Moringa Leaf Meal Research Articles

Optimization of Commercial Feed with Moringa Leaf Powder (Moringa oleifera) for the Growth of Nilem Fish Fingerlings (Osteochilus hasselti)

This study aims to test the impact of these additions on the growth of nilem fish Fingerlings. The research design was a completely randomized design (CRD) with six treatments and three replicates by adding moringa leaf meal (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) to commercial feed. The characteristics observed in this study included feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate, survival rate (SR), absolute length and weight growth, and water quality. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the data, and Duncan's test was performed subsequently. The results showed that although there was no significant effect (P>0.05) on tilapia fry or survival rate (SR), the addition of moringa leaf meal to commercial feed had a significant effect (P<0.05) on tilapia larval growth in terms of absolute length and weight growth, specific growth rate, and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). The ideal composition for nilem Fingerlings development was 6%; the absolute values for length and weight growth were 1.13 cm and 0.33 g, the specific growth rate was 1.27%/day, the FCR was 1.41, and the survival rate of nilem fry was 93.33%.

Moringa leaf meal exerts growth benefits in small ruminants through modulating the gastrointestinal microbiome

This study investigated the impact of feeding 17% moringa leaf meal (MLM) on the ruminal and fecal microbial composition and body weight gain (BWG) performance of lambs (Ovis aries) and kids (Capra hircus). A total of n = 28 lambs (n = 14, no-moringa, n = 14, 17% moringa) and 24 kids (n = 12, no-moringa, n = 12, 17% moringa) were involved in the experiment and body weight was recorded fortnightly. Metagenomic shotgun sequencing was performed on 28, 22, and 26 ruminal solid, liquid fraction, and fecal samples from lambs, and 23, 22, and 23 samples from kids. Moringa supplementation significantly increased BWG in lambs (21.09 ± 0.78 to 26.12 ± 0.81 kg) and kids (14.60 ± 1.29 to 18.28 ± 1.09 kg) (p-value ≤ 0.01). Microbiome analysis revealed an elevated Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio in the moringa diet group. Moringa-fed animals exhibited increased microbial genera associated with volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production (Prevotella, Anaerovibrio, Lachnospiraceae, Butyrivibrio, Christensenella) and starch and fiber digesters (Proteobacteria, Ruminococcus). The increase in the bacterial genus Sharpea suggested possible methane reduction and decreased proportion of pathogens, Aliarcobacter_ID28198, Campylobacter_ID194 and Campylobacter_ID1660076 suggest health benefits. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis demonstrated significant alterations in microbial gene pool and metabolic pathways related to carbohydrate, protein, lipid and energy metabolism, indicating potential improvements in animal health. Overall, moringa feeding showed higher energy recovery, improved growth, and potential benefits in methane reduction and reduced pathogenic bacteria.

Rearing of Hypselobarbus pulchellus on Moringa Leaf Meal Incorporated Diets: Effect on Growth, Carcass Composition, and Digestion

Rearing of Hypselobarbus pulchellus on Moringa Leaf Meal Incorporated Diets: Effect on Growth, Carcass Composition, and Digestion

Types of Tropical Legume Leaf Meal in Dietary Concentrate Increased the Production of Forage-finished Beef Bali Cattle

The objective of this experiment was to assess the production responses of forage-finished beef Bali cattle fed concentrated feed containing different types of leaf meal tropical legumes. Sixteen forage-finished male beef Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) with an average body weight of 175.20±27.85 kg and aged 1.5-2.5 years were raised for 54 days for data collection. A randomized completely block design was used, which consisted of four dietary treatments and four replicates. The dietary treatments, which were formulated to be isonitrogenous to provide 120 g/kg dry matter (DM) crude protein, included Cipelang grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Taiwan) as a basal diet (Con) or a control supplemented with a dietary concentrate containing either leaf meal of Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) 54.57% (Gliri), Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) 55.59% (Leu) or Moringa (Moringa oleifera) 40.85% (Mor). The feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), digestibility and blood parameters were measured. The results showed that legume leaf meal supplementation significantly increased (P<0.05) feed intake, ADG, digestibility, haemoglobin and total leucocytes, while FCR was not affected (P>0.05). The highest ADG was recorded for Leu and Mor cattle, which was in line with the highest feed intake. In conclusion, forage-finished beef Bali cattle fed Cipelang grass as a basal diet grew faster when supplemented with dietary concentrate containing Moringa or Leucaena leaf meal.

