Moral Attributes Research Articles

Architectural Dynamics in Tolkien’s Novel, The Hobbit: A Literary and Cinematic Perspective

This study investigates the dynamic interplay between architectural elements and narrative construction in J.R.R. Tolkien’s novel The Hobbit (1937) and its cinematic adaptations directed by Peter Jackson. By focusing on both literary and cinematic mediums, this research elucidates how architectural elements contribute to world-building, character development, story progression, and thematic expression. The fantasy genre, with its potential for spatial constructs, provides fertile ground for this exploration. Through comprehensive analysis, it is revealed that Tolkien’s strategic use of spaces such as the Shire, Erebor, and the Woodland Realm enhances the narrative's depth and realism. These spaces are integral to the narrative, reflecting the cultural and moral attributes of their inhabitants and influencing the story's progression. In parallel, Jackson's films reinterpret these architectural spaces, employing cinematic techniques to amplify their visual and emotional impact. The adaptation showcases the integration of architectural elements with narrative and character development, creating a different kind of experience for viewer. This study adopts an interdisciplinary approach, drawing from literary analysis, film studies, and architectural theory, to offer new insights into the significant role of architecture in storytelling. The research highlights how architectural principles are translated into narrative devices in literature and visual representations in film. The findings underscore the transformative potential of architectural elements in narrative construction, highlighting their importance as central components rather than mere background settings. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the multifaceted relationship between architecture, literature, and film, and calls for further interdisciplinary exploration to fully appreciate the impact of spatial dynamics in narrative art.

Do future actions matter more than past deeds? Temporal moral attribution in U.S. and Chinese school-age children.

This study examines how children attribute moral responsibilities to their past and future actions and what role culture plays in children's temporal moral attribution. A total of 346 U.S. and Chinese 6-7 and 8- to 9-year-old children were randomly assigned to a past or future condition, in which they answered questions about their moral/immoral actions in hypothetical scenarios described as occurring in the last week or the next week. Whereas U.S. 8- to 9-year-olds favored more praise and reward for their future good deeds than past ones, Chinese 8- to 9-year-olds favored more praise and reward for their past good deeds than future ones. Chinese children also moralized their actions to a greater extent than U.S. children, and children reasoned about their moral/immoral actions in line with their cultural beliefs. Interesting age differences also emerged, suggesting the continuing development of mental time travel and moral cognition across middle childhood. The findings shed new light on the important role of time in moral judgment that is constrained by development progressions in mental time travel and specific to the cultural context. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Supplemental Material for Do Future Actions Matter More Than Past Deeds? Temporal Moral Attribution in U.S. and Chinese School-Age Children

Supplemental Material for Do Future Actions Matter More Than Past Deeds? Temporal Moral Attribution in U.S. and Chinese School-Age Children

Different Realities Surrounding the 2022 Russo-Ukrainian Conflict: The Cases of Russia Today and CNN

The aim of this small-scale research is to provide a combined quantitative and qualitative analysis of the framing of news articles about the 2022 Russo-Ukrainian conflict, focusing on online news portals Russia Today (RT) and CNN. The 5 generic frames: Attribution of responsibility, Human interest, Conflict, Morality, and Economic consequences, developed by Semetko and Valkenburg (2000), were used to perform the analysis. The purpose of this study was to compare the dominant frames and the extent of their usage in the two outlets. Following the compilation of two separate corpora with an equal distribution of 100 articles from each outlet, the articles were classified according to the frames they exhibited by utilizing a set of yes/no questions. To ensure reliability, the classifications were performed independently by both authors. The results of the analysis showed on one hand significant differences in the framing of the war between the two outlets, and on the other similarities in the extent to which framing was utilized. RT mostly relied on the Attribution of responsibility frame to present the West as responsible for the outbreak of war, as well as the Economic consequences frame to portray the Russian economy as resilient despite the Western sanctions. On the other hand, the most frequent frames in CNN’s articles were Conflict and Human interest, which focused on battlefield reports and the portrayal of the Ukrainian side as worthy of assistance, respectively.

