Moringa Oleifera Root Research Articles

Harnessing Moringa oleifera root powder (MORP) for the sustainable remediation of heavy metal contaminated water.

Heavy metal environmental pollution is rapidly increasing due to the increase in industrialization and urbanization. Industrial processes, such as paint production, mining, and raw materials producing industries release effluents rich in heavy metals, like Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, and Cr3+. These heavy metals are dangerous because they persist in nature, are non-biodegradable and they have high tendency to accumulate in the environment and in living organisms who are exposed to them. This work studied the removal of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cr, and Cd) from aqueous solution using Moringa oleifera root powder (MORP) as the adsorbent. The MORP was characterized by SEM, FTIR, BET, and XRD. Batch adsorption experiments carried out investigated the effects of adsorbate concentration, adsorbent dosage, agitation time, pH and temperature on adsorption. The optimum parameters are: contact time (90 min); pH (9); adsorbent dose (0.6); metal ion concentration (30 mg L-1) for Cr and 40 mg L-1 for the rest; and temperature (50 °C) for Cu and Pb, and 70 °C for Cr and Cd. These experimental data were analyzed with 5 isotherm models (Temkin, Flory-Huggins, Langmuir, D-R and Freundlich). The result obtained fitted best to Temkin isotherm in comparison to others. Kinetic studies revealed that the pseudo-second order kinetic model best described the adsorption (with high R2 values ranging from 0.9810-0.9976) compared to pseudo-first order and intra-particle diffusion kinetics model. Results of the thermodynamic study showed that the sorption process was endothermic for Cu and Pb, but exothermic for Cd and Cr. The adsorbent showed good adsorptive tendencies toward the ions studied, and could be applied on an industrial scale for the remediation of metal contaminated water.

Green synthesis of polyethylene glycol coated, ciprofloxacin loaded CuO nanoparticles and its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus

Antibacterial resistance requires an advanced strategy to increase the efficacy of current therapeutics in addition to the synthesis of new generations of antibiotics. In this study, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) were green synthesized using Moringa oleifera root extract. CuO-NPs fabricated into a form of aspartic acid-ciprofloxacin-polyethylene glycol coated copper oxide-nanotherapeutics (CIP-PEG-CuO) to improve the antibacterial activity of NPs and the efficacy of the drug with controlled cytotoxicity. These NPs were charachterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-rays diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Antibacterial screening and bacterial chemotaxis investigations demonstrated that CIP-PEG-CuO NPs show enhanced antibacterial potential against Gram-positive and Gram-negative clinically isolated pathogenic bacterial strains as compared to CuO-NPs. In ex-vivo cytotoxicity CIP-PEG-CuO-nano-formulates revealed 88% viability of Baby Hamster Kidney 21 cell lines and 90% RBCs remained intact with nano-formulations during hemolysis assay. An in-vivo studies on animal models show that Staphylococcus aureus were eradicated by this newly developed formulate from the infected skin and showed wound-healing properties. By using specially designed nanoparticles that are engineered to precisely transport antimicrobial agents, these efficient nano-drug delivery systems can target localized infections, ensure targeted delivery, enhance efficacy through increased drug penetration through physical barriers, and reduce systemic side effects for more effective treatment.

In silico and pharmacokinetic studies of glucomoringin from Moringa oleifera root for Alzheimer's disease like pathology.

Aim: The aim of this research is to investigate the potential of glucomoringin, derived from Moringa oleifera, as a therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease through in silico analysis. Materials & methods: This study employs in silico or computational methodologies, including pkCSM, Swiss ADME, OSIRIS® property explorer, PASS online web resource and MOLINSPIRATION® software, to predict the pharmacokinetic characteristics and biological activity of glucomoringin. Results & conclusion: Molecular docking indicates strong binding to I-1β and the pharmacokinetic profile shows cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibition, prompting further research for dosing strategies. Toxicological predictions affirm safety, while bioactivity assessments demonstrate versatility in modulating essential pathways. glucomoringin's potential for Alzheimer's treatment, emphasizing the need for additional empirical research.

