Mood Rating Scales Research Articles

Outcome Measures And Analysis Of Memory Movers- An Exercise Programme For The Brain, Body And Mind

Abstract Background Memory Movers is a six-week early intervention specialist programme designed for implementation in community settings to meet key healthcare needs for individuals experiencing memory difficulties/dementia and their family carers. This programme provides individuals with the knowledge, skills and education to care for their overall health and well-being. It supports mental health and well-being by utilising cognitive stimulation exercises in conjunction with physical health exercises and providing information and basic exercises in mental health. Methods The Specialist Mental Health Service for Older People collaborated with an Acute Hospital, local Council, and Sports and Wellbeing Partnership in designing a suitable, accessible programme to promote Mental Health and well-being in the community. The programme incorporates the following aspects of health: Memory, Movement, and Mental Health. Results Pre- and post-assessments were undertaken with results highlighting the following: The Life Satisfaction Scale improved by 6%; the Mood Rating Scale improved by 19% and the overall rating of experiencing feelings of anxiety was reduced by 14% within the final week. There was also a 101% increase in the average engagement in physical activity. A range of positive comments received from attendees were recorded on feedback questionnaires. Conclusion Findings highlighted that remaining active supports both physical and mental health. According to the HSE (2020), physical exercise can cause chemical changes in the brain, which can help improve mood. Cognitive stimulation is beneficial to brain health and cognition (Schulz 2015). These contribute to the overall well-being of individuals, promoting cognitive functioning and movement, as well as overall mental health and well-being. This programme also provides opportunities for social connection and integration with services.

Multichannel tDCS with advanced targeting for major depressive disorder: a tele-supervised at-home pilot study.

Proof-of-principle human studies suggest that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) may improve depression severity. This open-label multicenter study tested remotely supervised multichannel tDCS delivered at home in patients (N=35) with major depressive disorder (MDD). The primary aim was to assess the feasibility and safety of our protocol. As an exploratory aim, we evaluated therapeutic efficacy: the primary efficacy measure was the median percent change from baseline to the end of the 4-week post-treatment follow-up period in the observer-rated Montgomery-Asberg Depression Mood Rating Scale (MADRS). Participants received 37 at-home stimulation sessions (30 minutes each) of specifically designed multichannel tDCS targeting the left DLPFC administered over eight weeks (4 weeks of daily treatments plus 4 weeks of taper), with a follow-up period of 4 weeks following the final stimulation session. The stimulation montage (electrode positions and currents) was optimized by employing computational models of the electric field generated by multichannel tDCS using available structural data from a similar population (group optimization). Conducted entirely remotely, the study employed the MADRS for assessment at baseline, at weeks 4 and 8 during treatment, and at 4-week follow-up visits. 34 patients (85.3% women) with a mean age of 59 years, a diagnosis of MDD according to DSM-5 criteria, and a MADRS score ≥20 at the time of study enrolment completed all study visits. At baseline, the mean time since MDD diagnosis was 24.0 (SD 19.1) months. Concerning compliance, 85% of the participants (n=29) completed the complete course of 37 stimulation sessions at home, while 97% completed at least 36 sessions. No detrimental effects were observed, including suicidal ideation and/or behavior. The study observed a median MADRS score reduction of 64.5% (48.6, 72.4) 4 weeks post-treatment (Hedge's g = -3.1). We observed a response rate (≥ 50% improvement in MADRS scores) of 72.7% (n=24) from baseline to the last visit 4 weeks post-treatment. Secondary measures reflected similar improvements. These results suggest that remotely supervised and supported multichannel home-based tDCS is safe and feasible, and antidepressant efficacy motivates further appropriately controlled clinical studies. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05205915?tab=results, identifier NCT05205915.

The effect of older age on outcomes of rTMS treatment for treatment-resistant depression.

