Morbidity In Boys Research Articles

PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF EXPRESS ANALYSIS OF DRINKING WATER IN RELATION TO THE INCIDENCE OF COVID-19 IN BOYS AND GIRLS AGED 21-22 YEARS

Annotation: To date, the problem of drinking water quality and its impact on human health has been widely covered. Thus, in 2020-2021, 600 samples were examined in 5 districts of Khabarovsk by conducting an express analysis of drinking water of centralized water supply for qualitative and semi-quantitative determination of рН, NO2─, NO3─, Cl─, GH as factors in the formation of COVID-19 morbidity in boys and girls aged 21-22. Such indicators as рН, NO2─, NO3─ and GH correspond to the standard in all districts and all seasons of 2020-2021. The characteristics of Cl─ in drinking water deviate from the standard to a greater or lesser extent, depending on the district of Khabarovsk and the 2020 season. While, in 2021, the Cl─ indicators correspond to the norm. The incidence of COVID-19 of students participating in the study living in different districts of Khabarovsk was also analyzed and the interdependence of the incidence of COVID-19 of boys and girls with some characteristics of drinking water indicators of centralized water supply was determined.

The prostatic utricle: An under-recognized condition resulting in significant morbidity in boys with both hypospadias and normal external genitalia

Pediatric presentations of a prostatic utricle have received only scant attention. Though recognized with increased frequency in boys with hypospadias, little is described about their incidence and potential for morbidity in boys with normal external genitalia. We initially reviewed a cohort of 64 patients with hypospadias seen over a 3-year period to determine the frequency of investigative lower urinary tract studies and utricle identification. Children with disorders of sexual differentiation were excluded from this review. A subsequent group of 70 boys with hypospadias and 23 boys with normal external genitalia presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) who were found to have an unsuspected utricle were reviewed. This comparative group was investigated since symptomatology was the indication for evaluation, contrasting with those in the hypospadias group who were investigated because of hypospadias presence alone. In our initial review of 64 patients only 24 (37.5%) underwent an investigative study and six (9.4%) had a utricle. Three (50%) required surgical excision, allowing their hypospadias repair to proceed. Results in the subsequent group with hypospadias confirmed these findings with increased rates of investigation and identification. The boys with normal external male genitalia all required surgery since symptoms were the result of the utricle alone. Penile pain with voiding, hematuria, epididymitis, and urinary infection were the most common causes for interventions. The prostatic utricle should be considered as a cause of morbidity in boys with both normal external genitalia and those with hypospadias. Endoscopic or radiological evaluation (see Figure) should be undertaken in all boys with proximal hypospadias, boys with hypospadias and associated cryptorchidism, and those with hypospadias with associated urinary symptoms. Boys with normal external genitalia with lower urinary tract symptoms not explained with imaging should undergo cystoscopy, as an unidentified unsuspected utricle may be the underlying cause.

Sex Differences in the Relationship between Fitness and Obesity on Risk for Asthma in Adolescents

To evaluate the relationship of fitness and obesity on asthma risk in adolescent girls and boys. A cross-sectional assessment of participants 12-19years of age was conducted by the use of data from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants completed cardiorespiratory fitness testing, body composition measurements, and respiratory questionnaires. A total of 4828 participants were included. Overweight/obesity was associated with increased odds of history of asthma (aOR 1.63, 95% CI 1.16-2.30), current asthma (aOR 1.73, 95% CI 1.13, 2.64), and wheezing (aOR 1.40, 95% CI 1.03-1.91) in girls. Overweight/obesity also was associated with increased odds of asthma attacks (aOR 2.67, 95% CI 1.56-4.65) and wheezing related to exercise (aOR 1.60, 95% CI 1.07-2.38) in girls. High fitness was associated with lower odds of asthma-related visits to the emergency department (aOR 0.24, 95% CI 0.07-0.89), wheezing-related medical visits (aOR 0.31, 95% CI 0.13-0.75), wheezing-related missed days (aOR 0.14, 95% CI 0.06-0.33), and wheezing related to exercise (aOR 0.43, 95% CI 0.24-0.76) in boys. Overweight/obesity is associated with increased asthma prevalence and morbidity in girls but not in boys, independent of fitness. High fitness is associated with decreased rates of asthma morbidity in boys but not in girls, independent of weight status. Obesity and fitness may each influence asthma onset and severity in different ways for girls compared with boys.

1263 The Effect of Sex on Outcome of Preterm Infants - A Population-Based Survey

Background and AimForty years ago the so-called “male disadvantage hypothesis” as an explanation for increased perinatal morbidity in boys as compared to girls was introduced by Naeye et al. Since...

Gender biases in sub‐Saharan Africa: Reply and further evidence

This article is written in response to comments made about an earlier article on gender differentials which can be discerned in anthropometric status and mortality in Africa south of the Sahara. This response provides an opportunity for discussion of newly available data which support the notion that male children are disadvantaged more frequently than female children in this region. In its discussion of anthropometric evidence this article covers methodological issues arising from data availability new empirical evidence available from bivariate tests and empirical evidence from multivariate tests. Consideration of mortality evidence includes a look at the gender differential mortality norm the use of model life table data the new findings derived from recalculation of male excess mortality at various ages in childhood and assertions of the existence of an increasing anti-female mortality bias. Current evidence on gender differentials in the anthropometric status of children available from 121 nationally representative samples covering 70% of the population of the region reveals no significant difference between boys and girls in two-thirds of the samples a significant anti-male bias in one third and a significant anti-female bias in only one sample. This leads to the conclusion that significant gender differentials in anthropometric status place boys not girls at a disadvantage. It is possible that the inferior anthropometric status seen in the boys is indicative of higher levels of morbidity in boys than in girls rather than a nutritional disadvantage. Thus these findings do not imply that females have the advantage in all or most respects only that it is more common for boys to exhibit a disadvantaged anthropometric status in this region.

Urinary Tract Infection in Boys

Considerable literature exists regarding the evaluation and treatment of children with urinary tract infection yet little has been reported solely about boys. We reviewed retrospectively 83 boys who were seen after an initial urinary tract infection. Fever was the most common presenting sign (50 per cent) and the most common organisms encountered were of the gram-positive group of bacteria. Escherichia coli accounted for only 21 per cent of the infections.Of the boys 75 per cent (62 patients) had an anatomic abnormality, most commonly vesicoureteral reflux, although more than 25 per cent of our patients had obstructive lesions. Renal scarring was present in half and 58 per cent required early surgical intervention. Urinary tract infection seems to have a higher morbidity in boys and the finding of an atypical organism is to be expected. Based on our findings, we strongly recommend an excretory urogram and a voiding cystourethrogram as the minimal evaluation of boys following an initial urinary tract infection.