Protective effect of ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera root in gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in mice

Protective effect of ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera root in gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in mice

Antibacterial Activity of Moringa oleifera Plant Extracts in Comparison with Ciprofloxacin Antibiotic Against Staphylococcus aureus

The current drug resistance in human pathogens is a result of the abuse of antibacterial drugs commonly used to treat diseases. Early human civilizations used Moringa oleifera extracts to treat illnesses and infections caused by food-borne bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. In order to calculate the antibacterial effect of Moringa oleifera against Staphylococcus aureus, methanolic extracts from its three parts were prepared. A photochemical analysis of the methanolic leaves, seeds, and roots extracts was performed when the extracts were ready for testing. We used well-diffusion methods to add the three extracts, and the ciprofloxacin antibiotic was used as the standard. From the stock solution, serial dilutions were made in order to calculate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). In the phytochemical screening test, steroids, terpenoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins, and flavonoids were most abundant in leaves extract, followed by seeds then roots extracts. Moringa oleifera seeds have the highest inhibition zone, which is about 10mm, followed by Moringa oleifera roots at 9mm, and Moringa oleifera leaves at 7mm. In comparison to the other two extracts, the MIC of methanolic extract from Moringa oleifera leaves was 250 mm, the highest concentration, with a MIC of 125 mm for roots and 62.50 mm for seeds. Methanolic extracts of Moringa seeds demonstrated antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus in the present study. For further studies, it is suggested a deeper investigation to study the antibacterial agent dosages of these plant parts, which may be used by the pharmaceutical industry.

Moringa oleifera (Lam) Root Extracts Elevate Catecholamine Levels in Experimental Rats: Potential Role of Ethnopharmacology in Combating Depressive Conditions

Moringa oleifera (Lam) Root Extracts Elevate Catecholamine Levels in Experimental Rats: Potential Role of Ethnopharmacology in Combating Depressive Conditions

The structural characterization of polysaccharides from three cultivars of Moringa oleifera Lam. root and their effects on human intestinal microflora

Moringa oleifera Lam. is an edible plant. In this experiment, three kinds of small molecular weight Polysaccharides (MRP-D, MRP-P, MRP-H) were extracted from Dai-Jia ecology, Pkm-3 and Hong-he 1 Moringa oleifera root that were cultivated in three regions of Yunnan Province. The Moringa oleifera root Polysaccharides (MRPs) were identified to contain β-(1 → 3)-Glucose structure, without triple-helical conformation. In vitro fermentation experiment showed the MRPs increased the content of short-chain fatty acids (3–5-fold) and the abundance of beneficial microflora such as Bacteroidetes and decreased the abundance of harmful microflora such as Proteobacteria at the same time. The composition and effects on the human intestinal microflora of MRPs were different, indicating that the planting regions would affect the composition and function of the bioactives. These results provide an experimental basis for the industrial layout of Moringa oleifera and the application of MRPs in food processing.

Warmed-over flavour profiles, microbial changes, shelf-life and check-all-that-apply sensory analysis of cooked minced pork treated with varying levels of Moringa oleifera leaf and root powder

This study investigated warmed-over flavour profiles, microbial changes, shelf-life and sensory characteristics of minced cooked pork treated with Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) root and leaf powder during refrigerated storage at 4 °C. A total of 8 treatments (control = no antioxidant; 0.5ML = 0.5% M. oleifera leaf; 1ML = 1% M. oleifera leaf; 0.5MR = 0.5 % M. oleifera root; 1MR = 1% M. oleifera root; 0.5MLR = 0.5% M. oleifera leaf and root mixed; 1MLR = 1% M. oleifera leaf and root mixed; BHT = 0.02% butylated hydroxytoluene) were evaluated. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the plant extracts against the test bacteria was determined using the serial dilution in 96 well microtiter plates technique. Warmed-over flavour profiles were determined using the test for carbonyls assay where hexanal was used as a marker for warmed-over flavour. The check-all-that-apply sensory tool was used to characterise minced cooked pork treated with different antioxidants according to warmed-over flavour taste and odour intensities. The results showed that the antibacterial assay of the extracts exhibited a broad-spectrum of activity against the tested bacteria. The leaf extracts demonstrated better activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, with most of the MICs at less than 1 mg/mL, while the root performed better against gram-negative bacteria compared to gram-positive bacteria. There was a significant rapid increase in the warmed-over flavour profiles of the control compared to the M. oleifera and BHT treated pork. The pork samples which had M. oleifera leaf, root, and their combination at inclusion levels of 1% and 0.5% displayed lower warmed-over flavour profiles that fell in the range (1.0–1.46 mg hexanal/100g fat) throughout the storage period. Consumer sensory evaluation revealed that pork samples treated with the highest inclusion level (1%) of the M. oleifera leaf powder received the lowest consumer rating scores for appearance. Based on these results, adding M. oleifera leaf and root powder can decrease warmed-over flavour development and improve the shelf-life of processed pork. Furthermore, the incorporation of M. oleifera root powder can potentially be more acceptable to consumers because of its colour compared to the leaf, which gives the product a green colour that may not be pleasant for some consumers. This suggests that the inclusion of the root powder at 1% may be well accepted for consumption by consumers.

