and also sperm motility through flagellum beating. When it comes to plants, which are sessile organisms with a rigid body, the terms 'curvature' and 'curving' evoke very different images - leaves of grass swaying in the breeze, a trunk dangerously bent by a powerful gust of wind, a branch sagging under the weight of its own fruits, as well as the frail arabesques of twining plants like the morning glory and the ivy, which were so influential in the Art Nouveau movement and many other artistic traditions. These various vegetal curves not only prompt creative inspiration in the mind of the beholder, they also initiate signaling cascades leading to developmental responses of the plant. Conversely, curvature can result from a biologically active process in response to an internal or external stimulus. Active curving or decurving are indeed important aspects of the plastic interplay of the developmental program of plants and their environment. Although easily accessible to observation, curvature and curving have only recently become the focus of active research in plant development. Lying at the nexus of biology, physics and mathematics, they require an interdisciplinary approach. The aim of this primer is to give readers an intuitive but accurate understanding of what curvature and curving are, as observed in the plant kingdom, then a more formal definition. We will discuss their role in plant development, both as a signal and as a response, and finally the practical issues and solutions involved in measuring plant curvatures.

Coexistent morning glory syndrome and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous

Coexistent morning glory syndrome and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous

Trades-offs between pollinator attraction and florivore defense maximize reproductive success in the self-incompatible Rivea ornata (Convolvulaceae)

BackgroundRivea ornata, a rare species from the morning glory family, exhibits uncommon characteristics compared to other typical morning glories, including nocturnal flowers that fit the classic moth pollination syndrome. However, the accuracy of its predicted pollination syndrome and its mating system have never been assessed. Additionally, R. ornata flowers attract not only pollinators but also florivores, potentially reducing plant reproductive success. Therefore, this study examined two populations of R. ornata in Thailand and assessed traits related to pollinator attraction and reward, determined its mating system, identified floral visitors and effective pollinators, and investigated the effect of florivory on reproductive success.ResultsRivea ornata is highly fertile but self-incompatible and an obligate outcrosser, rendering it highly dependent on pollinators. Lepidopterans, particularly nocturnal hawk moths, were found to account for a significant proportion of all visits and were the sole effective pollinators of this plant species, in correspondence with its predicted pollination syndrome. Surprisingly, florivory did not significantly reduce reproductive success. This phenomenon may be explained by the strategies employed by R. ornata, which align with the optimal defense hypothesis and functional trade-offs. Specifically, R. ornata appears to invest resources in defending key floral structures while, simultaneously, guard ants are conspicuously absent from flowers, resulting in some florivore damage to non-vital floral organs but ensuring that pollinators are not deterred by ants and thus maintaining high pollinator visitation rates.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that reproduction-related traits in R. ornata, including those involved in pollinator attraction and reward and florivore defense, are highly effective and work in concert to maximize plant reproductive success. Therefore, a main risk that R. ornata faces is the decline or disappearance of hawk moths and other lepidopterans given its extreme specialization and high dependence on pollinators, and conservation efforts should include habitat protection for both R. ornata and its pollinators.

Effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on the performance of a diet specialized neotropical herbivore and its host plant

AbstractLittle is known about the potential responses of ecologically specialized tropical species to atmospheric change and global warming. In 2 years of greenhouse experiments simulating climate change impacts, we quantified the effects of mean ambient temperature, elevated temperature (Te), current ambient CO2 concentration ([CO2]a), and doubled CO2 concentration ([CO2]e) on biomass, growth rate, and foliar chemistry of the morning glory vine, Camonea umbellata. In addition, we measured the impacts of climate change simulations on the performance and survival of the tortoise beetle, Acromis sparsa, which feeds exclusively on C. umbellata. Full‐sib A. sparsa larval broods were divided into cohorts. Each cohort was placed in one of four temperature‐CO2 controlled chambers and fed leaves grown in their respective treatments. Vines growing in [CO2]e more than doubled their biomass and their leaves expanded faster. The [CO2]a and Te treatments interacted to yield the greatest foliar [C]. Vines in [CO2]e and Te had the greatest C:N ratios, the lowest availability of nitrogen, and highest larval mortality. Whereas pupae were smaller and suffered lower survival in Te, pupal mass and survival increased in both the [CO2]e and Te treatments. Overall, the simultaneous elevation of both [CO2] and temperature caused declines in host quality, larval survivorship, and pupal mortality that were not observed when only one climate factor was altered. Based on this first tropical experimental study, we predict that C. umbellata will benefit from elevation of temperature and atmospheric [CO2] by altering its foliar chemistry to the detriment of its diet‐specialized herbivore enemy.Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.