Clinical outcomes of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treatment of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) vary widely and there is no mood rating scale that is standard for assessing rTMS outcome. It remains unclear whether TMS is as efficacious in older adults with late-life depression (LLD) compared to younger adults with major depressive disorder (MDD). This study examined the effect of age on outcomes of rTMS treatment of adults with TRD. Self-report and observer mood ratings were measured weekly in 687 subjects ages 16-100 years undergoing rTMS treatment using the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology 30-item Self-Report (IDS-SR), Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item (PHQ), Profile of Mood States 30-item, and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 17-item (HDRS). All rating scales detected significant improvement with treatment; response and remission rates varied by scale but not by age (response/remission ≥ 60: 38%-57%/25%-33%; <60: 32%-49%/18%-25%). Proportional hazards models showed early improvement predicted later improvement across ages, though early improvements in PHQ and HDRS were more predictive of remission in those < 60 years (relative to those ≥ 60) and greater baseline IDS burden was more predictive of non-remission in those ≥ 60 years (relative to those < 60). These results indicate there is no significant effect of age on treatment outcomes in rTMS for TRD, though rating instruments may differ in assessment of symptom burden between younger and older adults during treatment.

An Investigation on Students Learnings &amp; Mental Health Influenced by Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence has impacted student’s social, emotional, and physical well-being. It has resulted in how a person thinks and reacts to a particular situation. The Purpose of this investigation is to test the effectiveness of learning patterns on our mental health. It can affect a student’s energy level, concentration, dependability, and mental ability. On the other hand, AI can automate the process of grading assignments and providing feedback to students, which can save teachers a lot of time and can focus more on student interaction. It is essential to ensure that AI systems used in education are unbiased and fair. We read articles about the connection between artificial intelligence and mental health that use mood rating scales and classified them into the pros and cons of artificial intelligence. In our college, we will also carry out a poll that shows how Artificial intelligence has harmed and benefited the students. Therefore, it is crucial to carefully examine the benefits and risks of AI in education and implement appropriate safeguards to ensure that it is used ethically and responsibly. Public mental health based on artificial intelligence engineering has a wide range of application and development prospects in enhancing the effectiveness of instruction, achieving high efficiency and intelligence, and enhancing specialized education. The use of artificial intelligence-based public mental health in business administration teaching effects has highly favorable importance for precisely determining the mental health and teaching effects of business administration students. We develop a method for the influence of public mental health on the teaching effect of the business administration profession based on artificial intelligence engineering to improve the teaching- learning effect of the business administration major. ( Keywords:- Learnings, Mental Health, and Artificial Intelligence )

Impact of Active Break with Guided Dance in University Classes

Abstract Introduction. In general, during the theoretical content taught in different educational stages, students are seated for several hours and expository methods are used by the teacher. Under these conditions, emotions such as anxiety, boredom and loss of attention may appear. To improve this situation, several studies have shown that active breaks (AB) in class are a good option. Therefore, this research aims to evaluate the effect of AB with dance in the classroom on the emotional state and attention level of university students. Material and methods. A crossover design was employed where the type of rest (active vs. passive) was compared in two class groups for a total of 68 students (age 20.7 ± 1.7 years, 50% female). The variables studied were the level of attention and emotional state, assessed using the d2 test and the mood rating scale (EVEA). A multilevel linear model was applied and Cohen’s d was calculated for the statistical analysis. Results. Although there was an improvement in the level of attention with the implementation of AB with dance (p &gt; 0.05, |d| = 0.15-0.28), this was not significant. In the emotional state, a decrease in the level of sadness was found (p &gt; 0.05; d = - 0.16) without statistical significance. Conclusions. The application of AB with dance in the classroom provides a way to increase students’ physical activity levels without negatively affecting the level of attention. Further studies with theoretical classes of longer duration and in a longer intervention period could provide new data on the benefits of AB with dance.