Production of herbal toothpaste using <em>Moringa </em>root essential oil extract

In this study, antimicrobial toothpaste (dentifrice), which can compete with existing toothpaste, was produced using Moringa oleifera root essential oil extract. The oil extract 2 ml per 100 g obtained, gave peppermint flavor and was volatile. The phytochemical screening revealed a high concentration of flavonoid, a bioactive agent with antimicrobial activity in nature. 0.5 ml of the concentrate essential oil extract was used to produce 120 gm of a novel dentifrice. The antimicrobial activities of the novel herbal toothpaste were assessed against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans which are microorganisms involved in tooth plaque, using Oral-B (pro-health), commercial toothpaste as a positive control. The antimicrobial potential of the novel toothpaste was evaluated by the muller Hinton agar well diffusion method against the selected bacteria. The novel toothpaste showed higher inhibitory activity against Streptococcus mutans (31 mm), Lactobacillus (33 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (16 mm), and Candida albicans (16 mm) while, the Oral-B positive control toothpaste showed inhibition against the bacteria; Streptococcus mutans (22 mm), Lactobacillus (28 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (12 mm) and Candida albicans (15 mm) respectively. From the result, it was shown that the Moringa root herbal toothpaste has high antimicrobial potential than Oral-B herbal toothpaste against tooth plaque. It can be recommended that further studies on sensory analysis of food and dentifrice products containing Moringa root essential oil be carried out to evaluate its acceptability and shelf life.

Effects of Moringa oliefera Lam. Aqueous Root Extract on the Histology of Pancreas in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

This study was to determine the effects of aqueous root extract of Moringa oleifera on antioxidant activities and on the histology of pancreas in Alloxan-induced-diabetic rats. Twenty Albino Wistar rats of both sexes weighing between100 and 194g were used for the study. The animals were divided in to four groups (Groups I, II, II and IV) of five rats each. Group I was the control group and were administered distilled water per body weight. Group II was induced with diabetes by injecting the rats with 150mg/kg Alloxan single dose and not treated. group III was induced with diabetes and treated with 50mg/kg Moringa for 28 days and group IV were not induced with diabetes but were treated with the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera root for a period of twenty-eight days at 50mg/kg orally. The antioxidant activity of Moringa oliefera aqueous root extract was studied by assaying serum marker substances of Catalase, Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) to determine the extent of antioxidant activity of the extract on the pancreas. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed and the Pancreas processed for routing light microscopic analyses. The results of this study showed that antioxidant activities of Malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased significantly in diabetic not treated and diabetic treated Moringa groups and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), activity increased significantly in diabetic non-treated group and non-diabetic treated group (p<0.05). Glutathione Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase changes were not significant. The results of this study also showed that photomicrograph of pancreas of diabetic non treated rats showed highly lobulated pancreatic tissue, glands exhibits loose collagenous capsule which can be seen extending as delicate septae, chronic inflammation and degeneration of islets of Langerhans. Diabetic treated group also showed septea between the lobule similar to the control group and glandular acini undergoing regeneration. Non-diabetic but treated group showed diffused micro and macro acini and normal islets of Langerhans similar to control.