Farinha de folhas de moringa em dietas de frangos de crescimento lento sobre metabolizabilidade, rendimento, carcaça, biometria de órgãos e colorimetria da carne

ABSTRACT Two investigations were developed. The first experiment was to determine the metabolizability of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf meal. 120 slow-growing, 21-day-old chickens were used. The experimental period was seven days, four for adaptation to diets and three for collection of excreta. The Moringa leaf presented values for apparent metabolizability coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, crude energy and neutral detergent fiber, as well as apparent metabolizable energy and corrected metabolizable energy for a nitrogen balance, of 49.77%, 44.48%, 46.26% and 53.02%, and 2,334 kcal/kg, 2,159 kcal/kg respectively. The second experiment was to evaluate the inclusion of Moringa leaf meal in the diets of two hundred and forty slow-growing chickens from one to 80 days of age on performance, carcass characteristics, biometrics of digestive organs and meat color. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments (0.75%; 1.50%; 2.25% and 3.00% inclusion of the Moringa leaf), six repetitions and ten chickens per experimental unit; the inclusion levels of the Moringa leaf did not influence (p> 0.05) feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion, final weight at 30, 60 and 80 days, carcass, noble cut yields and meat color. The inclusion of Moringa leaf meal can be used up to the 3% level in slow-growing chicken diets, without affecting the productive performance of these animals.

Influence of Moringa Leaf Meal As a Feed Additive on Antibody and Bursa Histomorphometry of Hybrid Ducklings

Moringa leaf meal contains various phytonutrients that benefit animal and human health. This research is designed to evaluate Moringa leaf meal as a feed additive on antibody response and histomorphometry of the bursa Fabricius of hybrid duck administrated by ND vaccine. The experimental design used is a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) using thirty-two male hybrid ducks of three days old. They were divided into four treatment groups and eight replicates of each. The first group was standard commercial fed without adding of Moringa leaf meal (0%), while the second until the fourth group was a standard commercial fed with 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% adding of Moringa leaf meal. All groups were vaccinated by ND1 and ND2, respectively, at the age of seventh and fourteenth days. The results showed that Moringa leaf meal as a feed additive had no significant effect on antibody titer, leukocyte count, lymphocytes (L), heterophils (H), H:L ratio, bursa weight, cortex, and medulla thickness of bursa. The concentration of serum MDA, the diameter of plica, and follicles bursa were significantly influenced (P0.05) by adding Moringa leaf meal. In conclusion, the Moringa leaf meal additive could stimulate the proliferation of bursa follicles and have no adverse effect on the immune response of hybrid ducks post-ND vaccine.

Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation improves nutrient digestibility, milk yield, and reproductive performances in dairy cows during early lactation.

The study aimed to evaluate the effects of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) supplementation on nutrient utilization, milk yield, and reproductive performance of early lactating Sahiwal cows. Control cows (GC) received a basal diet, while the treatment cows (GM) were supplemented with concentrate comprising 12% MOLM. Ovarian activity and uterine involution were monitored by trans-rectal ultrasonography on the 21st, 28th, 35th, and 42nd days postpartum. The result indicated that MOLM-supplemented cows required fewer days (P ≤ 0.05) to complete uterine involution. As lactation progresses, there was a significant reduction (P ≤ 0.05) in the diameter of the cervix and uterine horns in GM than GC. There was a significant increase in the number of follicles on the 21st day and average milk yield in GM than GC. The incidence of endometritis and cystic ovarian disease was less in MOLM supplemented group. The use of MOLM in the diet reduced the total cost per cow per successful service. It is concluded that MOLM can be safely included at 12% in the diet of early lactating cows to modulate the reproductive performances of dairy cows. Dairy farmers can use moringa leaf meal to feed their dairy cows, which is cheaper and improves production and reproduction performance.

