Phalaenopsis Amabilis Research Articles

Improving transient gene expression and agroinfiltration‐based transformation effectiveness in Indonesian orchid Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume

Transient gene expression is an approach used to study transient genes across various species, with infiltration by Agrobacterium tumefaciens (agroinfiltration) being a commonly used method. Agroinfiltration offers a simple and effective means of delivering transgenes into the plant genome. An alternative method for enhancing the quality and productivity of orchids as ornamental plants is genetic modification through agroinfiltration. Although Agrobacterium‐mediated genetic transformation by immersion has been used on the Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume species of orchid, transformation efficiency using the immersion technique remains relatively low and the method itself is challenging due to its requirement for aseptic handling. The application of agroinfiltration in P. amabilis has not previously been reported. This study investigates the impact of the injection site, acetosyringone concentration, bacterial density (OD600), and injection volume to determine the optimum conditions for agroinfiltration on P. amabilis. The results demonstrated that injection site had a noticeably distinct impact on transformation effectiveness, with the abaxial position of the leaf being the optimal site for Agrobacterium culture suspension injection. While adjustments in acetosyringone concentration, bacterial density (OD600), and injection volume did not significantly affect transformation efficiency, they did influence the peak time of GFP fluorescence. Acetosyringone at a concentration of 200 µM, an OD600 of 1.0 for Agrobacterium culture, and an injection volume of 500 µL effectively accelerated GFP expression duration.

Pengaruh Zat Pengatur Tumbuh Alami Terhadap Jumlah Akar dan Jumlah Daun Planlet Anggrek Bulan (Phalaenopsis amabilis) Secara In Vitro

The moth orchid (Phalaenopsis amabilis) is a popular ornamental plant due to its beautiful flowers. Propagation of moth orchids can be performed using tissue culture or in vitro methods. The medium used in moth orchid tissue culture is the MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium, which is enriched with plant growth regulators (PGRs). The use of natural PGRs, such as onion extract and coconut water, can serve as an alternative and potential source nutrition substitute for synthetic PGRs in orchid tissue culture media. This study aims to determine the effect of using natural PGRs, namely onion extract and coconut water, on moth orchid plantlets. The method employed is a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) factorial experiment with two factors: the first factor is the concentration of onion extract (0 g/L, 20 g/L, 30 g/L, and 40 g/L), and the second factor is the concentration of coconut water (0 mL/L, 50 mL/L, 100 mL/L, and 150 mL/L). Observations were focused on the increase in the number of roots and leaves. The results showed that a concentration of 20 g/L onion extract had a significant effect on the increase in the number of roots but did not affect the increase in the number of leaves. Meanwhile, the concentration of coconut water did not affect the increase in the number of roots or leaves.

Metabolism of Fluorinated Topolin Cytokinins in Micropropagated Phalaenopsis amabilis

Fluorinated cytokinins have emerged as promising alternatives to traditional cytokinins in Phalaenopsis plant tissue culture, offering enhanced stability and bioactivity. However, their metabolic fate and impact on endogenous cytokinin profiles remain largely unexplored. This study builds upon previous research to investigate the comparative metabolism of the traditional cytokinin 6-Benzylaminopurine (BA) with the successful alternatives 6-(3-fluorobenzylamino)purine (FmT) and 6-(3-fluorobenzylamino)purine 9-riboside (FmTR). Additionally, this study examines the impact of another crucial factor, the use of ventilated versus closed containers, on metabolic processes. The results revealed the distinct metabolic profiles associated with each treatment, highlighting the complex interplay between exogenous and endogenous cytokinin levels. This study is the first to investigate the effects of these stable, synthetic, and exogenous cytokinins on the naturally occurring cytokinin levels and their metabolites in micropropagated Phalaenopsis. Additionally, we proposed an alternative inactivation pathway involving the conversion of FmTR and BA to pT and pTR. These findings provide valuable insights into the intricate relationship between cytokinin metabolism and plant growth under in vitro conditions.