A chemical approach to extend flower longevity of Japanese morning glory via inhibition of master senescence regulator EPHEMERAL1.

Petal senescence in flowering plants is a type of programmed cell death with highly regulated onset and progression. A NAM/ATAF1,2/CUC2 transcription factor, EPHEMERAL1 (EPH1), has been identified as a key regulator of petal senescence in Japanese morning glory (Ipomoea nil). Here we used a novel chemical approach to delay petal senescence in Japanese morning glory by inhibiting the DNA-binding activity of EPH1. A cell-free high-throughput screening system and subsequent bioassays found two tetrafluorophthalimide-based compounds, Everlastin1 and Everlastin2, that inhibited the EPH1-DNA interaction and delayed petal senescence. The inhibitory mechanism was due to the suppression of EPH1 dimerization. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that the chemical treatment strongly suppressed the expression of programmed cell death- and autophagy-related genes. These results suggest that a chemical approach targeting a transcription factor can regulate petal senescence.

Variation in floral morphology, histochemistry, and floral visitors of three sympatric morning glory species.

Three morning glory species in the genus Argyreia Lour., A. lycioides (Choisy) Traiperm & Rattanakrajang, A. mekongensis Gagnep & Courchet, and A. versicolor (Kerr) Staples & Traiperm, were found co-occurring and co-flowering. Argyreia mekongensis and A. versicolor are rare, while A. lycioides is near threatened and distributed throughout Myanmar and Thailand. We investigated key floral characters (floral morphology and phenology, as well as the micromorphology of the floral nectary disc and staminal trichomes) and screened for important chemical compounds hypothesized to contribute to pollinator attraction. Our findings demonstrate that some aspects of floral morphology (e.g., corolla size, limb presence, and floral color) of the three studied congeners exhibit significant differences. Moreover, pollinator composition appears to be influenced by floral shape and size; morning glory species with wider corolla tubes were pollinated by larger bees. The morphology of the floral nectary disc was similar in all species, while variation in staminal trichomes was observed across species. Glandular trichomes were found in all three species, while non-glandular trichomes were found only in A. versicolor. Histochemical results revealed different compounds in the floral nectary and staminal trichomes of each species, which may contribute to both floral attraction and defense. These findings demonstrate some segregation of floral visitors among sympatric co-flowering morning glory species, which appears to be influenced by the macro- and micromorphology of flowers and their chemical compounds. Moreover, understanding the floral morphology and chemical attractants of these sympatric co-flowering Argyreia species may help to maintain their common pollinators in order to conserve these rare and endangered species, especially A. versicolor.

Argyreia pilosa Wight & Arn.: An addition to the flora of Nashik district, Maharashtra, India

Within the northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra, Nashik district stands out as the most ecologically diverse region. It is situated within the latitudes of 19° 59' 50.8344'' N and 73° 47' 23.2908'' E. Locally, several plant taxa remain unexplored. This study aims to investigate the floristic diversity and various taxonomic groups of angiosperms present in unreported taxonomic groups within the examined region. During the botanical study in the northern Western Ghats of Nashik locations, we examined the critically endangered morning glory (Argyreia pilosa Wight & Arn.) flowering plant species, which was found in the concentrated region. This botanical investigation involved the collection of plant taxa from diverse regions and ecosystems, marking the first instance of similar collection. The scientific study conducted by the author uncovers novel data about Argyreia pilosa Wight & Arn. in the Nashik district of the northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra.