Optimization of instant corn cream soup formulation containing chicken bone and moringa leaf using linear programming

Chicken bone and moringa leaf can be used as raw materials in food products because of their high protein, calcium, and phosphorus content. This study aimed to identify the optimal formulation for producing instant corn cream soup with added chicken bones and moringa leaf meal, having a high protein, calcium, and phosphorus content with minimal raw material costs. The formulation was developed using a randomized group design with a combination of chicken bone (0%, 1.4%, 2.8%) and moringa leaf (0%, 1.1%, 2.2%). Then, the formulation was analyzed using linear programming with constraints based on SNI 01-4967-1999 regarding instant cream soup and PerBPOM No. 1 of 2022 regarding the supervision of claims on labels and advertisements of processed food. The three best formulas were subjected to a sensory test. The results showed that three of the nine formulas had the highest protein, calcium, and phosphorus content with the lowest raw material cost, i.e., Formula 5 (2.8% chicken bone, without moringa leaf), Formula 7 (2.8% chicken bone and 1.1% moringa leaf), and Formula 9 (2.8% chicken bone and 2.2% moringa leaf). These formulations also met the requirement for high calcium and high phosphorus in accordance with PerBPOM No. 1 of 2022. However, the samples did not reach the minimum requirement to be considered high protein. The sensory test results showed that Formula 7 was the closest to the ideal product and was also preferred by respondents.

Growth performance and hematological responses of silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus bleeker, 1850) fingerlings to dietary blanched moringa (Moringa oleifera lam.) leaf meal as a substitute of soybean meal

The fastest-growing aquaculture industry relies heavily on animal protein, fishmeal and plant protein to maintain production levels. Therefore, present study was conducted to perceive the effectiveness of blanched moringa (Moringa oliefera) leaf meal (MLM) as a replacement of soybean meal in silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus) fingerling diet. Four experimental feeds were prepared replacing soybean meal with MLM at 0, 10, 30, and 50%. Fish were reared for 60 days in 12 hapas installed in three similar size and shaped ponds comprising four treatments each having 3 replications. Fish were fed with the experimental diet at 5% body weight twice daily. Fish growth parameters and length-weight relationship were assessed. To determine their resistance to stressful conditions, the fish were submerged in low pH-5 solution at the conclusion of the experiment. According to the results of the fish growth metrics, the majority of the parameters were comparable and statistically insignificant between the treatments. However, when compared to the control, T1 and T2 treatments, the T3 treatment demonstrated increased survival, PER, and fish production. In addition, other parameters such as percent weight gain, SGR, FCR and FCE were higher in control but statistically similar with T3. Besides, the length-weight relationship of silver barb fingerlings fed with all the test diets showed a positive association and isometric growth pattern. With the incremental addition of MLM to the fish diet, the hematological parameters—red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) gradually increased. The fish fed the T3 diet had the highest recorded stress tolerance (6.50 ± 0.50 min), whereas the fish on the control diet had the lowest (T0, 4.77 ± 0.68 min). According to the study, MLM has the potential to replace soybean meal in the diet of silver barb fingerlings to the tune of 50:50 without having an adverse impact on growth. It can enhance fish hematological performance and tolerance for unfavorable environmental conditions as well.

Evaluation of Moringa oleifera and corn starch as feed for seed production of the pearl oyster Pteria sterna (Gould,1851)

