Mordanting Methods Research Articles

Comparison of infrared-, ultrasonic-, and microwave-assisted mordanting methods for the natural dyeing properties of hemp fabrics

Comparison of infrared-, ultrasonic-, and microwave-assisted mordanting methods for the natural dyeing properties of hemp fabrics

Eco-friendly and low-cost phytodyeing for wool, cotton and polyester textile materials using Parthenocissus Quinquefolia L. Fruit Extracts

This study investigates the extraction of natural colorant from fresh fruits of Parthenocissus quinquefolia L. and the application of the extracted dye to wool yarn, cotton, and polyester fabrics in the presence and absence of various mordants. The effect of mordant type on the dyeing quality with different mordanting methods was examined. Iron sulfate, tin chloride, alum, copper sulfate, and potassium dichromate were used as mordant. The effects of these mordants on the color of the dyed samples were investigated in terms of CIELab (L*, a*, b*) and K/S values. The light, washing and rubbing fastness of the dyed samples were evaluated according to ISO standards. While dyeing wool yarn without mordant produces reddish brown, and dyeing with mordant produces a wide range of colors from green to purple, blue and lilac tones are obtained in cotton fabric dyeing, and green, purple and brown tones are obtained in polyester fabric dyeing. While polyester fabrics are dyed with synthetic dyes at 130 oC, in this study they were dyed with natural dyes at 90 oC. As a result of dyeing, colors with high fastness are generally obtained.

Dyeing of Silk Yarn With Natural Dye from Teak Leaves

Objective: This study investigated the impacts of using teak leaf-derived natural dye for dyeing silk yarn. Theoretical Framework: This research uses a conceptual framework for the development of natural fibers for application in textile production. By testing the properties of dyed fibers obtained from teak trees cultivated in Thailand. which tests the properties of the fibers and the adhesion of colors obtained from teak trees. Method: This research explored two mordanting methods (pre-mordanting and post-mordanting) across varying conditions. The study documented the ideal parameters for dyeing, as well as color values, color strength, and fastness properties of the silk yarn. Results and Discussion: by dyeing at 90°C for 60 minutes with a pH of 3. Silk yarn treated with a mixture of teak leaf extract and a mordant substance displayed a yellowish-brown color, except when dyed with ferrous sulfate, which produced a dark gray-brown shade. The silk yarn exhibited fair color fastness when subjected to washing and perspiration, while its resistance to light was rated as poor–moderate. On the other hand, the results in terms of rubbing and water fastness showed a good to very good level. Research Implications: The fibers obtained from the research process have the properties of fibers and color adhesion on the yarn that are highly resistant to washing. Moreover, dyed yarn is beautiful and durable. Originality/Value: These findings underscore the potential utility of teak leaf extract-based natural dyes for silk yarn dyeing.

Eco-friendly dyeing of cotton with natural colorants using natural mordants obtained from aloe vera

Due to sustainable and green processing requirements from buyers, the researchers are working on natural dyes to dye textile materials. In this study, cotton fabric was successfully dyed with a natural colorant which was extracted from black tea, and aloe vera was used as a natural mordant to enhance the fixation of natural dyes. The aqueous extraction method was used to extract colorant from black tea powder in a water bath at the temperature of 85–95 °C for 60 min. Three mordanting techniques were applied for cotton dyeing by changing parameters such as dye concentration (2, 4, 8 % o.w.f) and mordant concentration (20, 40, and 60 g/L). Pretreated cotton fabric was dyed on a high-temperature (HT) dyeing machine at 80 °C for 40 min at pH 5.5. The dyed cotton samples were analyzed for color strength (K/S), colorfastness, and antibacterial assessment (qualitative) using standard test protocols. The results showed that the maximum color strength value was achieved with 8 % dye and 60 g/L mordant using pre mordanting method. The dyed fabrics revealed excellent colorfastness to washing, whereas the color fastness to light, perspiration, and crocking was satisfactory. The antibacterial property of the dyed fabric was also satisfactory which is confirmed by no colonial growth on or below the samples. In a nutshell, this study presented an ecofriendly approach using black tea leaves and aloe vera contributing to green and sustainable production.