Morning Glory Disc Anomaly: Expanding the MR Phenotype.

Morning glory disc anomaly (MGDA) is a congenital malformation characterized by a funnel-shaped optic disc excavation with radiating vessels and a central glial tuft. Imaging is essential to evaluate associated cephalocele and steno-occlusive vasculopathy. The goal of this study was to assess optic nerve, chiasmatic, and sphenoid bone morphology in MGDA. This retrospective study examined all subjects with funduscopically confirmed MGDA diagnosed and imaged with brain MR imaging between 2008 and 2023. Thirty-two children met inclusion criteria. Ocular involvement was unilateral in 29 subjects and bilateral in 3. Segmental optic nerve enlargement ipsilateral to the MGDA was seen in 21 subjects, with 3 also demonstrating a segmental reduction in the size of the ipsilateral optic nerve. Segmental reduction in the size of the ipsilateral optic nerve was present in 3 additional subjects, one with bilateral MGDA. The optic chiasm appeared asymmetrically thickened in 21 subjects, often with deformity. The optic nerves appeared normal in signal intensity in all subjects, with faint peripheral chiasmatic enhancement in 4 of 20 patients who received contrast. Optic nerve findings were stable in 15 subjects with multiple examinations. A persistent craniopharyngeal canal was identified in 17 subjects with sphenoid cephalocele in 1 and mild inferior pituitary gland displacement in 4. Tubular or nodular nasopharyngeal lesions were seen in 10 subjects. One subject had an off-midline sphenoid bone cleft, midbrain deformity, and abnormal thickening of and enhancement around the left oculomotor nerve; the oculomotor nerve finding was present in 1 additional patient. MGDA often manifests with ipsilateral optic nerve thickening, leading to a potential misdiagnosis as optic glioma. MGDA is also commonly associated with a persistent craniopharyngeal canal with variable pituitary gland and infundibular deformity, cephalocele, and tubular or nodular nasopharyngeal lesions.

Intergeneric Comparison of Staminal Trichomes in the Tribe Ipomoeeae (Convolvulaceae).

Hairs or trichomes distributed on the base of filaments in the morning glory family, known as staminal trichomes, differ from those found on other plant parts and have been recognized for their taxonomic value for over a century. In this study, our aim was to investigate the appearance of staminal trichomes in the tribe Ipomoeeae Hall. f., a significant tribe within the family Convolvulaceae, and assess their taxonomic implications. Micromorphological examinations were conducted using clearing techniques on 73 taxa from seven out of eight genera within the tribe, and the data were analyzed using factor analysis of mixed data (FAMD). The results show that, among all examined taxa, only two species lacked staminal trichomes. Glandular staminal trichomes were the most common type observed, and they were the only type observed in Ipomoea, Paralepistemon, Rivea, Stictocardia, and most Argyreia species. Nonglandular staminal trichomes were restricted to Astripomoea, Lepistemon, and some Argyreia taxa. The glandular trichomes in Ipomoea exhibited the largest variation and overlapped with other glandular trichome-bearing genera. However, genera with nonglandular trichomes were readily distinguishable from each other. Both glandular and nonglandular trichomes were basically composed of a stalk and apical cell, yet they varied in shape, size, density, and distribution pattern. This study provides a detailed examination and application of microscale features, emphasizing the significance of micromorphology in plant taxonomy.

Genetic architecture of heritable leaf microbes.