In the search for complementary diets to improve performance in bivalve farming, the use of terrestrial plants with nutritional and nutraceutical properties has been proposed as an alternative. The effectiveness of moringa leaf meal Moringa oleifera (Mo) was evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions (30 days), as a dietary supplement during the pre-growth stage of Pteria sterna seeds (7.2 ± 0.59 mm), as well as its combinations with microalgae and corn starch (Co), on growth and survival in the laboratory and its subsequent initial suspended culture in the sea. Diets were formulated with a mixture of the microalgae Tetraselmis suecica and Chaetoceros gracilis (M), diet M; M and 5% Mo (M + Mo); diet M and 5% corn starch (M + Co); 100% moringa leaf meal (Mo); 100% corn starch (Co), and diet M with 2.5% Mo and 2,5% Co (M + Mo + Co). The Mo diet did not provide pre-seed sustainability, resulting in 100% mortality at 30 days. From the rest of the diets, M obtained the lowest oyster survival, while M + Mo and M + Mo + Co showed the highest growth rates. At the end of the laboratory bioassay, the seeds were sown in a culture system in the open sea (50 days), where the highest growth occurred in the juveniles previously fed with M + Mo + Co. The results suggest that, in the nursery, P. sterna pre-seeds can be maintained with a diet of 100% corn starch, but not with 100% moringa flour, probably due to its poor digestibility. However, moringa used as an additive to the microalgae diet provided a higher yield in the oyster, which is reflected in a higher yield in the initial culture outdoors.

The Use of Moringa Leaf Meal [Moringa Oleifera, Lam] and “Katuk” Leaf Meal [Saurapus Androgynus] to Reduce The Volume of Fish Meal in Broiler Feed Formula

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of giving Moringa leaf flour and “katuk” leafs and their combination on the performance of broiler chickens. The study used 96 DOC broiler chickens and Completely Randomized Design [CRD] with 4 treatments and 6 replications; each unit consists of 4 chickens. The treatments consisted of: R0: Basal ration [control], R1: Basal ration + 10% Moringa leaf meal, R2: Basal ration + 10% katuk leaf meal and R3: Basal ration + a combination of 5% Moringa and katuk leaf meal. The variables measured included feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the treatment had a very significant effect [P<0.01] on all measured variables. It was concluded that the administration of 10% Moringa leaf meal, 10% katuk leaf meal and a combination of 5% of these two herbal meal decreased the performance of broiler chickens and tend to increase income offer feed cost [IOFC].

Partial replacement of maize with cassava root–moringa leaf and vegetable oil concentrates in broiler finisher diets

Context Roots and leaves have potential as feed ingredients for poultry, but antinutritional factors (ANFs), high fibre and low energy may limit their efficient utilisation. There is need to improve processing methods and diet formulation for maximum utilisation of these readily available resources and reduce feed cost. Aim To investigate the replacement of maize with cassava root, moringa leaf meal and vegetable oil blend in finisher broiler diets. Methods In total, 160 male broiler chickens aged 30 days were weighed and allotted randomly to 20 deep litter pens containing eight birds of similar individual weight (1500 g ± 16.11). Four broiler finisher iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous diets were formulated for the experiment. Diet 1 was based on maize and in Diets 2, 3 and 4, 15%, 30% and 45% of maize was replaced respectively, by a concentrate of cassava root meal, moringa leaf meal and vegetable oil combination (CMOC). Each diet was given to five pens in a completely randomised design for a period of 12 days. Key results There were no significant differences in the growth parameters of birds among treatments. Except for drumsticks of birds on the 30% CMOC diet, there were no significant effects of diet on carcass components or digestive organ weights (P > 0.05). Gizzard pH was higher in the control birds than in the test groups. Feed cost per kilogram of carcass weight was significantly (P < 0.05) lower with the dietary inclusion of CMOC. Conclusion Replacing up to 30% of the maize with CMOC is beneficial and replacement up to 45% is not detrimental. However, the economic benefits of maize replacement with CMOC need to be re-evaluated with ingredient costings less affected by the present COVID-19 pandemic. Implications Maximum utilisation of cassava root and moringa leaf meal in the diet will reduce cost and improve income of small- to medium-holder broiler producers.