Neurophysiology of pain education knowledge, pain disability, patient satisfaction and central sensitization in chronic musculoskeletal pain

Chronic musculoskeletal pains are multifaceted, and Central sensitization is a potential pathophysiological mechanism underlying a group of chronic musculoskeletal pain disorders. Neurophysiology of pain education knowledge and patient satisfaction levels of chronic musculoskeletal pain subjects may contribute to central nervous system sensitization. Hence, the aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of neurophysiology of pain education knowledge and patient satisfaction levels on central sensitization in large population of patient with chronic musculoskeletal pain. The study included 200 chronic musculoskeletal pain subjects that persisted more than 3 months with average age of 43.93±13.62. A cross-sectional study used non probability sampling. Neurophysiology of pain Questionnaire (NPQ) to know the conceptualization of pain, mood rating scale(MRS) to measure patient’s mood fluctuation because of pain, pain disability scale (PDS) for evaluating patients ability to perform certain activity, central sensitization inventory(CSI) to measure nervous system sensitization and patients satisfaction scale(PSS) to understand patient’s satisfaction towards the treatment and health care provider were used. Descriptive and correlation analyses were used for analysis. The correlation analyses showed that patient disability scale negatively correlated with mood scale and positively correlated with the age, duration of the condition, impact of pain on ADL and central sensitization. And there was a positive correlation between patient satisfaction and impact of pain on ADL. The age, mood, duration of the condition and pain disability were the factors behind central sensitization in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. And the neuro physiology of pain knowledge had impact on pain disability and patient satisfaction.

Agreeing to disagree: inter-subject variability of mood rating scales during rtms treatment of depression

Agreeing to disagree: inter-subject variability of mood rating scales during rtms treatment of depression

Validation of the Longitudinal Interval Follow-Up Evaluation for the Long-Term Measurement of Mood Symptoms in Bipolar Disorder.

The long-term burden of symptoms is an important outcome in bipolar disorder (BD). A method which has minimal burden of assessment uses a retrospective interview, the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Examination (LIFE), although this may be subject to problems with recall. This study examines the relationship between the retrospective LIFE scale and concurrently-rated mood rating scales in two clinical trials of 18 months of psychotherapy for patients with BD. The Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) were administered every eight to nine weeks and the LIFE was carried out every 6 months. Correlations between scores on mood rating scales and at equivalent times on the LIFE were examined, as well as of potential clinical moderators. There were significant correlations between LIFE depression ratings and concurrent MADRS score (r = 0.57) and between LIFE mania ratings and YMRS score (r = 0.40). In determining "mild depression" on the MADRS, a receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis showed an AUC of 0.78 for LIFE scores. Correlations, particularly for depression scores, were high even when the LIFE rating was several months before the interview, suggesting that the LIFE has validity in examining the burden of mood symptoms over time, with relatively little burden of assessment. Future research should examine the relationship between symptom burden and quality of life measured in this way.

La réalité virtuelle personnalisée sur les troubles de l’humeur en établissement d’hébergement pour personnes âgées dépendantes et unité de soin de longue durée : étude de cas chez un résident présentant des troubles cognitifs modérés