Comparative Study of Coffee Wood and Fern Board Planting Media on Phalaenopsis amabilis Vegetative Growth in the Seedling Phase

Latar Belakang: Phalaenopsis amabilis or referred as the moon orchid, is a popular type of orchid with high market demand. Planting media is factors that can be successful in caring for the Phalaenopsis amabilis, which is an epiphytic orchid type or attaches to other plants. Most orchid planting techniques have not adapted to their natural habitat in nature. Metode: Research method used comparative studies between coffee sticks and fern boards as planting media for Phalaenopsis amabilis on their vegetative growth according to their natural habitat by attach on other plants. The analysis result by statistical tests (t – test upaired) using SPSS. Hasil: The results of the analysis showed that p ≤ 0.05 on the four parameters consisting of the number of leaves 0.01 ≤ 0.05; leaf span parameter 0.001 ≤ 0.05; leaf width parameter 0.0002 ≤ 0.05; root length parameter 0.032 ≤ 0.05. There are differences in the use of planting media types of coffee logs (M1) and fern boards (M2) on the vegetative growth of Phalaenopsis amabilis orchid plants. Kesimpulan: The vegetative growth on M1 and M2 significantly different. The fern board planting media (M2) tends to be more recommended for use because it can be optimal in providing vegetative growth consists of the number of leaves, leaf span, leaf width and root length because its growth is more stable.

An optimum hyperparameters of restnet-50 for orchid classification based on convolutional neural network

There are many types of orchids in Indonesia, such as Phalaenopsis Amabilis (Moon Orchid), Cattleya, etc. Because the shape and color of each orchid flower looks the same, a system is needed that can classify orchid flowers. In this research, we will use a system using a Convolutional Neural Network with ResNet50 architecture to classify orchid species. There are 4 types of orchids that will be used, namely Moon Orchids, xDoritaenopsis Orchids, Cattleya Orchids, and Coelogyne Pandurata Orchids (1000 datasets for each type). The aim of this research is to implement deep learning using the Convolutional Neural Network method combined with the ResNet50 architecture and identifying the types of orchid flowers and calculating accuracy when identifying orchid flower types. This research uses 4000 orchid image datasets, with a data split of 80:20 so that 800 images are used as training data and 200 as test data. ResNet50 uses a confusion matrix evaluation, namely Accuracy, Precision, Recall, Specificity and F1-score with epochs 10, 20, 30, 40. From the research that has been carried out, it produces the highest accuracy on Test Data with the 30th epoch, reaching 98.87%. and the lowest accuracy on Test Data with the 10th epochs which produces an accuracy of 97.75%.

Inoculation Methods to Determine Resistance of Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Regeneratded from Irradiated Protocorms to Dickeya dadantii

Soft-rot disease (SRD) in Phalaenopsis, caused Dickeya dadantii, has resulted in significant losses in the orchid sector in Indonesia. This study aimed to evaluate the inoculation method of Dickeya dadantii and identify the resistance response of individual regenerated plantlets of Phal. amabilis from irradiated protocorm. A detached leaf assay was used to evaluate the inoculation method and resistance response of SRD. Based on the results of this study, Dickeya dadantii bacteria could only infect the leaves through wounding tissue. The density of bacteria that could infect leaf tissue was OD600 = 0.2. All dilution factors tested caused soft rot symptoms in P. amabilis. On the other hand, Vanilla planifolia only showed symptoms at a dilution factor of 10-0. Four accessions of regenerated plantlets from irradiated protocorms were resistant to SRD. They were from irradiation 5 Gy (IP 05 Gy-23, IP 05 Gy-31, and IP 05 Gy-33) and one accession from the control treatment or without irradiation (IP 0 Gy -1). These results showed that 5 Gy irradiation increased plant resistance to SRD in Phalaenopsis. A dose of 5 Gy can potentially produce mutant lines resistant to SRD in Phalaenopsis or other plants, too.