The green synthesis of carbon quantum dots and applications for sulcotrione detection and anti-pathogen activities

In this study, we synthesized simple, cheap, and stable nitrogen (N)-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) from Moringa oleifera roots. The N-CQDs exhibited an intense blue fluorescence and a quantum yield (QY) of up to 43.4%. When excited at 350 nm, the highest generated wavelength was observed at 445 nm. These N-CQDs were then successfully used to detect sulcotrione (limit of detection = 2 μg/mL); the method was reliable and exhibited good feasibility for measurements in real samples. When the N-CQDs concentration was 11.0 μL/mL, inhibitory rates against the pathogens, Corynespora cassiicola and Phytophtora nicotianae were 82.8% and 75.3%, respectively. To investigate N-CQDs safety for plant growth, different concentrations were investigated using sorghum seedlings, with N-CQDs exhibiting very low toxicity toward plant growth. Thus, these findings provide a basis for the development of N-CQDs as green pesticides.

Moringa oleifera ROOT-MEDIATED SYNTHESIS OF NANO SILVER PARTICLES AND THE ANTIBACTERIAL APPLICATIONS

In this work, Moringa oleifera root extract was used as the reducing agent in the reaction with AgNO3 leading to the formation of Ag NPs. The formation of the silver nanoparticles was indicated by a visual color changed. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer, Fourier Transformation Infrared (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Spectroscopic Techniques. Agar Well method was used in the antibacterial bioassay against two gram positive and two-gram negative bacteria. Optical measurements using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer reveal the maximum absorption wavelength at 400 nm. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer confirmed the stabilization and capping process by the appearance of some peaks formally absent in the root extract spectra. EDX confirmed the presence of elemental silver. Investigations using SEM and XRD revealed that the NPs have crystalline shapes. The antibacterial bioassay showed significant inhibition values with better activity against gram negative bacteria compared to gram positive bacteria. The activity of the Ag NPs against these targeted organisms especially Salmonella typhi suggests that the research if further studied can be a basis for developing powerful antibacterial agents.

Inhibitory role of a smart nano-trifattyglyceride of Moringa oleifera root in epithelial ovarian cancer, through attenuation of FSHR - c-Myc axis

Background and aimEpithelial ovarian cancer has the deadliest prognosis amongst gynaecological cancers, warranting an unmet need for newer drug targets. Based on its anticancer as well as abortifacient potential, Moringa oleifera Lam. root was hypothesized to have some implications in follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) dependent cancers like epithelial ovarian cancer. Experimental procedureEffect of Moringa oleifera Lam. root extract (MRE) was studied in epithelial ovarian cancer cell line through in vitro studies viz. MTT assay, clonogenic assay, cell cycle analysis, flow cytometry, western blot analysis, immunocytochemical analysis of FSHRand c-Myc expression and in vivo studies viz. effect of MRE in mice model of ovarian carcinoma. The structure of the active compound of MRE was elucidated following solvent extraction, purification through column chromatography, preparative TLC and bioactivity guided structural identification through 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, DEPT-135, ESIMS,FT-IR spectrophotometry, UV–vis–NIR spectrophotometry and DFT study. Results and conclusionCrude MRE displayed cytotoxic activity, induced apoptosis, and attenuated expression of FSHR and c-Myc in ovarian cancer cell line OAW42. MRE also attenuated expression of CD31, FSHR, and c-Myc in tumour xenograft mouse model. Finally, the active compound purified from ethyl acetate-n-hexane subfraction ofMRE, that attenuated viability of ovarian carcinoma cell lines and reduced FSHR and c-Myc expression, was identified as a naturally hydrated-trifattyglyceride, showing aDFT-optimized folded amphipathic structure for easy transportation through hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions in a biological system, indicating its immense therapeutic relevance in epithelial ovarian carcinoma.

A novel plant based intra canal medicament: ease of removal and effect on radicular dentine microhardness

BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the remaining amount of intra canal medicament in the root canals and their effect on microhardness of radicular dentine. In this study, ninety straight single-rooted teeth were used. Teeth were decoronated at the cemento-enamel junction to ensure a uniform root length of 14 mm (± 1 mm). Root canals were prepared using ProTaper rotary files till size F5. The teeth were then randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups (n = 30); Group 1: Ca(OH)2 pastes (Metapex), Group 2: Moringa oleifera leaf powder mixed with Moringa oleifera extract liquid and Group 3: Moringa oleifera root powder mixed with Moringa oleifera extract liquid. The access openings of all teeth were sealed with Cavit and all teeth were kept in the incubator at 37 °C and 100% humidity for 1 week. After 1 week, the intra canal medicament paste was removed from all teeth. For examination of the ease of removal of the intracanal medicaments, root canals were sectioned longitudinally into buccal and lingual halves and were examined under stereomicroscope at 25× magnification. The remaining amount of intracanal medicaments was calculated using image analysis software (Image j). For microhardness evaluation, forty-five specimens were longitudinally sectioned in a bucco-lingual direction then the roots were split. The root segments were then horizontally embedded in autopolymerizing acrylic resin leaving their dentin surface exposed. The dentin surface of the mounted specimens was ground flat and smooth and polished to obtain a smooth surface. Microhardness measurement was recorded for each sample at baseline before and after application of the three intracanal medications using Vickers Microhardness Tester at magnification of 100× using a 25 g load for 10 s.ResultsRegarding the evaluation of the ease of removal of the intracanal medicaments after irrigation: apically, the Ca(OH)2 recorded the highest mean value of the residual remnants with a statistically significant difference with both Moringa oleifera leaf and root. The microhardness evaluation results showed that all groups showed increase in the microhardness after application of the intracanal medicament for 1 week with no statistically significant difference between them.ConclusionsMoringa oleifera could be removed easily from the root canals and showed increase in the microhardness of root canal dentin similar to the commonly used calcium hydroxide.

Variation in Anti-Glycation and Cross-Link Breaking Effects of Crude Extracts of Moringa oleifera Leaf, Seed and Root

Study and comparing the anti-glycation and cross-link breaking effects of Moringa oleifera leaf, seed and root extracts with aminoguanidine, a known inhibitor of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Their phytochemical composition and extraction yields were also assessed. All seed and root extracts demonstrated significantly higher anti-glycation effect than aminoguanidine against total immunogenic AGEs (p < 0.05). Both seed and root polar (methanol and water) extracts exhibited significantly higher anti-glycation effect against N′-(carboxymethyl)lysine than aminoguanidine (p < 0.05). Polar extracts of all M. oleifera tested parts demonstrated higher anti-glycation activity against fluorescent AGEs than aminoguanidine (p < 0.05). With exception to the aqueous root extracts, all leaf, seed and root extracts of M. oleifera demonstrated an ability to break AGE-protein cross-links. The highest cross-link breaking effect was exhibited by ethyl acetate extract of leaves.The methanol extract of seeds of M. oleifera showed the presence of all tested secondary metabolites.

Vernoa Hildebranditii, Acacia stuhlmannii and Moringa Oleifera Leaf and Root-bark Extracts Exhibit Antimicrobial Effects on Selected Diarrheagenic Microorganisms

Infectious diseases are the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is increasing concern of indiscriminate use of antibiotics and incidences of multiple antibiotic resistances in human pathogens. The potential of higher plants as source of new drug leads has been demonstrated but is still under explored. In Africa and most developing countries, traditional medicine still forms the backbone of rural medicinal practice. Although a number of American and Asian countries medicinal herbs have been evaluated scientifically and their medicinal properties demonstrated. In Africa, attempts to evaluate medicinal plants in relation to their biological activities and medicinal usefulness are limited. The emergence of antibiotic resistance has led to increased use of herbal medicine as an alternative to combat various ailments. This study aimed at determining the antimicrobial activity of Vernoa hildebrandtii, Acacia stuhlmannii and Moringa oleifera leafy and root bark extracts using disc diffusion technique. Crude extracts were obtained from dried powder by single solvent maceration with ethanol and water. Bioassays were used to evaluate the bioactivity of the extracts against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureas. Antimicrobial activity was determined by measuring the zones of growth inhibition in mm. Moringa aleifera root water extract was the most potent fraction with bioactivity arrange of between 6-32 mm followed by Acacia stuhlmannii root bark water extracts with bioactivity range between 12-31 mm and Moringa oleifera root bark with bioactivity range of between 6-29 mm. Vernoa hildebrandtii leave alcohol and Acacia stuhlmannii Taub root bark- alcohol extract had bioactivity range of between 9-28 and 5-28, respectively. However, Acacia stuhlmannii leaf extracts did not show any antimicrobial activities. The antimicrobial effects of the plant extracts were dose dependent. These findings validate what have been known about Moringa oleifera. They also demonstrate potential biochemical agents in Vernoa hildebrandtii and Acacia stuhlmannii extracts in the management of diarrheagenic microorganisms

Green biosynthesis of ZnO nanomaterials and their anti-bacterial activity by using Moringa Oleifera root aqueous extract