‘Cameras and young people belong together’: Camera Comics (1944-46) as an imaginative, ideological and commercial space for addressing and depicting American child photographers

ABSTRACT In 1944, U. S. Camera Company, the force behind one of the largest circulation photography magazines, launched Camera Comics for children. At the heart of every ten-cent issue was Kid Click, a teenage “shutterbug” whose camera helped him overcome bullies at summer camp, to uncover Nazi spy rings, and to bring armed robbers to justice. The character provided a neat segue to the rotogravure illustrated and textual pages of Camera Comics that offered photographic guidance for children, including tips for building camera gadgets at home and winning school competitions. Photographs by “typical American boys” – real-life Kid Clicks – abutted camera advertisements aimed at the same. Camera Comics imagined and addressed US child photographers via a distinctive set of gendered and nationalistic narratives, offering an illuminating comic-themed case study in a much wider and longer story of how cultural expectations of cameras and children have been ideologically constructed to intersect. This article offers a close reading of the extant nine issues of the comic and a comparison with parallel issues of U. S. Camera magazine, along with other primary sources that aligned children with photography in the period. These are contextualised with secondary literature on comics, photographic history, and childhood studies. Ultimately, the article argues that Camera Comics offers a highly productive space for surveying cultural expectations made of children in mid-century USA, and especially the conflicting moral attributes applied to different media forms and tools directed at children as cultural consumers and producers.

The Role and Application of Guilt in Adolescent Development

Adolescents encounter challenges in their development primarily encompassing psychological, ideological, and moral aspects. As time evolves, conventional methods to address these issues have been gradually weakened in practice, necessitating the introduction of new approaches. This paper provides an overview of the role of guilt in the growth of adolescents. Based on existing research results, this study introduces the definition, generation mechanism, moral attributes, and driving force of guilt through methods including citation introduction, summarization, analysis, and inference. Subsequently, the positive and negative effects of guilt are summarized. On the one hand, guilt brings negative emotions such as self-loss and anxiety, and may lead to an anti-social personality. On the other hand, it enables a more stable mental state in adolescents, promotes beneficial behaviors, and improves ideological and moral levels. The analysis results show that guilt, with the assistance of “conscience”, urges adolescents to take responsibility for their actions, correctly deal with the adverse consequences of their behavior, and make positive changes, thereby providing impetus for the development and improvement of adolescent personality. Consequently, it is recommended to introduce educational strategies centered on guilt into adolescent educationandguarantee their rationaizedapplication.

How would you describe a mentally healthy college student based on Chinese culture? A qualitative research from the perspective of college students

BackgroundPromoting college students’ mental health remains a significant concern, necessitating a clear understanding of what constitutes good mental health. Variations in the conceptualizations of mental health across cultures, typically derived from academic and authoritative perspectives, have overlooked insights from laypeople. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of mentally healthy college students within Chinese cultural contexts, emphasizing perspectives provided by college students themselves.MethodsUndergraduates with self-reported mental health scores ≥ 7 were randomly selected for in-depth interviews. The sample (N = 17, 59% female) had a mean age of 20.82 ± 1.33 years and represented diverse regions, backgrounds, and academic fields. Thematic analysis was used in the analysis of the qualitative data, involving initial coding to identify 168 manifestations of mental health among college students, followed by categorizing them into 18 characteristics through focused coding. These characteristics were then organized into five themes via core coding. The Delphi method was utilized to validate the themes with 3 experts, ensuring the trustworthiness of the final findings.ResultsEighteen characteristics of mentally healthy college students emerged from the interviews, categorized into 5 themes: (1)Value Pursuit (i.e. Having a sense of responsibility and mission and being willing to dedicate oneself to the country at any time.); (2)Life Attitude (i.e. Staying positive and having the ability and quality to cope with hardships.); (3)Interpersonal Ideals (i.e., Showing filial respect to parents appropriately.); (4)Behavior Ability(i.e., Studying diligently and learning well.); and (5)Self-cultivation (i.e., Possessing good qualities advocated by Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism coexist harmoniously.). Most of these characteristics directly reflect traditional Chinese culture or culture that has changed with the times. At the same time, some are a reflection of modern Chinese new culture.ConclusionsOn the whole, the characteristics of mentally healthy college students are diverse and with rich connotations, focusing on the individual’s relationship with the country, family, and others, and are good expressions of Chinese cultural features, such as the balance of Yin and Yang, the coexistence of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, and highlight moral attributes. In essence, these traits hold profound importance in advancing the mental health of Chinese college students.