IntroductionThe World Health Organization defined dementia as a syndrome in which there is deterioration in cognitive function beyond what might be expected from the usual consequences of biological aging. Currently, 55 million people live with Alzheimer's in the world. Unfortunately, there isn’t any drug treatment to cure the degenerative disease although clinical trials are promising regarding the use of monoclonal antibodies. But, Alzheimer's disease and associated diseases lead to behavioral and psychological symptoms (anxiety, apathy, depression) which can be frequent in nursing homes. In the context of pandemic, these conditions are amplified because of the sanitary restrictions. Since the beginning of the sars-cov2 pandemic, residents have felt alone, sad and more anxious. Nowadays, non-drug interventions are recommended by health organizations for the treatment of behavioral and mood disorders in the elderly with cognitive disorders. Reminiscence therapy is a non drug intervention which has been shown to be effective in the treatment of mood disorders on elderly. Many nursing homes use this non pharmacological treatment for their residents. Some studies take interest in reminiscence and virtual reality. The use of new technologies is innovative in geriatric care and it can be used as a personalized support for reminiscence therapy. The “Bien Vieillir Nice 2030” Project of Nice's University Hospital supports this research on virtual reality and mood disorders in nursing homes/long term care unit. ObjectiveThe objective of this study (University Hospital of Nice, CoBTeK France) is to evaluate the effects of personalized virtual reality on reduction of mood disorders in nursing homes residents with minors and moderates neurocognitive disorders. The secondary objectives are to assess the acceptability of the device, the emotional valence and the resident's quality of life. MethodA single case study is presented to illustrate reminiscences and emotions protocol. Participants are randomized into two groups: neutral versus personalized. The neutral videos consist of unknown places like random streets or public gardens while the personalized videos are known places that mattered to the residents. Places are filmed with a camera GoPro Fusion 360°. The healthcare team and families are actively involved in the research protocol. Their help is invaluable in targeting memories related to the resident's life history. A clinical psychologist specializing in gerontology is in charge of the virtual reality sessions. The therapeutic alliance is central to our study. A humanistic method of person-centered approach allows communication with the resident to offer him to participate in the sessions. The sessions always start and end in the same way in order not to cause stress in the resident. The hardware is tested before the protocol starts, for familiarization purpose. Potential side effects related to virtual reality are identified using a cybermalaise questionnaire. The sessions are held in a sitting position for the participant's safety. In this paper, Mr. G, 92 years old benefits from personalized video according to his life story. He has moderate cognitive impairment as well as mood disorders. He received ten virtual reality sessions over a period of six weeks. The exposure time varies between five to ten minutes. We use an Oculus Rift S headset and a computer in partnership with C2Care. Variables were measured before and at the end of the protocol. We performed a visual analysis of the scores. ResultsThe results indicated a decrease on mood rating scales scores (Geriatric Depression Scale, Apathy Inventory, Neuropsychiatric Inventory and Hamilton Depression Rating scale). The interventions produced pleasure and alertness in connection along with the emergence of positive memories. The headset was well tolerated by the participant, but we did not observe any effect on quality of life. ConclusionThere is an interest in the use of reminiscence therapy using virtual reality to improve participants’ mood. Future results will allow us to conclude on the method and on its indication in nursing homes after the inclusion of 30 participants.

White matter predictors of worsening of subthreshold hypomania severity in non-bipolar young adults parallel abnormalities in individuals with bipolar disorder

BackgroundIdentifying neural predictors of worsening subthreshold hypomania severity can help identify risk of progression to BD. While diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging (dMRI) studies reported white matter microstructural abnormalities in tracts supporting emotional regulation in individuals with BD, it remains unknown whether similar patterns of white matter microstructure predict worsening of subthreshold hypomania severity in non-BD individuals. MethodsdMRI data were collected in: 81 non-BD individuals recruited across a range of subthreshold depression and hypomania, and followed for six months; and independent samples of 75 BD and 58 healthy individuals. All individuals were assessed using standardized diagnostic assessments, mood and anxiety symptom rating scales. Global probabilistic tractography and a tract-profile approach examined fractional anisotropy (FA), a measure of fiber collinearity, in tracts supporting emotional regulation shown to have abnormalities in BD: forceps minor (FMIN), anterior thalamic radiation (ATR), cingulum bundle (CB), and uncinate fasciculus (UF). ResultsLower FA in left CB (middle, β = −0.22, P = 0.022; posterior, β = −0.32, P < 0.001), right CB (anterior, β = −0.30, P = 0.003; posterior, β = −0.27, P = 0.005), and right UF (frontal, β = −0.29, P = 0.002; temporal, β = −0.40, P < 0.001) predicted worsening of subthreshold hypomania severity in non-BD individuals. BD versus healthy individuals showed lower FA in several of these segments: middle left CB (F = 8.7, P = 0.004), anterior right CB (F = 9.8, P = 0.002), and frontal right UF (F = 7.0, P = 0.009). Non-BD individuals with worsening 6-month hypomania had lower FA in these three segments versus HC and non-BD individuals without worsening hypomania, but similar FA to BD individuals. LimitationsRelatively short follow-up. ConclusionsWhite matter predictors of worsening subthreshold hypomania in non-BD individuals parallel abnormalities in BD individuals, and can guide early risk identification and interventions.