Fabrication of anti-bacterial nanomaterials made considerable progress in the catalytic method of green synthesis. In the current research work, a simple and environmentally convenient method was used for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanomaterials (ZnO-NMs) using the root extract of the Moringa oleifera. The fabricated MOR-ZnONMs were analysed by various analytical techniques such as UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and photoluminescence spectroscopy. XRD analysis revealed that the synthesized MOR-ZnONMs have the hexagonal wurtzite structure. FT-IR confirmed the presence of various functional groups were responsible for the reduction of the metal ion into MOR-ZnONMs. The particles size, morphology and topography of the synthesized MOR-ZnONMs were determined by Dynamic Light Scattering and Transmission Electron Microscopy with significant measures. The intense and narrow widths of the zinc and oxygen present in the MOR-ZnONMs have been identified by utilizing EDX of high purity and crystalline nature. The prepared MOR-ZnONMs were tested for anti-bacterial activities and revealed that the maximum zones of inhibition were observed against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria.

Purification and enzymatic properties of a textile dye-decolourizing peroxidase from Moringa oleifera roots

Purification and enzymatic properties of a textile dye-decolourizing peroxidase from Moringa oleifera roots

Suppository Effect of Aqueous Root Extract of Moringa oleifera on Alcohol Induce Liver Toxicity in Wistar Rats

Introduction: Moringa oleifera root is the most underutilized part of the plant and it is rich in many phytochemicals.
 Aim of the Study: This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Standardized and characterized aqueous root extract of Moringa oleifera following the administration of alcohol-induced liver damage in albino wistar rats.
 Materials and Methods: Thirty (30) experimental rats weighing 100-120 g were randomly divided into 6 groups of 5 rats each. Group 1, the normal control group was given just rat feed and water, group 2, negative control was administered alcohol only (1.5 ml/kg body weight), rats in group 3, 4 and 5 received combined administration of alcohol 1.5 ml/kg body weight and 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg body weight of characterized aqueous root extract of Moringa oleifera respectively, group 6 rats were administered 250mg/body weight of extract only. At the end of fourteen days (14) the experimental rats were then sacrificed and the serum liver enzymes were then assayed.
 Results: The results obtained from the laboratory was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc test was done afterwards. Rats fed alcohol only produced significant increase in the levels of enzyme markers of tissue damage (AST, ALT and ALP) compared to normal control rats. Rats in group 3, 4 and 5 that were post treated with 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg body weight of extract and they had significant decrease (P<0.05) in the levels of these enzyme markers in a dose-dependent manner compared to the negative control. The extract control group had no significant increase (P<0.05) in the levels of the enzyme markers when compared to the normal control; however, there was a significant increase in the serum activity of ALP of the extract control group when compared with the normal control.
 Conclusion: The present study exhibited a potent hepatoprotective effect against liver injury caused by alcohol administration. This suppository effect could be related to the antioxidant’s properties of Moringa oleifera that is rich in flavonoids and phenolic constituents of the extracts may contribute to their enzyme action.

Characterization of Moringa oleifera roots polysaccharide MRP-1 with anti-inflammatory effect.

Moringa oleifera is a mutli-purpose herbal plant which has attained enormous attention as a natural source of nutrients and folk medicine. This work aimed to get a novel polysaccharide, termed MRP-1, which was isolated from Moringa oleifera roots with hot water extraction method followed by ethanol precipitation and purified with DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column. Monosaccharide composition analysis based on GC-MS showed that MRP-1 mainly consisted of Rha, Ara, Fru, Xyl, Man and Gal in the molar ratio of 1.5:2.0:3.1:6.0:5.3:1.1. The Roman spectra, FT-IR and NMR analysis showed that the typical features of carbohydrates, such as α-Araf, α-Gly, β-Galp, α-GalpA and β-Gly was contained by MRP-1. The LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of MRP-1. The result demonstrated that the increasing of NO and TNF-α production induced by LPS could be prevented by different concentrations of MRP-1 treatment. Moreover, the mRNA expression level of iNOS induced by LPS was decreased significantly (p < 0.05) by MRP-1 treatment while show no obvious effect on the COX-2 mRNA expression. This study may provide new possible application of Moringa oleifera root polysaccharide related to anti-inflammation.