Ready to help, no matter what you did: Responsibility attribution does not influence compassion in expert Buddhist practitioners.

Within western social psychology and neuroscience, compassion is described as being conditioned by cost-benefit appraisals, such as the attribution of responsibility for the causes of suffering. Buddhist traditions maintain the possibility of cultivating and embodying unconditioned and universal forms of compassion. Whereas a growing body of empirical literature suggests that Buddhist-inspired compassion-based programs foster prosociality and well-being in healthy and clinical populations, there is no evidence that such compassionate disposition toward others can become unconditioned from moral judgment. To address this question, we collected and integrated self-report and behavioral data from expert Buddhist practitioners and trained novices using a previously validated within-subject experiment that manipulates contextual information to influence moral judgment toward suffering others and a newly designed approach-avoidance task. We found that context manipulation impacted responsibility and blame attribution in both groups and that experts' reported willingness to help was higher and less influenced by context, compared to novices. Partial correlation networks highlighted a negative relationship between blame attribution and willingness to help in novices, but not in expert practitioners. Self-reported willingness to help was correlated to reaction times when approaching suffering stimuli. Approach behavior was modulated by context in novice, but not in experts. This study provides initial evidence of a dissociation between moral attributions and prosocial attitude in expert Buddhist practitioners and challenges established evolutionary accounts of compassion in western psychology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Is There a “Green Moral”? How Young People’s Moral Attributes Define Engagement with Narratives about Climate Change

This paper discusses the relationship between morality and engagement focused on the narratives about climate change. The goal of our research is to understand whether moral grounds identified in individuals and in narratives can influence youth’s engagement in environmental debate and news consumption on climate change. Recognizing that people’s perceptions of climate change are related to several factors, such as ideas, cultures, and values, we sought to understand whether there is a “green morality” or a prevalence of more responsive moral attributes in individuals when they are exposed to thinking about the environment. We use the Moral Foundations Theory to analyze comments on the environmental news on Twitter and a questionnaire adapted to the environment on moral grounds. The data were collected from Brazil and Portugal between 2021 and 2022. The overall results showed a high incidence of responses with Care/Harm and Fairness/Cheating, and an average incidence of responses related to Loyalty/Betrayal and Authority/Subversion. The results indicate that youngsters show a more prominent moral to care and environmental harm, as well as justice and responsibility, which may influence their interest in the consumption of environmental news and future engagement. In addition, there are factors, such as political issues, that can influence moral values and engagement.

‘Those moments are ineffable’. How creativity experienced through the Arts promotes empathy and compassion

ABSTRACTHow do teachers prepare their students for living in an increasingly fractured and inward-looking world? With the rise of populism and authoritarianism, one might argue that the ability to consider others’ needs and feel into their experiences might be more necessary now than ever. This article explores how empathy and compassion as moral attributes are experienced and developed through the creative and performing Arts. Rich examples provided by Australian educators of preservice teachers detail how the Arts promote embodied engagement with empathy and compassion which assist them to develop the knowledge, skills, dispositions, and capabilities to make informed moral judgments. In this way, the Arts provide social, emotional, physical, and aesthetic connections that may counteract a decline in pro-social behaviour and play a significant role in shaping how the next generation responds to challenges both personal and global.