Identification of Orchid Plants Species in the East Tomohon Forest Area

Orchids which belong to the Orchidaceae family, are popular ornamental plants that are loved by many people. It is estimated that there are around 5,000 species of orchids in Indonesia. Orchids live in various habitats including epiphytic, terrestrial, lithophytic, and saprophytic. Environmental factors such as temperature, air humidity, soil pH, and light intensity can affect the growth, development, and spread of orchids. Tomohon City is known as one of Indonesia's largest flower producers, one of that is orchids. In the East Tomohon forest area, various types of orchids were found, but the types of orchids that grow have not been identified. The purpose of this study was to identify the types of orchids that grow in the East Tomohon forest area based on their morphology. The identification of orchid plants is done by observing the morphological characteristics of the shape of leaves, roots, stems, colors, and flower shapes in detail so that their taxonomy can be known. The research was conducted on August 5-19, 2022 using the cruising method (exploratory survey) the acquisition of data was analyzed descriptively. The results of research on Orchid Plant Species in the East Tomohon Forest Area found 192 individuals consisting of 10 orchid species, 4 species are terrestrial orchids, they are Calanthe tripilcata (18), Nervilia aragoana (13), Phaius thankervilleae (21), Vanda sp. (25), and 6 species are epiphytic orchids, they are Coelogyne asperata (16), Coelogyne pandurata (17), Cattleya sp. (21), Dendrobium crumenatum, Oncidium ornithorhynchum (18), Phalaenopsis amabilis (27).

Identification of early flowering mutant gene in Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume for sgRNA construction in CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system.

Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume commonly called Moth Orchid (Orchidaceae) is a natural orchid species designated as the National Flower of Indonesia for its beautiful flower shape and long-lasting flowering period. Basically, P. amabilis has a long vegetative phase that cause late flowering, about 2 to 3 years for flowering, hence a method to shorten vegetative period is desired. The latest technological approach that can be used to accelerate flowering of P. amabilis is the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing method to inactivate the GAI (Gibberellic Acid Insensitive) gene as a mutant gene that can accelerate the regulation of FLOWERING TIME (FT) genes flowering biosynthesis pathway. The approach that needs to be taken is to silence the GAI gene with a knockout system which begins with identifying and characterizing the GAI target gene in the P. amabilis which will be used as a single guide RNA. CRISPR/Cas9 mediated knockout efficiency is highly dependent on the properties of the sgRNA used. SgRNA consists of a target sequence, determining its specificity performance. We executed phylogenetic clustering for the PaGAI protein with closely related orchid species such as Dendrobium capra, Dendrobium cultivars and Cymbidium sinensis. SWISS-Model as tool webserver for protein structure homology modeling. Results show that P. amabilis has a specific domain with the occurrence of point mutations in the two conservative domains. Therefore, a single guide RNA reconstruction needs to be implemented.

Crescimento vegetativo de Phalaenopsis sp. híbrido (Moon Orchid) em resposta à intensidade luminosa e concentração de fertilizantes

Abstract Orchid plants are one of the most popular floral decorative plants. Among the several species of orchids, Phalaenopsis sp. or moon orchid is popular because of its distinctive color, shape, and size. However, orchids have a slow growth rate due to their long juvenile phase; thus, culture technique modification is required to boost their growth, i.e., shading and fertilizer application. This research was carried out to obtain the best shade percentage and fertilizer concentration to increase the growth of moon orchid. The experiment was conducted from June to December 2022 at the greenhouse of Bale Tatanan Padjadjaran, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Sumedang, Jawa Barat. The experiment used a split-plot design of eight shade and fertilizer treatments. The plants were cultivated in two shading intensities, namely 60% and 70%, then treated with four different complete foliar fertilizer compound concentrations (1, 2, 3, and 4 g L-1). The results showed that 60% shade combined with 2 g L-1 of foliar fertilizer significantly increased the leaf area and root length, whereas 70% shade combined with 4 g L-1 significantly increased the leaf area, root number and CCI of moon orchid.