Utilization of factory tea (Camellia sinensis) wastes in eco-friendly dyeing of jute packaging fabrics

Eco-friendly dyeing of jute packaging fabrics was evaluated using aqueous extraction of factory tea (Camellia sinensis) wastes. Jute and factory tea wastes are available in Bangladesh and jute bags are used for packaging of various exportable agricultural commodities. The extract of factory tea waste (FTW) is dark coffee colored and it was characterized by attenuated total reflection-fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and microbial analysis. Nontoxic, non-allergic and eco-friendly natural dyeing process of jute packaging fabrics using extract of FTW were developed and optimized. Metal mordants 10 % on the weight of fabric was used to get the fastness properties of dyed jute fabric. The methods of application of mordants were pre-mordanting, simultaneous or meta-mordanting and post-mordanting. The color fastness and tensile properties were measured for all jute packaging fabrics and it is found that the dyed jute packaging fabrics showed a slight decrease in tensile breaking force (N) than undyed jute packaging fabric. The highest color fastness obtained with the meta mordanting method with ferrous sulfate mordant in a shade of dark coffee. The results of the color fastness for light and washing showed an excellent value of grade 4–5.

Eco-friendly dyeing of leather and wood samples using Parthenocissus quinquefolia L. fruits aqueous extract

The present study is relevant to extracting natural colorant from Parthenocissus quinquefolia L. fresh fruits and applying the extracted dye on leather and wood samples in the presence and absence of various mordants. The effect of mordant type (copper sulfate (CuSO4.5H2O) ferrous sulfate (FeSO4.7H2O) and alum (KAI(SO4)2.12H2O) with different mordanting methods (pre-mordanting, meta-mordanting, post-mordanting) on dyeing quality was also examined. The effects of mordants on the color of dyed samples were investigated in terms of CIELab (L*, a*, b*) and K/S values. The dyed samples' light, washing, and rubbing fastness were evaluated according to ISO standards. Although generally good fastness values were obtained for all three mordants, light fastness was low. These results suggest that P. quinquefolia fruits have sufficient potential in dyeing leather and wood.

Insight into Low-Temperature One-Step Biopreparation and Natural Dyeing of Cotton as an Environmentally Benign Route

The goal of this study is to present an environmentally benign route for cotton fabric and investigate the effect of different pretreatments in natural dyeing. In this context, conventional alkaline scouring, conventional hydrogen peroxide bleaching, low-temperature one-step biopreparation processes, namely enzymatic scouring (alkaline pectinase and alkaline pectinase-neutral cellulase combination) at 55 °C and enzyme-bleaching agent (hydrogen peroxide/sodium percarbonate/sodium perborate)-activator agent (TAED) combinations at 65 °C were applied to 100% cotton knitted fabric. The use of agricultural waste and eco-friendly mordants was preferred in natural dyeing. For this purpose, pretreated fabrics were dyed with the outer green shell of almond fruit extracts and a low amount of 0.4 g/L metal mordants (alum and iron(II) sulfate) in accordance with the simultaneous mordanting method. The dyeing properties of bio- and conventionally prepared cotton fabrics were examined in terms of colorimetric data (K/S, CIELa*b*C*h°) and wash fastness compared with water absorbency, whiteness, weight loss, pectin removal, and type of mordant. Excellent wash fastness values were achieved regardless of the type of pretreatment. Low-temperature one-step biopreparation can be a good substitute for conventional scouring and bleaching processes. Since different results can be achieved, it is essential to determine and evaluate all bioprocess conditions depending on the end-use characteristics of the textile (e.g. whether it will be white or dyed/printed, its color and lightness/darkness) at the laboratory and industrial scale applications.

Suitability of dyes from cinnamon bark on wool fibers using metal and bio-mordants.

Growing concern about the environmental effects of metal mordants and synthetic dyes is encouraging the use of bio-mordants and natural colorants. Cinnamon bark is a rich source of natural colorants such as cinnamaldehyde and tannins. The main purpose of this research was to study and compare the effect of bio-mordants versus metal mordants in terms of colorimetric parameters and color fastness properties of cinnamon bark on wool fibers. Accordingly, some bio-mordants, including date kernel, peppermint, banana peel, and artemisia, as well as some metal mordants like aluminum potassium sulphate and copper sulphate, were studied based on three conventional mordanting methods (pre-, meta-, and post-mordanting). The results indicated that the conjunction of metal mordants and polyphenolic bio-mordants with cinnamon colorants can create different hues and tones of brown. Also, the color produced by cinnamon in wool fibers has poor color fastness and low color strength. Overall, bio-mordants have presented good color properties, making the dyeing process eco-friendly and greener. Among the applied bio-mordants, peppermint has created the best color strength and color fastness.