Effect of dietary incorporation of Moringa leaf meal at varying levels on growth performance, digestibility and nutrient utilization in Japanese quails

Effect of dietary incorporation of Moringa leaf meal at varying levels on growth performance, digestibility and nutrient utilization in Japanese quails

Effects of Moringa Leaf Flour on Mojosari Ducks Offal At Various Supplementation Levels

This study aimed to examine the effect of supplementing moringa leaf meal on offal Mojosari ducks. This study used 60 female Mojosari ducks aged 3 weeks and used three different types of feed as treatments and one different type of feed as controls, with three replications for each treatment. The treatment with feed supplementation was P0 = 0% moringa leaf meal, P1 = 5% moringa leaf meal, P2 = 10% moringa leaf powder, and P3 = 15% moringa leaf meal. The parameters observed were offal, consisting of liver, heart, head, legs, feathers, and blood. The data obtained in this study were processed using analysis of variance and continued with the Duncan test. The results showed that the addition of moringa leaf powder had no effect (non-significant) (P > 0.05) on the offal of Mojosari ducks, namely the weight of the liver, heart, and feathers, while the weight of the head, legs, and blood showed a significant effect (P<0.05). Therefore, this study concluded that the addition of moringa leaf meal generally had an impact on the weight of the offal component of Mojosari ducks at the 15% level.

Efecto del uso de Moringa oleifera en la alimentación de pollos de engorde sobre el rendimiento de la canal y vísceras

This research was carried out in the bird´s experimental area of the Santa Inés Farm (Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Técnica de Machala), El Oro Province, Ecuador. The objective was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf meal in the feed of Cobb 500 chickens on carcass and visceral parameters. To guarantee the welfare of the chickens, all the suggestions for open-shed systems was followed, as well as a basic vaccination schedule applied in the area. The variables evaluated were: antemortem weight; blood, feathers, viscera, thighs, counter-thighs, breast, shoulder, wings, neck, legs, head, heart, liver, gizzard, spleen, intestines and gizzard fat expressed as a percentage, and finally abdominal fat was expressed in millimeters. A Completely Randomized Design was applied, consisting of 5 treatments (T) with 4 experimental units, containing 10 chickens each one. The T1 or control without M. oleifera meal, while T2, T3, T4 and T5 incorporated Moringa leaf meal at a rate of 1, 2, 3 and 4%, respectively. An ANOVA analysis was used prior to observing the assumptions of normality and homogeneity, and to discriminate among the means, the Bonferroni multiple comparison procedure was applied, with a 95% confidence level. All calculations were obtained through the statistical program Statgraphics Centurión XV.I. The results showed that there is no negative effect on the variables evaluated, which allows to assume that up to 4% Moringa meal can be used in feed for chickens without any restrictions since it does not affect the weight of the carcass.

Effects of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on performance and carcass yield of broilers

This study evaluated the effects of including Moringa oleifera (moringa) leaf meal on performance, carcass yield and characteristics, and relative organ weights of broilers from 10 to 42 days of age. We distributed 420 male Cobb 500 chicks in a completely randomized design with five treatments and six replicates with 14 birds each. Treatments consisted of five experimental diets in which the moringa leaf meal was included at 0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0% in the diets. The following [...]

Moringa (M. oleifera) Leaf Meal in Diets for Broilers and Laying Hens: A Review

The cost of feed ingredients in poultry production is constantly increasing and it is one of the main constraints globally and especially in low income countries. As a consequence, scientists search for cheap and available sources of feed protein. The M. oleifera leaves have not only high protein but also excellent nutritive and biological properties. This review summarises results and findings of research related to the application of M. oleifera leaf as source of feed protein in broiler and egg production. Studies showed that leaf meals used as protein source led to improvement in growth and egg production parameters with up to 10% M. oleifera leaves in chicken diets. On the other side, there are restrictions on utilization of leaf meal in chicken diets by its high dietary fibre content and the presence of anti-nutritive compounds. This review also highlights previous results indicating a positive effect of M. oleifera leaves on carcass traits and egg quality, specially pigmentation of broiler meat and egg yolk and a tendency in cholesterol reduction in blood and eggs. A couple of studies have shown a beneficial influence on the antioxidant status and intestinal microbiota which were considered as health promoting in birds. In conclusion the use of M. oleifera leaves meal can improve growth performance and egg production. Of high interest is its potential to promote animal health. However, more research is needed to find out effects of M. oleifera leaves meal on functional traits, including ileal nutrient digestibility, especially considering amino acids, and on the gut microbiota for a better understanding of the mode of action of this plant.