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF MYCORRHIZA AND ITS POTENTIAL AS BIOCONTROL

Orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) are vital biocontrol agents, especially for Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV). The promising study helped identify the mycorrhiza isolate from native tropical orchids and determine its potential as a biocontrol. Sample collection of healthy roots of Phalaenopsis amabilis emanated in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, carrying out molecular identification with rDNA-ITS amplification using a set of universal primers ITS1 and ITS4. In vivo, antagonist tests began by inoculating viruses and mycorrhiza to determine the effect of growth and induction of secondary metabolites. The result showed one isolate of Trichoderma sp. associated with the molecular analysis has amplified the ITS1- 5.8S-ITS4 section by 600–750 bp DNA. The sequenced products revealed insertion and substitution occurrences, which may have caused the variance by strain diversity and potential severity. Indonesian isolates have undergone speciation and separation from other isolates by a substantial distance. The considerable effects were the increase in leaf length, leaf width, root length, leaf count, the number of roots, fresh weight, and a lowering of the virus content. The analysis of the plant growth parameters and virus concentrations provided significant differences among the treatments inoculated with orchid mycorrhiza (Mycorrhiza [M], Mycorrhiza + Virus [MV], and Virus + Mycorrhiza [VM]) and those without orchid mycorrhiza inoculation (Control [C] and Virus [V]). The orchid resistance suggested that the virus infecting plant leaves contain more phenolic chemicals. This study is the first-ever report of the Trichoderma sp. isolated from native tropical orchids in Indonesia.

Isolasi dan Identifikasi Cendawan Endofit Akar Anggrek Epifit dan Hemiepifit

Orchids form a symbiotic relationship with endophytic fungi throughout their life cycle, including their seed germination. Research on orchid endophytic fungi in Indonesia is still limited. This study aimed to isolate and identify endophytic fungi of Phalaenopsis amabilis, Dipodium brevilabium, Vanilla planifolia, and Aerides odorata orchids. Endophytic fungi were isolated from surface-sterilized orchid root pelotons. Fungal identification was based on morphological and molecular characteristics using ITS rDNA sequences, followed by BLAST and phylogenetic tree analysis. All orchids studied had peloton structures in root cortex tissues. From the four orchids studied, 22 fungal isolates were obtained. Five fungal isolates were obtained from the P. amabilis orchid, consisting of 1 Penicillium and 4 sterile mycelium isolates. The D. brevilabium had 7 fungal isolates, namely 1 Penicillium and 6 Fusarium isolates. The V. planifolia had 6 Fusarium isolates, whereas the A. odorata had 4 isolates, such as 1 Penicillium, 2 sterile mycelium, and 1 unidentified isolate. The genus Penicillium was found in 3 out of the 4 orchid species studied. One Penicillium isolate was molecularly identified as Penicillium citrinum. Endophytic fungi in P. amabilis were mostly sterile mycelium, while D. brevilabium, V. planifolia, and A. odorata were dominated by Fusarium.

Combination of Planting Media and Fungicide Immersion on the Growth of Moon Orchid (Phalaenopsis sp.) Acclimatization Stage

Acclimatization is a critical stage in the propagation of tissue culture plants, because at this stage the plant must be able to develop and form strong tissue so that it can adapt to the new environment. The aim of this research was to determine the interaction of a combination of planting media and fungicide soaking on the growth of moon orchids (Phalaenopsis sp.) at the acclimatization stage. The method used was a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and was repeated three times. The first factor is a combination of planting media consisting of 100% white moss, 50% white moss + 50% fern, 50% white moss + 50% wood charcoal, and 50% white moss + 25% fern + 25% wood charcoal. The second factor is the length of soaking in fungicide, namely without soaking, soaking 6 minutes and 10 minutes. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA and continued with the 5% DMRT test. The results of the research showed that the combination of planting media treatment of 50% white moss + 25% fern + 25% wood charcoal not significant on all observed parameters. These results show that the planting medium has a very important role in the growth of orchid plants, sterilization of explants at the acclimatization stage only needs to be done if the source of contaminants is in the planting material.