Extraction and characterization of natural dye from leaves of Lannea coromandelica and application on cotton fabric

Purpose The purpose of this study is to extract and characterize a novel natural dye from the leaves of Lannea coromandelica and the extraction with finding ways of dyeing cotton fabric using three mordants. Design/methodology/approach The colouring agents were extracted from the leaves of Lannea coromandelica using an aqueous extraction method. The extract was characterized using analysis methods of pH, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and cyclic voltammetry measurement. The extract was applied to cotton fabric samples using a non-mordant and three mordants under the two mordanting methods. The dyeing performance of the extracted colouring agent was evaluated using colour fastness properties, colour strength (K/S) and colour space (CIE Lab). Findings The aqueous dye extract showed reddish-brown colour, and its pH was 5.94. The GC-MS analysis revealed that the dye extract from the leaves of Lannea coromandelica contained active chemical compounds. The UV-vis and FTIR analyses found that groups influenced the reddish-brown colour of the dye extraction. The cyclic voltammetry measurements discovered the electrochemical properties of the dye extraction. The mordanted fabric samples showed better colour fastness properties than the non-mordanted fabric sample. The K/S and CIE Lab results indicate that the cotton fabric samples dyed with mordants showed more significant dye affinities than non-mordanted fabric samples. Originality/value Researchers have never discovered that the Lannea coromandelica leaf extract is a natural dye for cotton fabric dyeing. The findings of this study showed that natural dyes extracted from Lannea coromandelica leaf could be an efficient colouring agent for use in cotton fabric.

Evaluation of the effect of Beetroot Dye on Banana Pseudo Stem and Pineapple Leaves Fibres

Extraction and characterization of dye from beetroot scientifically known as Beta vulgaris was achieved. The dye was extracted using two extraction method namely Soxhlet with methanol as solvent and water where the beetroot powder was soaked in water and heat at 30-400C for 2 hours. It was observed that due to instability of beetroot dye at high temperature, aqueous dye extraction is preferable over Soxhlet extraction as the one extracted with Soxhlet changed its color from purple to black brown. Moreso, the extracted dye was characterized. Qualitative photochemical analysis, Anti-bacterial activities, Fourier Transformer Infrared, Ultra Violet Spectroscopy are the analysis conducted. The photochemical analysis revealed the presence of Saponin, Flavonoids, Phenols, Betacyanin with the absence of Tanin and Glycosides. The anti-microbial activities of the dye was conducted using to microorganism namely, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with Muller-Hinton Agar. The dye showed antimicrobial activities on Escherichia coli while it could not show any antimicrobial activities on Staphylococcus aureus microorganism. Also, UV-visible spectrum of the dye was conducted and the results showed the presence of betacyanins which are major compounds found in beetroot dye the major one being betanin. The presence of betanin in the dye was also confirmed by the FTIR as well as gas chromatography. Betanin is a major compound found in beetroot which is soluble in water due to the presence of polar groups such as COOH, OH, and NH2, thus the beetroot extract is a dye and not a pigment. Furthermore, dyeing of the extracted dye to treated banana pseudo stem and pineapple leaves fibres shows that it is feasible and the color fastness test conducted shows that both aluminum ammonium sulphate and aluminum acetate mordants can be used separately in simultaneous mordanting methods. Keywords: Beetroot, Extraction, Characterization, Dye, Banana pseudo-stem and pineapple leaves fibres and color fastness.