EFFICACY of Moringa oleifera LEAF MEAL ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF Clarias gariepinus (AFRICAN CATFISH)

Partial replacement of fish meal by Moringa leaf meal was conducted in 56 days at the Biological garden of Federal University of Kashere. Four diets(40% crude protein ) including the control (Diet A), Diet B, Diet C and Diet D with an inclusion level of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% respectively based on fish meal were formulated and tested on Clarias gariepinus. These diets were tested on duplicates of 10 fishes of initial weight of 2.4g±0.07 per bowl. The result obtained showed that there is no significant difference (p>0.05) in final weight gain of fishes fed the control diet (Diet A) and 30% replacement (Diet D). But there was significant difference in control diet and diet B and C. The highest mean weight gain 6.07±0.28g was recorded in fishes fed the control diet while the lowest 2.28±0.21g was recorded in 10% inclusion level. The highest final mean length 10.00±0.12 cm was obtained from fishes fed the control diet while the lowest 8.09±0.20cm was obtained from fishes fed 10% inclusion level. The carcass compositionwas recorded with the highest protein value of 48.31% recorded in Diet D and the lowest 32.28% in Diet A. This study showed that Moringa oleifera leaves can replace 30% of the fish meal component for African catfish without any adverse effects on growth. However, more study should be done in finding methods for inactivating the antinutritional factors for inclusion of Moringa leaves in the diet of African catfish at higher levels.

CARCASS YIELDS AND ORGANS OF BROILERS FED THE DIET CONTAINING THE FERMENTED MORINGA LEAF MEAL + YELLOW CORN

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of carcass yields and internal and external organs of the broilers fed the diets containing the fermented moringa leaf meal (FMOL) + yellow corn (YC), the moringa-corn (MC) diet formulated to replace parts of the commercial diet (CD). As many as 100 DOC of broiler chicken strain CP 707 were reared for up to 5 weeks to feed experimental diets. A Block Randomized Design (BRD) with subsamples consisted of 4 treatments, 5 blocks, and 2 subsamples were applied in the recent study. The results of studies indicated that removing parts of the CD diet to substitute with the mixture of FMOL + YC caused a significant effect (P0.05) in declining the weights of the whole carcass and the cut-ups but in percentage no significant differences. The weights and percentages of all examined organs were not significantly affected (P0.05). It was concluded that using the moringa mixed with yellow corn reduced the weight of the whole carcass and cut-up carcasses but it could use up to 7.5% in the diet without detrimental effects on the internal and external organs of the broilers.

Preference of Broiler Chicken for Cassava-Moringa Based Diet

The poultry industry is under pressure from the rising cost of imported feed ingredients. In order for the industry to be profitable and sustainable, it has to reduce the cost of production by using locally available feedstuff. A study was carried out to evaluate feed preference of broiler chicken for cassava root chip, for three diets made by mixing different proportion in percentage of cassava root chip and ground Moringa leaf (90:10, 80:20, 70:30) and compare it to the preference for commercial starter diet. These diets were offered as free choice to five 20-days old chicken, one at a time over a period of five days. The three feed preference criteria assessed were (i) the visiting frequency to each diet station, (ii) time spent feed at each diet station, and (iii) amount of different treatment diet consumed. The hypothesis is that the preferred food will be visited more often; the chicken will spend longer time feeding on it and therefore consume it more. We found that broiler chicken consumed cassava root chip the least (2 g), visited it less often (9 visits) and spent less time (3.5 minutes) feeding on it. In contrast, feed consumption (6.12 g) and time spent (17 minutes) was highest for mixed diet containing 80% cassava and 20% Moringa leaf meal. Visiting frequency was highest for commercial starter diet (29 visits) and second highest (24 visits) for mixed diet of 80% cassava: 20% Moringa and 70% cassava: 30% Moringa. It is concluded that broiler chicken preferred the diet containing 80% cassava root chip and 20% Moringa leaf meal among all diets on offer.