Effects of far-red light irradiation and its timing on the flowering in Phalaenopsis amabilis

Effects of far-red light irradiation and its timing on the flowering in <i>Phalaenopsis amabilis</i>

INVENTARISATION OF ORCHID TYPES (Orchidaceae) IN WEST TOMOHON AREA

This study aims to inventory orchid species in the West Tomohon area using the accidental sampling method of exploration in a predetermined place. Orchids are a type of flowering plant that comes from the Orchidaceae family. Each type of orchid has its own characteristics. Tomohon City has abundant natural resources, including ornamental plants such as orchids. Data on orchid diversity in West Tomohon Sub-district has never been reported. Orchid inventory is an activity that records the diversity of orchid species in an area. This research is descriptive-qualitative research. The results of this study have yielded 10 species of orchids belonging to nine genera in one family. The orchid species found in the West Tomohon area consist of Arachnis sp., Arundina graminifolia, Cattleya sp., Dendrobium biggibum, Dendrobium moschatum, Epidendrum secundum, Oncidium flexuosum, Phaius tankervilleae, Phalaenopsis amabilis, and Vanda arcuata. The most common orchid found in this area is the moon orchid, Phalaenopsis amabilis.

Detection of &lt;i&gt;AtRKD4&lt;/i&gt; Gene and Induction of Somatic Embryo in Transformant of &lt;i&gt;Phalaenopsis amabilis&lt;/i&gt; Carrying 35S::GR::&lt;i&gt;AtRKD4&lt;/i&gt;

Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume is a native Indonesian orchid that plays an important role in the breeding of orchid’s hybrid worldwide. The high consumer demand causes a decline in the population of orchids for commercial trade. Plant propagation through induction of somatic embryogenesis will be very beneficial, because plants can be obtained in large numbers and uniform. AtRKD4 gene is an important gene in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana which functions very early in development stage to initiate embryo formation. The AtRKD4 gene has been inserted into the P. amabilis orchid and several transformants have been obtained. This study aims to determine the stability integration of the AtRKD4 gene in the transformant P. amabilis genome and induce somatic embryo formation on transformant orchids. Plantation of leaf explants from P. amabilis transformants on hormone-free New Phalaenopsis basic medium induced somatic embryo formation by 20%. Anatomical analysis showed that there is no difference stage between anatomy of somatic embryo development pattern in P. amabilis transformant and somatic embryo development pattern of monocot plants in general, PCR analysis using AtRKD4 specific primers showed that the embryos still contained 198 bp fragments of the AtRKD4 gene. In conclusion, the AtRKD4 gene is stably integrated in the P. amabilis orchid genome and can continuously induce the formation of somatic embryo from somatic cells of orchid transformants.

Inventarisasi Dan Analisis Jenis Anggrek (Orchidaceae) Di Kampung Nambo, Desa Batukarut, Kecamatan Arjasari, Kabupaten Bandung

Orchid is a plant from the Orchidaceae family which is known for the beauty and beauty of its flowers. In Indonesia, there are various species of orchids spread across large islands such as Java and Sumatra. Therefore, orchids have a lot of richness with morphological differences in them. Because of its beauty, orchids are often used as ornamental plants to beautify the yard. Observations were made in the yard of the house in the Nambo Village area, Batukarut Village, Arjasari District, Bandung Regency to classify ornamental orchid plants and differentiate them based on their morphological characteristics. The results obtained were found to be 5 species of orchids from different genera where there were morphological differences between one another. The species is Vanda sp. (Vanda Orchid), Cymbidium Golden Boy. (Boat Orchid), Phalaenopsis amabilis (Moon Orchid), Dendrobium caesar and Arachnis flos-aeris (Scorpion Orchid).