The potential role of lysergic acid diethylamide for psychological assisted therapy: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials in healthy volunteers.

In recent years, interest in using lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in psychiatric research and corresponding therapy has increased rapidly. In this meta-analysis, we explored the effects of LSD on healthy subjects with respect to subjective drug effects, blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature and side effects. PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched from January 2010 to December 2020 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effects of LSD in healthy people. Subsequently, 5 RCTs with 132 healthy people which focused on the effects of LSD were enrolled in our study. We found that taking 50, 100 and 200mcg LSD doses were associated with a significant increase in the maximal difference from the baseline compared to the placebo group among the outcomes of AMRS (Adjective Mood Rating Scale) score. Significant differences existed between the LSD and placebo groups when taking 100 and 200mcg LSD in acute adverse effects (100mcg: SMD=.97, 95% confidence interval [CI], .50, 1.44, Z=4.04, p<.001; 200mcg: SMD=1.18, 95% CI, 0.65, 1.72, Z=4.32, p<.001). Meta-analysis of the subjective effects of LSD in healthy people revealed moderate significant effect sizes in favor of LSD with no significant adverse effects. A 100mcg dose of LSD has potential for use in psychological-assisted therapy and may improve the mental fitness of patients with disease-related psychiatric distress. Additional clinical trials are necessary to explore the efficacy and safety of LSD as a psychological-assisted therapy.

Reliability of DNMSQuest as a Screening Tool for Mood Disorders in Cervical Dystonia.

The high prevalence of mood disorders in cervical dystonia, often unaddressed in botulinum toxin clinics, is a major factor in impaired quality of life. There is a clear need for a brief screening method for identifying these disorders; the Dystonia non-motor symptoms questionnaire (DNMSQuest) has been proposed as such. We aimed to assess the practical utility of the DNMSQuest and compare it with validated rating scales for anxiety, depression and quality of life. In 88 patients with cervical dystonia, we compared results from the DNMSQuest with mood rating scales [Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Index (BDI-II) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)], quality of life measures [European Quality of Life (EQOL) and European Quality of Life Visual Analogue Scale (EQOLVAS)] and with assessments of dystonia severity [Cervical Dystonia Impact Profile-58 (CDIP58) and Toronto Western Rating Scale for Spasmodic Torticollis (TWSTRS)]. Using a cut off score on the DNMSQuest of 5, we noted that DNMSQuest had a sensitivity of 85% for detecting anxiety and depression using the BAI and BDI-II, and 76% and 78% for anxiety and depression respectively using the HADS. The DNMSQuest correlated strongly with BAI (ρ=0.715), BDI-II (ρ=0.658), HADS-Anxiety (ρ=0.616), HADS-Depression (ρ=0.706), EQOL (ρ=0.653) and CDIP-58 (ρ=0.665). The DNMSQuest is a brief, sensitive and non-specific instrument for identifying patients that warrant further review for anxiety and depression and can easily be implemented in a neurologist-run botulinum toxin clinic.