Study on the Process Optimization of Peanut Coat Pigment Staining of Poplar Wood

Wood staining is a crucial technique for enhancing the decorative effect of wood. Different mordants and mordant processes can influence the staining effect of wood. In this study, three types of mordants and mordant methods were selected to improve the color difference and colorfastness to the washing of poplar veneer, using green peanut pigment as the dye. An orthogonal test was conducted to investigate the effects of mordant temperature, mordant time, and mordant concentration on color difference and colorfastness to washing. Range and variance analysis were employed to determine these properties’ main factors. A fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was used to evaluate and optimize the color difference value and colorfastness of washing. The results revealed that all three factors had significant impacts on both color difference and colorfastness to washing during the process of mordant staining. The optimal process conditions (temperature, concentration, time) for achieving desirable staining effects on poplar veneer were determined as 50 °C, 0.8%, and 2 h, respectively. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses demonstrated that the dye formed complexes with poplar wood, enabling it to adhere to wood grain apertures and tube walls effectively. Mordant treatment increased the crystallinity of stained wood significantly while improving its overall staining performance considerably. This study provides substantial data support for future optimization processes involving natural pigment coal staining in wood.

An approach for the valorization of bio-waste pistachio shells (Pistacia vera L.): Dyeing of cellulose-based fabrics

The waste management subject is a very important issue today and in the future. Therefore, lots of scholars are endeavoring to investigate the valorization of wastes from different sources, such as paper, metal, glass, and vegetables. In this study, the pistachio soft and hard shells, as an industrial waste material, were used as natural dye sources. For this purpose, waste were collected from Gaziantep province in the south of Türkiye. Then, the soft and hard pistachio shells that had been dried in the shadow were investigated in terms of FTIR analysis and then used as a dyestuff source in the dyeing of cotton fabrics with the help of bio-mordants and metal mordants. Additionally, the antioxidant capacity of the soft and hard shell of pistachio was assessed through the DPPH and FRAP assay methods, and the antibacterial activities were tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli for selected dyed samples. A spectrophotometer was used to determine the CIE L*a*b* color values and (K/S) of cotton fabrics that had been dyed. The results exhibited that the tested wastes could be useful for the coloration of the cotton fabrics, and depending on the used natural dye source, mordanting agent, and mordanting method, the colors were found to have changed, but in general, light brown-ecru-brown colors were observed in the dyed samples. Meanwhile, the fastness of the samples was examined, and the sources were found to exhibit limited light fastness values but good or perfect washing, rubbing, and perspiration fastness. In conclusion, the evaluated conditions were found to be useful for the coloration of cotton, and even more importantly, the pistachio soft and hard shells were observed to reveal great potential for use in textile dye houses as a natural dye source.

Comparative Study of the Effect of Mordants on Dyeing Cotton Fabric with Anacardium Occidentale’s (Cashew) Root Grown in Ankpa, Kogi, Nigeria

Pollution associated with synthetic dyes have caused several health hazards both to human and the environment. In order to curb this trend, especially from industrial effluents, a non – toxic, biodegradable and environmentally compatible dye from nature have to be sourced. In view of these, the root of anacardium occidentale was extracted of its dye and applied on fabrics alone and in the presence of mordants and also applied as colorant on food, cosmetics and alcoholic drinks. The root of anacardium occidantale collected was dried at room temperature and pulverized. 200g was weighed and extracted in 300mL absolute ethanol. Alum, K2Cr2O7 and FeSO4 were the fixatives used. Pre – mordanting, Post – mordanting and Simultaneous mordanting methods were adopted. Varied color hue was imparted on the fabrics and their fastness properties were tested. Alum mordant showed superiority to fastness in simultaneous mordanting in wash with mild soap and fastness to light. Pre – mordanted method showed K2Cr2O7 mordant to retain color in both wash in mild soap and fastness to light. FeSO4 mordant retained its color in simultaneous mordanting method across the fastness test displaying superiority over the rest mordant. An excellent color was imparted on food, cosmetic and alcoholic drink. They colors imparted on the substrates are distinct and promising and shows that the root of anacardium occidandale could be of significance in textile, printing and coloration industries.