Host-associated microbiomes are shaped by both their environment and host genetics, and often impact host performance. The scale of host genetic variation important to microbes is largely unknown yet fundamental to the community assembly of host-associated microbiomes, with implications for the eco-evolutionary dynamics of microbes and hosts. Using Ipomoea hederacea, ivyleaf morning glory, we generated matrilines differing in quantitative genetic variation and leaf shape, which is controlled by a single Mendelian locus. We then investigated the relative roles of Mendelian and quantitative genetic variation in structuring the leaf microbiome and how these two sources of genetic variation contributed to microbe heritability. We found that despite large effects of the environment, both Mendelian and quantitative genetic host variation contribute to microbe heritability and that the cumulative small effect genomic differences due to matriline explained as much or more microbial variation than a single large effect Mendelian locus. Furthermore, our results are the first to suggest that leaf shape itself contributes to variation in the abundances of some phyllosphere microbes.IMPORTANCEWe investigated how host genetic variation affects the assembly of Ipomoea hederacea's natural microbiome. We found that the genetic architecture of leaf-associated microbiomes involves both quantitative genetic variation and Mendelian traits, with similar contributions to microbe heritability. The existence of Mendelian and quantitative genetic variation for host-associated microbes means that plant evolution at the leaf shape locus or other quantitative genetic loci has the potential to shape microbial abundance and community composition.

MORNING GLORY SYNDROME:A RARE ENTITY

Morning glory syndrome is a rare congenital optic disc anomaly that can cause visual impairment and may be linked to ocular and non-ocular abnormalities. It is characterized by a distinct fundoscopic appearance, which includes a large excavated disc with radial vessels and a central turf of glial tissue within a funnel-shaped excavation of the posterior fundus. In this case report, we present a female middle aged, with this uncommon congenital optic disc anomaly.

Agricultural light-converting anti-icing superhydrophobic coating for plant growth promotion

Agricultural coatings play a crucial role in addressing the global food crisis by significantly improving the plant growth environment, accelerating plant development, and enhancing the biological quality of plants. Nevertheless, there exist constraints in the form of limited sunlight utilization, decreased light transmission caused by surface icing leading to diminished plant photosynthesis, and high cost. In this study, a cost-effective and readily scalable superhydrophobic photothermal light-conversion coating is suggested as a means to improve the light conditions necessary for optimal plant growth. By employing in situ growth of carbon dots (CDs) on the surface and interlayers of montmorillonite (MMT) and hydrolytic polymerization of fluorinated alkyl silane (FAS) on the surface of MMT, light-converting superhydrophobic materials (CDs/MMT) with a micro-nano structure were synthesized. These materials demonstrated broad-spectrum fluorescence emission suitable for utilization by plant photosynthesis. They were dispersed into an epoxy resin (ER) matrix to obtain an agricultural superhydrophobic coating (ER-CDs/MMT). The “light absorption-capture-conversion” effect confers exceptional passive anti-icing and active de-icing properties upon the coating. Furthermore, outdoor planting experiments have demonstrated its capacity to substantially enhance the light environment and enhance the biological quality of soybean and morning glory by leveraging light scattering and conversion characteristics. This underscores its considerable potential for application in the next generation of facility agriculture.

Progressive supranuclear palsy: Neuropathology, clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, management, and emerging therapies

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of 4R-tau protein aggregates in various brain regions. PSP leads to neuronal loss, gliosis, and tau-positive inclusions, such as neurofibrillary tangles, tufted astrocytes, and coiled bodies. These pathological changes mainly affect the brainstem and the basal ganglia, resulting in distinctive MRI features, such as the hummingbird and morning glory signs. PSP shows clinical heterogeneity and presents as different phenotypes, the most classical of which is Richardson's syndrome (PSP-RS). The region of involvement and the mode of atrophy spread can further distinguish subtypes of PSP. PSP patients can experience various signs and symptoms, such as postural instability, supranuclear ophthalmoplegia, low amplitude fast finger tapping, and irregular sleep patterns. The most common symptoms of PSP are postural instability, falls, vertical gaze palsy, bradykinesia, and cognitive impairment. These features often overlap with those of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other Parkinsonian syndromes, making the diagnosis challenging. PSP is an essential clinical topic to research because it is a devastating and incurable disease. However, there are still many gaps in knowledge about its pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Several clinical trials are underway to test noveltherapies that target tau in various ways, such as modulating its post-translational modifications, stabilizing its interaction with microtubules, or enhancing its clearance by immunotherapy. These approaches may offer new hope for slowing down the progression of PSP. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the current knowledge on PSP, from its pathogenesis to its management. We also discuss the latest advances and future directions in PSP research.