The Moral Psychology of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligences (AIs), although often perceived as mere tools, have increasingly advanced cognitive and social capacities. In response, psychologists are studying people’s perceptions of AIs as moral agents (entities that can do right and wrong) and moral patients (entities that can be targets of right and wrong actions). This article reviews the extent to which people see AIs as moral agents and patients and how they feel about such AIs. We also examine how characteristics about ourselves and the AIs affect attributions of moral agency and patiency. We find multiple factors that contribute to attributions of moral agency and patiency in AIs, some of which overlap with attributions of morality to humans (e.g., mind perception) and some that are unique (e.g., sci-fi fan identity). We identify several future directions, including studying agency and patiency attributions to the latest generation of chatbots and to likely more advanced future AIs that are being rapidly developed.

Morality on the ballot: strategic issue salience and affective moral intuitions in the 2020 US presidential election

PurposeWhile morality is ever-present in elections, scholars have yet to merge political public relations and Moral Foundations Theory. It is crucial to assess the complex morality present not only in social deduction, but also in political strategic communication. The current work aims to analyze the issue agendas and their relationships in the 2020 presidential campaign and assesses their moral strategy.Design/methodology/approachThis study used a computer-assisted content analysis (N = 7,888) with each moral intuition coded from the Moral Foundations Dictionary. Datapoints included campaign tweets, Facebook posts, debate performances, remarks, news releases and nomination acceptance speeches. Coverage included articles from including The New York Times, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, CNN and Fox News to assess both liberal and conservative media.FindingsCandidates' issue and moral agendas were correlated with each other and with the media's agenda. Comparatively, the Biden campaign has stronger correlations when it came to connecting with issues, stakeholders and moral intuitions in the media agenda than the Trump campaign. For issues, the Biden campaign prioritized COVID-19 and the economy, while the Trump campaign prioritized the economy and crime. The candidates also had similar moral strategies.Practical implicationsThis study suggests effectively leveraging organizational communications in democracies can support the transfer of object salience, moral attributes and networks to media coverage, public discourse and opponent messaging. It can also help achieve organizational goals by managing public image, reputation and expectations.Originality/valueThis work expands the literature by taking a pluralist moral psychology approach in assessing the salience and correlation of five moral intuitions: harm/care, fairness/reciprocity, ingroup/loyalty, authority/respect and purity/sanctity. This study serves as a springboard for examining morality's impact on political public relations.

A Review Study on Healthcare Management

Healthcare is an integral part of the mankind development. Managing the Healthcare sector has its own sphere of challenges. There are players in the market who have been contributing quit well towards healthcare. These Entrepreneurs who enter the field of Healthcare product demonstrate a unique feature of commercialisation with the moral attributes of producing product that protects the health interest of People. The Healthcare Entrepreneurship which entails to provide the solutions to the Healthcare Needs of the Society has been a great advent in the society since ages. Healthcare Startups have also gained momentum with time. The Healthcare starts ups in the Nation have been adopting innovative practices to solve needs of people. Healthcare Management supports this momentum and involves supervising medical services and facilities to ensure efficient patient care through tasks like planning, organizing, staffing, and resource allocation.
 This review paper is a descriptive article attempted by collecting data through the Secondary sources. The study aims to understand the concept & essence of Healthcare Management. It further aims to gather insights on the Healthcare Management through structured review of literature. The authors have contributed a Healthcare Management recommendation based on the review study. The study depicts the knowledge on Healthcare Management and the literary effort can serve as Literature for further studies. The authors have considered Healthcare Management aspects at large rather any specific wing of Healthcare sector. Hence this may be the limitations of the study. The inferences drawn from the study may be indicative in nature rather exhaustive.