VALUE ADDITION OF ERI SILK YARNS WITH ALLAMANDA GRANDIFLORA - A NATURAL COLOURANT

Eri silk is one of the four varieties of silk mostly available in northeastern region of India. Recent trends in the world market of silk revealed that eri silk had tremendous potential as it was gifted with unique properties of protecting human body from some aliments as well as its use as fashionable dress and furnishing materials besides providing comfort of warmth. To suit the norms of the present national and international market, dyeing eri silk with natural dyes contributes to its value chain. The information on dyeing eri silk with natural dyes is very meager and requires to be established. New source such as Allamanda grandiflora was not used for dyeing textiles as per the available literature. Effort was made to standardise variables involved in extraction of the dyes and dyeing eri silk yarns. The standardisation procedures described under materials and methods were used and the evaluation was based on colour strength (K/S values) measured using colour flex spectrophotometer. Among the three mordanting methods, Pre mordanting method exhibited better results compare with simultaneous and post mordanted samples. Among the five mordants, alum and chitin mordanted samples exhibited good fastness followed by tartaric acid, ferrous sulphate and stannous chloride mordanted samples.

Dyeing of silk with extract from Coreopsis tinctoria

Purpose This study aims to dye silk with natural pigments extract of Coreopsis tinctoria, by treating the fabrics with appropriate mordant under suitable dyeing conditions, to achieve good dyeing depth, fastness and ultraviolet (UV) protection. Design/methodology/approach Firstly, single factor experiments were used to determine the basic dyeing conditions of Coreopsis tinctoria. The optimal process conditions for direct dyeing were determined through orthogonal experiments. After that, the dyeing with mordant was used. Based on the previously determined optimal process conditions, silk fabrics were dyed with different mordanting methods, with different mordants and mordant dosages. The dyeing results were compared, in terms of the K/S values of the dyed fabrics, to determine the most appropriate dyeing conditions with mordant. Findings The extract of Coreopsis tinctoria can dye silk fabrics satisfactorily. Good dyeing depth and fastness can be obtained by using suitable dyeing methods and dyeing conditions, especially when using the natural mordant pomegranate rind and the rare earth mordant neodymium oxide. The silk fabrics dyed with Coreopsis tinctoria have good UV resistance, which allows a desirable finishing effect to be achieved while dyeing, using a safe and environmentally friendly method. Research limitations/implications The composition of Coreopsis tinctoria is complex, and the specific composition of colouring the silk fibre has not been determined. There are many factors that affect the dyeing experiment, which have an impact on the experimental results. Practical implications The results of this study may help expand the application of Coreopsis tinctoria beyond medicine. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first report on dyeing silk with the extract of Coreopsis tinctoria achieving good dyeing results. Its depth of staining and staining fastness were satisfactory. Optimum dyeing method and dyeing conditions have been identified. The fabric dyed with Coreopsis tinctoria has good UV protection effect, which is conducive to improving the application value of the dyeing fabric. The findings help offer a new direction for the application of medicinal plants in the eco-friendly dyeing of silk.

Determination of Color Properties of Dyed Textile Products Using Different Mordanting Methods

In this research, we investigated the dyestuff properties of dwarf elderberry (Sambucus ebulus), which has many pharmacological functions. Dyeing of cotton fabrics and wool yarns was carried out using Sambucus ebulus L. fruit extracts. Textile products were processed to pre–, meta–, and post– mordanting methods in the presence of iron sulfate (FeSO4), copper sulfate (CuSO4) and alum (AlK(SO4)2) mordants. Color analyses of dyed textile products were performed and, the results were examined in terms of washing, rubbing, and light fastness. According to the results, it was determined that wool yarns showed better dyeing potential than that of cotton fabrics in terms of washing fastness. While the highest K/S value was measured as 6.55 in cotton fabrics with the pre-mordanting method, the highest K/S value was measured as 14.90 in wool yarns. In addition, the highest color strength values were obtained in each three mordanting methods. While gray, beige, and cream color tones were obtained in dyeing cotton fabrics, beige, green, and gray color tones were obtained in dyeing wool yarns.

Zeytinyağı Üretim Atıklarının Yün Boyamacılığında Kullanım Olanaklarının Araştırılması

In this research, the dyeability of wool fabrics by using olive oil production waste was investigated. In this study, olive oil wastes were separated into two components as olive oil wastewater and pomace by filtration method. 100 % wool fabrics were dyed with conventional method with olive oil wastewater. In addition, the pre-mordanting method was preferred as the mordanting method. Alum, ferrous sulphate, tannic acid and tartaric acid were used as mordant materials, and various mordant concentrations and different mordant durations were studied. In dyeing, 100 % olive oil wastewater was used as dyeing liquor and all dyes were dyed in 1:20 liquor ratio. Color analyses of dyed fabrics were made, CIEL*a*b* and K/S values were examined. In addition, the coloring agents in olive oil wastewater were investigated by HPLC analysis. Light fastness, washing fastness, wet and dry rubbing fastness, acidic and alkaline perspiration fastness and water stain fastness were investigated.