Subclinical manic symptoms predict social cognitive impairment mediated by deficits in executive functioning in older adults with mood disorders

<h3>Introduction</h3> Bipolar disorder can impair executive functioning and social cognition which refers to the cognitive processes involved in understanding social cues (this includes theory of mind). However, little is known about the degree to which subclinical manic symptoms can impact social cognition in older adults and the role of executive functioning in this interaction. This cross-sectional study examined if transdiagnostic subclinical manic symptoms in older adults with mood disorders were related to impaired social cognition and if this relationship was mediated by executive functioning. <h3>Methods</h3> Ninety-five mood disorder patients (43 patients with bipolar disorder, 50 with major depressive disorder, 2 with schizoaffective disorder) ages 55 and above completed a battery of neuropsychological tests, mood and anxiety rating scales, clinical rating scales, functional and medical assessments. Total scores from the Mind in the Eyes task were used to assess social cognition. Executive functioning was assessed using the total correct scores from the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST). The Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) were used to assess mood and anxiety symptoms. <h3>Results</h3> All participants had subclinical manic symptoms based on the YMRS scores independent of their diagnosis. We used linear regressions to test mediation following the Baron and Kenny (1986) method. We found that greater subclinical manic symptoms (YMRS) were related to reduced executive functioning (path a, <i>p</i>=.043), and lower social cognitive functioning (Mind in the Eyes task), when controlling for depression and anxiety symptoms (path c, <i>p</i> = .002). The association between manic symptoms and social cognition was fully mediated by performance on an executive functioning task (the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task total correct scores, path b, <i>p</i>=.010, path c' <i>p</i>= .375). Mood diagnosis, depression and anxiety symptoms were not significantly related to performance on social cognitive or executive functioning tasks. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Executive functioning could explain social cognitive impairment related to subclinical manic symptoms. Our findings shed some light into the neuropsychological features of subclinical manic symptoms in older adults. <h3>Funding</h3> The Rogers Family Foundation

Assessment of Psychological Distress in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Through Technologies: Literature Review.

BackgroundThe use of technological devices can support the self-management of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), particularly in addressing psychological distress. However, there is poor consistency in the literature regarding the use of psychological instruments for the web-based screening of patients’ psychological distress and subsequent monitoring of their psychological condition during digital interventions.ObjectiveThis study aims to review previous literature on the types of psychological instruments delivered in digital interventions for assessing depression, anxiety, and stress in patients with T2DM.MethodsThe literature review was conducted using the PsycINFO, CINAHL and PubMed databases, in which the following terms were considered: diabetes mellitus, measure, assessment, self-care, self-management, depression, anxiety, stress, technology, eHealth, mobile health, mobile phone, device, and smartphone.ResultsIn most studies, psychological assessments were administered on paper. A few studies deployed self-reporting techniques employing automated telephonic assessment, a call system for screening and monitoring patients’ conditions and preferences, or through telephone interviews via interactive voice response calls, a self-management support program leveraging tailored messages and structured emails. Other studies used simple telephone interviews and included the use of apps for tablets and smartphones to assess the psychological well-being of patients. Finally, some studies deployed mood rating scales delivered through tailored text message–based support systems.ConclusionsThe deployment of appropriate psychological tools in digital interventions allows researchers and clinicians to make the screening of anxiety, stress, and depression symptoms faster and easier in patients with T2DM. Data from this literature review suggest that mobile health solutions may be preferred tools to use in such digital interventions.

Actividad física y su asociación con el estado emocional en adultos mayores con obesidad

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objetivo&lt;/strong&gt;: determinar la actividad física y su asociación con el estado emocional en adultos de 60 a 70 años con obesidad. &lt;strong&gt;Métodos: &lt;/strong&gt;estudio transversal analítico, realizado en la Unidad de Medicina Familiar No. 75 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, de mayo a julio de 2019, se incluyeron participantes mediante un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Se evaluaron medidas antropométricas como: peso, talla y circunferencia abdominal para clasificar el grado de obesidad. Se aplicó el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (ipaq) y la Escala de Valoración de Estado de Ánimo (evea). Los resultados se muestran con medidas de tendencia central, frecuencias y porcentajes; se utilizó la prueba estadística &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;χ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2 &lt;/sup&gt;, considerando un valor significativo de p&amp;lt;0.05 para la asociación de actividad física y estado emocional. &lt;strong&gt;Resultados: &lt;/strong&gt;participaron 275 adultos, con una media de 65.1 años de edad, 39.6% fue hombres y 60.4% mujeres. Del total de la población estudiada 63.6% presentó obesidad grado I, 29.1% grado ii, 7.3% grado iii; 28.7% presentaron actividad física baja. En relación con el estado emocional, la alegría predominó en 40.7% de los casos que realizaban actividad física. Al evaluar la asociación entre actividad física baja y estado emocional alterado (depresión, ansiedad e ira) se detectó un &lt;strong&gt;or&lt;/strong&gt; de 1.9 (1.1, 3.3). &lt;strong&gt;Conclusión:&lt;/strong&gt; realizar actividad física baja se asocia con un estado emocional caracterizado por ansiedad, depresión e ira.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Artificial Intelligence for Mental Health and Mental Illnesses: an Overview.