Getting closer to the minority culture: Experimental evidence of cultural enrichment to increase attributions of morality and majority adoption of Moroccan cultural patterns

Acculturation is a bidirectional process in which both the majority and minority groups change as they relate to each other. In Spain, studies have usually focused on the acculturation of minorities (e.g., Moroccans) upon their arrival in Spanish society, but little has been said about the acculturation of the majority. In this study, we analyzed whether making salient the richness of the Moroccan culture can affect the stereotypes of (im)morality of a sample of Spanish participants regarding Moroccan immigrants as well as their attitude toward adopting Moroccan cultural patterns through a process of self-perceived unfreezing of previous beliefs. In a preliminary study, we explored what people of Moroccan origin would like Spaniards to learn from Moroccans. Then, using an intergroup experimental design, we randomly assigned participants to one of the following three conditions: (a) enrichment of Moroccan culture (using excerpts from actual discourses, n = 222), (b) exposure to Moroccan immigration rates (n = 238), or (c) a control condition (n = 181). The results revealed that the participants in the cultural enrichment condition experienced more self-perceived unfreezing of previous beliefs, perceived Moroccans as more moral (only vs. the immigration rates condition), and reduced their resistance to adopting Moroccan cultural patterns, even though the effects were small. Furthermore, self-perceived unfreezing of previous beliefs mediated the effect of the cultural enrichment condition on perceived morality (but not immorality) and on the adoption of Moroccan cultural patterns. We discuss how, by emphasizing the enrichment of Moroccan culture, we can increase the morality attributed to Moroccans and decrease the resistance of Spaniards to adopting that minority culture.

Mental images and imagination in moral education

ABSTRACT This article argues for a unique role of imagination and mental images in the moral education of students. Imagination is rendered here as a capacity oriented toward realizable and salient goals; mental images are understood as particular future-oriented self-representations (FOSRs) devised by and held in imagination. FOSRs have four moral attributes: they are 1) expressive of us as moral agents, 2) shape our moral identity, 3) serve as moral pointers, and 4) help devise mitigating strategies. FOSRs can be created and utilized in educational settings to further the goals of moral education by i) fostering sensitivity to moral situations among students, ii) motivating learners to act morally, iii) facilitating environments supportive of moral practice and moral habituation, and iv) helping strengthen cross-situational consistency of moral action. The four moral attributes of future-oriented self-representations (FOSRs) (1–4) that are to be engaged in moral education to further its goals (i–iv) are correlated with four elements of moral education, namely: a) moral awareness; b) moral competency; c) moral motivation; and d) moral capacity. To argue for the special role of imagination and mental images in moral education this paper integrates philosophical research and conceptual and empirical studies in psychology and education on the morality of imagination and mental images.

Leaders and the punishment of misconduct: Examining the roles of leader moral identity and cognitive load.

Moral identity, a construct that captures how individuals view themselves relative to moral attributes, has received widespread attention in the organizational sciences. This article builds on the existing moral identity literature by examining the mechanisms and boundary conditions of leader moral identity's impact on the punishment of misconduct. Drawing on multiple literatures, we specifically argue that leader moral identity is positively related to the punishment of misconduct under the condition of higher cognitive load. Furthermore, we identify moral anger as a key mechanism. The theorized model was tested across three studies: a study of civil judges' court rulings (Study 1), a study of managers' tendencies to punish their employees' misconduct (Study 2), and an experiment that manipulated cognitive load while testing the intermediary role of moral anger (Study 3). Results offered convergent support for our model, shedding new light on the impact of moral identity on leaders in the workplace. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Rhetorical Aspects in the Poem of "Al-Burdah" by Al-Būṣīrī [60-89]; An Analytical Rhetorical Study