Inventory of Domesticated Orchid Species in Samaenre Village Mallawa District, Maros Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

The study aimed to determine the types of orchids from domestication in Samaenre Village, Mallawa District, Maros Regency which is included as one of the buffer areas of Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park. This type of research is a descriptive study with a purposive sampling method, which only records the types of orchids maintained by the community in Samaenre Village, Mallawa District, Maros Regency. The results showed that there were 26 types of orchids. 11 were identified to the species level and 15 were identified to the genus level. Orchids found are Acriopsis sp., Aerides inflexa, Aerides sp., Agrosthophyllum sp., Appendicula sp., Apporum uncatum, Coelogyne celebensis, Coelogyne sp., Cymbidium finlaysonianum, Dendrobium anosmum, Dendrobium crumenatum, Dendrobium striaenopsis, Dendrobium sp., Eria sp., Flickingeria sp., Liparis sp., Luisia sp., Phalaenopsis amabilis, Phalaenopsis amboinensis, Phalaenopsis sp., Pholidota sp., Phreatia sp., Robiqueta sp., Spathoglottis sp., Trichoglottis geminata, Vanda sp. The most widely kept type of orchid is Dendrobium striaenopsis. It shows that society is able to domesticate natural orchids of various types.

First report of Impatiens necrotic spot orthotospovirus infecting Tulbaghia violacia Harv. in China.

Tulbaghia violaceaHarv. indigenous to southern African countries, is an herbaceous perennial bulbous plant belonging to the familyAmaryllidaceae. It is a popular garden plant in China. This attractive plant is traditionally used as medicine and repellent (Kubec et al. 2002; Moodley et al. 2015). In June 2021,T. violaceaplants showing typical tospovirus-like symptoms of chlorotic rings patterns, were found at the campus of Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine (Fig.S1). Disease incidence was about 11.0% during the field survey. Total RNA was extracted from symptomatic leaves of T. violacea plants using the TRIzol reagent (ambio, Carlsbad, CA). Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was conducted to identify thevirus using RNA extract as the template. The degenerate primers (dTospo-F2 and dTospo-R2) (Huang et al. 2018) were used to amplify the conserved regions of the orthotospoviral L RNA sequences. No amplification was obtained from extracts of two asymptomatic plants. The amplicons from four symptomatic samples were cloned into the pMD19-T vector (TaKaRa) and sequenced (three clones for each amplicon) by Tsingke (Shanghai, China). The obtained DNA fragments were determined to be 312 bp. The sequences from four symptomatic samples were identical (GenBank acc.no. OK258285) and shared the highest nucleotide identities (98.0%) with a corresponding sequence of segment L of impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) isolated (GQ336991) from Phalaenopsis amabilis in Yunnan province, China. To further confirm the INSV infection to T. violacea, the samples were analyzed with the specific primers for the N, NSs and NSm genes of INSV (Table S1), respectively. Amplicons of the expected size, 789 bp, 1344 bp and 912 bp, were produced, respectively. Amplicons were cloned and sequenced. The 789-bp N (ON529554) and 1344-bp NSs (ON529554) gene sequences had 99.1% and 99.3% nucleotide identities with the corresponding region of previously described INSV Phalenopsis isolate (GQ336989), respectively. The 912-bp NSm (ON529553) gene sequence shared 99.5% nucleotide identity with the corresponding region of INSV Phalenopsis isolate (GQ336990). Metavirome and Sanger sequencing were used to complete the genome of INSV from T. violacea. The leaves of the symptomatic sample were used to construct an rRNA-depleted library using Nextera XT reagents (Illumina, San Diego, CA). The library was subjected to RNA-Seq a NovaSeq 6000 platform (Illumina, San Diego, CA). A total of 33,193,233 quality-filtered reads were obtained using BBMAP (https://github.com/BioInfoTools/BBMapBBMap-BushnellB.-sourceforge.net/projects/bbmap/). Among 161052 reads mapped to virus sequences, 151407 reads (read ratios 94.0%) were mapped to INSV. Three complete segments of INSV genome were determined to 8,778 nt (L segment, Acc. No. ON529552), 4,958 nt (M segment, Acc. No. ON529553), and 2,983 nt (S segment, Acc. No. ON529554) in length. These segments were validated by RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. Three segments share nucleotide sequence identities of 99.6%, 99.3% and 98.9% with the L (GQ336991), M (GQ336990) and S segments (GQ336989) of INSV Phalenopsis isolate, respectively. The results of sequence comparisons showed no evidence of reassortment between INSV and another orthotospovirus.There was a report of tomato spotted wilt virus infecting T. violacea in Florida, USA (Dey et al. 2019). No other virus infecting T. violacea was reported. INSV has been reported to infect several economically important crops including Phalenopsis, pepper etc. in China (Chen et al. 2016). INSV-infected T. violacea not only losses landscaping value but also plays an important intermedia host role in the spread of INSV. Additional surveys and evaluation will be needed to understand the potential medicinal effect of this virus on this plant. To our knowledge, this is first report of INSV in T. violacea.