Dataset Generation and Automation to Detect Colony of Morning Glory at Growing Season Using Alignment of Two Season’s Orthomosaic Images Taken by Drone

Weed control has a significant impact on crop yield during cultivation. In this research, semantic segmentation is used to detect morning glories in soybean fields. By removing morning glory earlier in the growing season, the decrease in soybean crop yield can be minimized. However, it is difficult to create annotated images necessary for semantic segmentation at the growing season because soybeans and morning glories are both green and similar in color, making it difficult to distinguish them. This research assumes that morning glory colonies, once located at the growing season, remain stationary during the harvest season. The colonies of the morning glory at the growing season are identified by aligning the orthomosaic image from the growing season with the orthomosaic image from the harvest season because the leaves of the soybeans wither and turn brown during the harvest season. The proposed method trains a model of morning glory at the growing season based on its location at the harvest season and estimates the colonies of morning glory on the harvest season orthomosaic image. In this research, we investigated the accuracy of a deep learning-based morning glory detection model and discovered that the performance of the model varied depending on the proportion of morning glory areas on each image in the training dataset. The model demonstrated an optimal performance when only 3.5% of the proportion of the morning glory areas achieved an F2 score of 0.753.

B- Mode Ultrasonography of Ocular Abnormalities in Dogs

Background: Ultrasonography is a simple, safe and non-invasive method to examine the internal structures of eye in case of opacity of otherwise clear ocular medium like cornea, aqueous, lens, and vitreous. Methods: 123 dogs with ocular abnormalities from March 2021 to October 2022, presented to the Division of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology were included in this study. All of the animals underwent a thorough ophthalmic examination along with B-scan ultrasonography of both the eyes using a 7.5 MHz linear probe. Result: Ultrasonography revealed thin hyperechoic lines and a thin hyperechoic rim of the lens, indicating early cataract changes and cortical cataract, respectively. Sixty-two dogs were found to be affected by cataract; 20 dogs were affected by the disease Phthisis bulbi; 16 dogs had a complete retinal detachment showing a typical “morning glory” sign; 10 dogs had vitreous haemorrhage; 6 dogs had a damaged eye with lens dislocation; and 5 dogs had choroidal melanoma and intraocular tumours in 4 dogs out of 123 observed dogs. Further, out of 62 cataract cases, 16 dogs were affected by cortical cataracts, 41 had nuclear cataracts, and 5 dogs were affected by morgagnian cataracts. Therefore, B-scan ultrasonography of the eye was a quick, safe, and accurate way to examine the pathology, especially when opaque media inhibit direct examination or when exophthalmos is evident and the normal anatomy of the eye.

(What's the story) morning glory? MRI findings in morning glory disc anomaly.