Sharaf Al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Saʿīd Al-Ṣanhājī Al-Būṣīrī (d: 697 AH) was a master of Arabic rhetoric, and his famous poem "Al-Burdah," tagged with "Al-Kawākib AlDurriyyah Fī Madḥ Khayr Al-Bariyyah" is a testament to his skill in this field. The poem is known for its complex and intricate use of rhetorical devices, including metaphor, simile, allusion, and rhyme. One of the most prominent rhetorical devices used in the poem is the use of simile, where the poet compares the Prophet Muḥammad's physical and moral attributes to natural phenomena such as the sun, moon, and stars. This technique highlights the Prophet's greatness and creates vivid and memorable images in the reader's mind. Another notable aspect of the poem's rhetoric is its use of repetition, particularly in the refrain that appears at the end of each stanza. This repetition reinforces the poem's themes and creates a sense of rhythm and musicality that adds to its beauty. Additionally, the poem uses rhetorical questions, hyperbole, and irony to convey its message and engage the reader. Combined with the poem's religious and cultural significance, these techniques have made it a beloved and enduring work of Arabic literature. So, in this article, we will examine the status of the second 31 couplets of "Al-Qaṣīdah Al-Burdah" so that it can be known the artistic quality of such a popular Qaṣīdah.

Violent Loyalties: Manliness, Migration, and the Irish in the Canadas, 1798–1841 by Jane G. V. McGaughey (review)

Reviewed by: Violent Loyalties: Manliness, Migration, and the Irish in the Canadas, 1798–1841 by Jane G. V. McGaughey Willeen Keough McGaughey, Jane G. V.–Violent Loyalties: Manliness, Migration, and the Irish in the Canadas, 1798–1841. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2020. 256 p. Impressively researched and rigorously argued, Violent Loyalties interrogates the highly masculinized cultural construction of the “wild Irish” in Upper and Lower Canada in the volatile period of Irish immigration following the United Irish Rebellion in 1798 until the union of the two Canadas in 1841. Focusing on perceptions of gender, violence, and loyalty, McGaughey effectively argues that Irish masculinities were increasingly perceived by the dominant Anglo culture as violent, reckless, disloyal, and uncivilized. Often, these facile categorizations did not fit the lived experiences of Irish men in the colonies. Indeed, there were a number of Irish men who aspired to middle-class and elite “manliness”—a standard of physical and moral attributes, such as courage, honesty, integrity, and self-restraint, that usually garnered the admiration of the dominant group—but found their bid for respectability frustrated by a blanket perception of unruly Irishness. By contrast, some Irish men ignored elite standards, deploying facets of hypermasculinity to intimidate competing groups and challenge class and ethnic power relations in the [End Page 221] Canadas. McGaughey argues that loyalty intersected with all these masculinities in intriguing and often ambiguous ways. Loyalty to the British imperial order was an important element of achieving idealized manliness within the dominant culture: courage and strength in state-sanctioned expressions of violence were expected and even valued. However, violence and loyalty employed for interests other than the Crown’s (the Orange Order, for example, or the Shiners) were eschewed by hegemonic culture—the very same markers of idealized masculinity interpreted as more sordid and uncontrollable when deployed on behalf of marginalized groups. Further, says McGaughey, the perception of the “wild Irish” became transnational—a significant part of the British imperial imaginary as Irish migrants moved to various British colonies during the study period. McGaughey provides case studies of a variety of Irish masculinities that presented themselves during the study period—some that met the standards of elite manliness, some that tried but failed, and some that disregarded those ideals and maintained their own standards of manliness. We meet Irish-Protestants who left Wexford after the 1798 Rebellion and were seen by dominant Anglo culture as “reactionary losers” (p. 56), lacking the self-confidence and sense of adventure often associated with Irish-Protestant masculinity. Conversely, some 2,000 Catholics sponsored by the Peter Robinson settlement scheme, although perceived as industrious, could not lay claim to proper manliness because of the “essential” lack of moral fibre of their ethno-religious group. Col. James Fitzgibbon, a Catholic Irish speaker from Co. Limerick who converted to Protestantism, fared better in his bid for respectable masculinity; his efforts to reconcile differences between the two ethno-religious groups, especially in order to support the interests of the Crown in the 1837 Rebellion, earned him a “reputation as the ultimate example of chivalric manliness” in Canada West (p. 24). The variety of examples presented by McGaughey begs the question: how did “Irishness” so readily became monolithically violent and disloyal in popular understandings, even though Irish masculinity and manliness were situational and multifaceted in the early Canadas? The middle chapters are particularly intriguing because of the complexity of masculine aspirations and power relations they present. Chapter 4 explores the liminal space occupied by Ogle Gowan, founder and first grand master of the Orange Order in British North America. Gowan challenged the powerful Family Compact, presenting Orangeism as an alternative and preferable form of loyal masculinity. Yet, its aggressive performance of violence, electoral intimidation, and triumphalist display reinforced the concerns of dominant culture about Irish belligerence. Gowan and the Order touted the physical, rational, and moral superiority of the Anglo-Saxon over the supposedly weaker, emotional, and warlike Celt, but their bid for acceptance by the elite faltered because their violent masculinity was deemed “too Irish.” While colonial authorities were willing to deploy this deeply loyalist form of Irish masculinity on occasion in the interests of the Crown, Gowan’s...