Development of Malay Deli Songket Motifs Based on Symmetry Groups

One of the tribes in North Sumatra Province that has a wide variety of art is the Deli Malays, especially the Songket motifs. Songket is a type of traditional Indonesian weaving that should be preserved to maintain Indonesia’s wealth. The motifs in the Malay Deli Songket can be analyzed because of its symmetrical pattern. In this study, the author developed the Malay Deli Songket motif based on the concept of the symmetry group. The motif development was carried out with the Matlab program based on the frieze group pattern and the crystallography group pattern. The Frieze pattern, often called the Frieze Group, is a symmetry group created from one-way translation, forming a linear pattern that repeats one way. The crystallography group has 17 crystallographic patterns formed by a specific transformation from each type of unit lattice. Through the development of motifs, 6 new Songket motifs were obtained based on the Frieze pattern in 11 observed Malay Deli Songket motifs, namely the Moon Orchid motif, the Orchid motif, the Balong Ayam motif, the Coffee Flowers motif, the Tobacco Leaves 1 and 2 motifs, the Corn motif, the Paddy motif, the Tampuk Manggis motif, the Tobacco motif, and the Ulam Raja motif. In 4 previously observed Malay Deli Songket motifs, 11 new Songket motifs were obtained for crystallography patterns: the Deli Tobacco Leaves motif, the Coffee motif, the Tampuk Gelugor motif, and the Undang Kupu-Kupu motif.

Risk Control of Moon Orchid Production Using FMEA Method and Fishbone Diagram

One type of orchid that is known to the public is the type of Phalaenopsis amabilis or the moon orchid. Orchid cultivation is inseparable from production risks that are influenced by internal and external factors. This risk allows the occurrence of an event that may cause losses. This study aims to identify sources of risk, analyze sources of risk priority management, and propose actions to control the production of Orchid Bulan. This research was conducted by Salsa Orchid, located in Cihideung Village, Parongpong District, West Bandung Regency, West Java Province. Identification and analysis of the impact of the risks posed are analyzed using the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) method, while to analyze the source of risk that is a priority for treatment is analyzed using a Fishbone Diagram. The study results show that critical values that must be addressed immediately are insufficient sunlight, too close spacing, low level of labor discipline, and less strategic production locations. The proposed handling of the risk of lack of sunlight is carried out by adjusting the intensity of light from the existing shade according to the needs of the moon orchids. Spacing that is too close is overcome by rearranging the position of the spacing so that the orchid leaves do not cover one another. The low level of labor discipline is overcome by intensive supervision of the work and employee work results. Production locations that are not strategic are overcome by using air conditioners and blowers to regulate air circulation, temperature, and humidity in the greenhouse