Extraction of Natural Dyes from Polygonum Odoratum Lour as an Alternative Dyeing for Thai Silk Using Diff erent Metal Salt Mordants

Polygonum Odoratum Lour (P. odoratum) is one of the economic indigenous plants, produced annually in huge amounts. Thus, seeking alternate applications for P. odoratum, such as use as a natural dye source, is one of the strategies for reducing market oversupply. The objectives of this research were to study the optimum conditions for natural dye extraction from P. odoratum and to investigate the effect of different metal salt mordants and adding sequence mordant methods in the dyeing silk process. The mordants used were KAl(SO4), CuSO4, and FeSO4 and the adding sequence mordants were pre-, meta-, and post-mordant techniques. When the extracted dyes and measured by UV-Vis spectroscopy, the results showed that the major extracted compounds were rutin, isoquercetin, and quercetin in ethanol solvent. The most suitable dye extraction condition was 15.0 g of P. odoratum powder refl uxed in a solvent of 95% ethanol at 80 °C for 60 min providing the strongest UV-Vis absorption intensity. In terms of the dyeing process, the effect of adding sequence mordant strategies was a stronger infl uence on color strength and fastness washing property than that of the different mordants used. The meta-mordanting technique was the most promising strategy because it gave stronger color strength, shortest drying time, and good fastness properties to the other methods. Overall, this result confi rmed that the extracted dyes from P. odoratum as alternative dyeing for Thai silk were a foreshadowing strategy with the meta-mordanting technique.

Optimization of Natural Dye Extraction from Coconut Husk

This work aims to optimize the extraction of natural dye from coconut husks for use in the textile industry. The optimization process was carried out using the One-Factor-at-a-Time (OFAT) approach. Before optimization, different parts of the coconut husk i.e., endocarp, exocarp, mesocarp, and a mixture of mesocarp and exocarp were screened for their potential to be used as dye. It was found that the combination of mesocarp and exocarp has the highest potential in terms of physicochemical and phytochemical properties as it resulted in the best yield of extract, pH and colour intensity, and the highest Total Flavonoid Content, Total Phenolic Content, and Total Tannin Content. The optimal parameters to extract dye from coconut husk (combination of mesocarp and exocarps) are particle size of 2 mm, sample to solvent ratio of 1:100, extraction time of 60 min, and a temperature of 100 °C. The dye extract was tested for use on cotton fabric. It was found that regardless of the mordanting method, acetic acid is the best mordant to use. It resulted in a brighter and more intense colour than alum. The usage of acetic acid as the mordant combined with the pre-mordant method was found to be the best for colour fixation of the natural dye from coconut husk on cotton fabric.

Cleaner Production of Bioactive and Coloured Cotton Fabric Using Euclea Divinorum Dye Extract with Bio-Mordants

Coloured textile products are more marketable, and are therefore always in higher demand. This has increased the use of synthetic dyes in the textile industry, thus raising environmental pollution associated with synthetic dyes. Natural dyes have been shown to be suitable alternatives. However, the use of metallic mordants during dyeing means the process is not eco-friendly, hence the need to develop bio-mordants that can be used as alternatives to some toxic metallic mordants. In this study, the effects of bio-mordants on the dyeing properties of Euclea divinorum Hiern (Ebenaceae) dye extract were assessed using different mordanting methods on cotton fabric. Dyeing characteristics were evaluated in terms of colour fastness and colour strength. Antioxidant textile finishing properties of the natural dye on cotton fabric was determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) method. The bio-mordants improved the colour strength for dyed cotton fabric from 0.612 to 0.863 and 0.911 for the cotton fabric mordanted with mango and rosemary, respectively. This study identified an important basis of suitable bio-mordants that can be applicable when dyeing cotton fabric with E. divinorum natural dye. In addition, the good antioxidant activity of 72.5% indicates that E. divinorum dye extract is a promising agent for the future development of bioactive, protective and health textile fabric.