Just business? Moral condemnation and virtuous violence in the American and Russian mass publics

More often than not, violence between states in the field of international relations is understood in instrumental terms. States are thought to act purposively in the pursuit of some tangible object, treating those in their way as objects; the targets of that violence respond to such treatment phlegmatically, without any sense of outrage. Drawing on psychological research in ‘virtuous violence’, which argues that intergroup violence is primarily moralistic in character, we present results from three survey experiments in the United States and Russia and a re-analysis of a recent study, which demonstrate that moral condemnation of adversaries is extremely easy to invoke, hard to avoid, common across different cultural contexts, and a central feature of ‘binding’ morality, one of the most fundamental moral foundations. Our first survey experiment presents American respondents with a fictional state developing nuclear weapons. Strategic features of the situation – offensive capability, past history, and interest divergence – generate not only threat perception but, crucially, negative moral attributions that mediate between the two. In the next two survey experiments, we show that American and Russian respondents judge aggressive action against a third country, regardless of whether the aggressor pursues water necessary for its population or oil useful for its economy. Finally, our re-analysis of Rathbun & Stein 1 shows that moral condemnation strongly mediates the effect of binding morality on support for nuclear weapons use against terrorists. Our results suggest a future agenda on morality’s role in international relations that highlights ethical dynamics beyond the taming influence of humanitarianism and cosmopolitan individualism. Morality can drive conflict, not just restrain it.

الصور البلاغية في قصيدة البردة للبوصيري [90-119]: دراسة بلاغية تحليلية

Sharaf Al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Saʿīd Al-Ṣanhājī Al-Būṣīrī, a master of Arabic rhetoric, crafted a poetic masterpiece known as "Al-Burdah." This renowned poem, titled "Al-Kawākib Al-Durriyyah Fī Madḥ Khayr Al-Bariyyah," showcases Al-Būṣīrī's exceptional command over various rhetorical devices, including metaphor, simile, allusion, and rhyme. Simile, in particular, plays a prominent role in the poem, as Al-Būṣīrī skillfully compares the Prophet Muḥammad's physical and moral attributes to natural phenomena like the sun, moon, and stars. Through these vivid and evocative comparisons, the greatness of the Prophet is emphasized, leaving a lasting impression on the reader's imagination. Another noteworthy aspect of the poem is its effective use of repetition, especially in the refrain that concludes each stanza. Deliberateerate repetition reinforces the central themes of the poem and contributes to its rhythmic and melodic quality, enhancing its overall beauty. Additionally, Al-Burdah employs rhetorical questions, hyperbole, and irony to convey its message with impact and engage the reader's attention. These rhetorical techniques, combined with the poem's profound religious and cultural significance, have solidified its place as a beloved and enduring masterpiece of Arabic literature. This article aims to examine the artistic value and significance of the second set of 31 couplets in "Al-Qaṣīdah Al-Burdah," providing insights into the remarkable artistic status of this widely celebrated Qaṣīdah.