Morning glory disc anomaly (MGDA) is a rare congenital ophthalmologic disorder. Historically it has been diagnosed fundoscopically, with little in the literature regarding its imaging findings. The purpose of this study is to further characterize the orbital and associated intracranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of MGDA in our tertiary pediatric center. A retrospective review was performed of fundoscopically-diagnosed cases of MGDA, that had been referred for MRI. All MRI studies were scrutinized for orbital and other intracranial abnormalities known to occur in association with MGDA. 18 of 19 cases of MGDA showed three characteristic MRI findings: funnel-shaped morphology of the posterior optic disc, abnormal soft tissue associated with the retrobulbar optic nerve, and effacement of adjacent subarachnoid spaces. The ipsilateral (intraorbital) optic nerve was larger in one patient and smaller in six. The ipsilateral optic chiasm was larger in two patients and smaller in one. This study represents a comprehensive radiological-led investigation into MGDA. It describes the most frequently-encountered MRI findings in MGDA and emphasizes the importance of MRI in this cohort, i.e., in distinguishing MGDA from other posterior globe abnormalities, in assessing the visual pathway, and in screening for associated intracranial abnormalities - skull base/cerebral, vascular, and facial. It hypothesizes neurocristopathy as an underlying cause of MGDA and its associations. Caliber abnormalities of the ipsilateral optic nerve and chiasm are a frequent finding in MGDA. Optic pathway enlargement should not be labeled "glioma". (239/250).

Phyllosphere fungal diversity generates pervasive nonadditive effects on plant performance.

Plants naturally harbor diverse microbiomes that can dramatically impact their health and productivity. However, it remains unclear how fungal microbiome diversity, especially in the phyllosphere, impacts intermicrobial interactions and consequent nonadditive effects on plant productivity. Combining manipulative experiments, field collections, culturing, microbiome sequencing, and synthetic consortia, we experimentally tested for the first time how foliar fungal community diversity impacts plant productivity. We inoculated morning glories (Ipomoea hederifolia L.) with 32 phyllosphere consortia of either low or high diversity or with single fungal taxa, and measured effects on plant productivity and allocation. We found the following: (1) nonadditive effects were pervasive with 56% of fungal consortia interacting synergistically or antagonistically to impact plant productivity, including some consortia capable of generating acute synergism (e.g. > 1000% increase in productivity above the additive expectation), (2) interactions among 'commensal' fungi were responsible for this nonadditivity in diverse consortia, (3) synergistic interactions were approximately four times stronger than antagonistic effects, (4) fungal diversity affected the magnitude but not frequency or direction of nonadditivity, and (5) diversity affected plant performance nonlinearly with the highest performance in low-diversity treatments. These findings highlight the importance of interpreting plant-microbiome interactions under a framework that incorporates intermicrobial interactions and nonadditive outcomes to understand natural complexity.

ACRE, a class of AP2/ERF transcription factors, activates the expression of sweet potato ß-amylase and sporamin genes through the sugar-responsible element CMSRE-1

Sugars, synthesized by photosynthesis in source organs, are loaded and utilized as an energy source and carbon skeleton in sink organs, and also known to be important signal molecules regulating gene expression in higher plants. The expression of genes coding for sporamin and β-amylase, the two most abundant proteins in storage roots of sweet potato, is coordinately induced by sugars. We previously reported on the identification of the carbohydrate metabolic signal-responsible element-1 (CMSRE-1) essential for the sugar-responsible expression of two genes. However, transcription factors that bind to this sequence have not been identified. In this study, we performed yeast one-hybrid screening using the sugar-responsible minimal promoter region of the ß-amylase gene as bait and a library composed only transcription factor cDNAs of Arabidopsis. Two clones, named Activator protein binding to CMSRE-1 (ACRE), encoding AP2/ERF transcription factors were isolated. ACRE showed transactivation activity of the sugar-responsible minimal promoter in a CMSRE-1-dependent manner in Arabidopsis protoplasts. Electric mobility shift assay (EMSA) using recombinant proteins and transient co-expression assay in Arabidopsis protoplasts revealed that ACRE could actually act to the CMSRE-1. Among the DEHYDRATION -RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING FACTOR (DREB) subfamily, almost all homologs including ACRE, could act on the DRE, while only three ACREs could act to the CMSRE-1. Moreover, ACRE-homologs of Japanese morning glory also have the same property of DNA-binding preference and transactivation activity through the CMSRE-1. These findings suggested that ACRE plays an important role in the mechanism regulating the sugar-responsible gene expression through the CMSRE-1 conserved across plant species.