Artificial intelligence (AI) technology holds both great promise to transform mental healthcare and potential pitfalls. This article provides an overview of AI and current applications in healthcare, a review of recent original research on AI specific to mental health, and a discussion of how AI can supplement clinical practice while considering its current limitations, areas needing additional research, and ethical implications regarding AI technology. We reviewed 28 studies of AI and mental health that used electronic health records (EHRs), mood rating scales, brain imaging data, novel monitoring systems (e.g., smartphone, video), and social media platforms to predict, classify, or subgroup mental health illnesses including depression, schizophrenia or other psychiatric illnesses, and suicide ideation and attempts. Collectively, these studies revealed high accuracies and provided excellent examples of AI's potential in mental healthcare, but most should be considered early proof-of-concept works demonstrating the potential of using machine learning (ML) algorithms to address mental health questions, and which types of algorithms yield the best performance. As AI techniques continue to be refined and improved, it will be possible to help mental health practitioners re-define mental illnesses more objectively than currently done in the DSM-5, identify these illnesses at an earlier or prodromal stage when interventions may be more effective, and personalize treatments based on an individual's unique characteristics. However, caution is necessary in order to avoid over-interpreting preliminary results, and more work is required to bridge the gap between AI in mental health research and clinical care.

Impact of Hydration Status on Electromyography and Ratings of Perceived Exertion During the Vertical Jump

Background: The vertical jumping task is commonly used to assess lower-body power output in athletic populations, in addition to being commonly used to during investigations of hydration and anaerobic performance. Changes in neuromuscular function during a hypohydrated state have been proposed as a potential mechanism to decreases in anaerobic performance. Objectives: The primary purpose of this investigation was to examine the impact of hydration state on electromyography during the vertical jumping task. Methods: Twenty recreationally trained males were tested in three hydration conditions (hypohydrated, euhydrated, and control). Testing included maximal voluntary contractions of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, semitendinosus and medial gastrocnemius. Participants performed three maximal countermovement and squat jumps respectively for a total of six jumps in each condition. Both mean muscle activity and percentage of maximal voluntary contraction were calculated across the propulsive phase of each jump. Additionally, measures of RPE and the use of a mood rating scale were used as subjective measures. Results: No differences were seen in mean muscle activity and percentage of MVC in either of the jumping conditions (p &gt; 0.05). Significant differences were seen with higher ratings of perceived exertion as well as lower levels of mood ratings after the hypohydrated condition (p = 0.02 and p = 0.048 respectively). Conclusions: Decrements seen in vertical jump performance during a hypohydrated state appear to be caused from changes other than neuromuscular function and muscle activity. Differences in subjective measures may provide insight into changes in motivational levels and potentially impacting performance.

The role of empathy and psychological need satisfaction in pharmacy students\u2019 burnout and well-being

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between Korean pharmacy students’ empathy and psychological need satisfaction and their levels of burnout and psychological well-being, using structural equation modeling.MethodsThe participants were 452 pharmacy students from five South Korean universities. The Jefferson Scale of Empathy (Health Professions Students version), the Activity-Feeling States Scale, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey were used to assess empathy, psychological need satisfaction, and burnout, respectively. Psychological well-being was measured with the Mood Rating Scale, Self-Esteem Scale, and Satisfaction With Life Scale. The fits of the measurement and structural regression (SR) models with data on the four variables were evaluated using the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), incremental fit index (IFI), comparative fit index (CFI), and root mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) using AMOS 18.0.ResultsA total of 447 students (98.9%) completed the survey. The measurement model showed adequate fit indices; all hypothesized factor loadings were significant. The proposed SR model also showed an acceptable fit (TLI = 0.92, IFI = 0.94, CFI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.072); each path was supported except the path from empathy to burnout (β = 0.005). Empathy was positively associated with psychological well-being (β = 0.18). Perceived satisfaction of psychological needs was positively related to psychological well-being (β = 0.59), but strongly and negatively related to burnout (β = − 0.71). The model explained 50 and 44% of variances in burnout and psychological well-being, respectively.ConclusionsPharmacy students’ empathy and psychological needs should be considered in pharmacy education systems to promote psychological adjustment.

Reduced lateral orbitofrontal cortex volume and suicide behavior in youth with bipolar disorder.

Structural abnormalities in cortical and subcortical regions, including the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), are altered during brain development in adolescents with bipolar disorder (BD), which may increase risk for suicide. Few studies have examined the neural substrates of suicidal behavior in BD youth. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between suicide behavior and the OFC in youth with BD. Thirty-seven participants with BD and 26 non-psychiatric controls, ages 13-21years, completed a diagnostic interview and mood rating scales. Lifetime symptoms of suicide ideation and behavior were examined using the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale. Participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging on a 3T Siemens Verio scanner. Morphometric analysis of brain images was performed using FreeSurfer. Eighteen participants with BD had a history of suicide attempt (SA). Bipolar youth with a history of SA showed reduced left lateral OFC volumes compared to controls, but there was no difference between BD attempters and non-attempters. Controls and BD non-attempters had significantly greater OFC cortical thickness than BD attempters. Additionally, there was a significant negative correlation between OFC volumes and suicide lethality, demonstrating that as suicide lethality increased, OFC volume in BD youth was reduced. The OFC is involved in decision-making, impulsivity, and reward circuitry which have shown to be impaired in BD. Reduced OFC volume and its association with lethality of suicide suggest that suicide behavior in BD may be related to the emerging neuroanatomical substrates of the disorder, particularly abnormalities of the OFC.

Acute tramadol enhances brain activity associated with reward anticipation in the nucleus accumbens.

Tramadol is an analgesic with monoamine reuptake inhibition and μ-opioid receptor activation. Although tramadol has been widely used for treatment of various pain conditions, there is controversy over the risk of abuse potential. We examined the effects of tramadol on the reward system in humans using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess the potential of tramadol for drug abuse or dependence. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study was conducted for 19 healthy adults under tramadol or placebo. In association with subjective mood questionnaires, monetary incentive delay (MID) task was performed to assess the neural response to reward anticipation during fMRI. Subjective mood measures and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal during gain and loss anticipation were compared between tramadol and placebo. Tramadol significantly reduced anxiety (Z= - 2.513, p = 0.012) and enhanced vigor (Z= - 2.725, p = 0.006) compared with placebo. By Mood Rating Scale, tramadol provoked contented (Z= - 2.316, p = 0.021), relaxed (Z= - 2.236, p = 0.025), and amicable feelings (Z= - 2.015, p = 0.044) as well as increased alertness (Z= - 1.972, p = 0.049) and contentedness domains (Z= - 2.174, p = 0.030) compared with placebo. Several brain regions including nucleus accumbens (NAc) were activated during gain anticipation in the MID task under both tramadol and placebo. Tramadol increased the %BOLD signal change in NAc at +¥500 cue significantly more than the placebo (Z= - 2.295, p = 0.022). Tramadol enhances the reward system and thereby may have abuse potential or precipitate drug abuse in human.