Church Monuments Research Articles

The possibilities of using historical data on Tambov church monuments of the late 18th – first half of the 19th century in the development of an interactive map

Importance. A number of factors are considered: the possibility of providing relevant historical information to a wide audience, the use of modern technologies for analyzing and distributing historical information, and the significant interest of historians in working within the framework of the methodology used. The purpose of the study is to offer a resource for popularizing the church history of the region. The main sources are used in the work are plans of the city of Tambov and documents from the funds of the Tambov City Duma (16) and the Mezhevaya Chancellery (29) of the State Archive of the Tambov Region, some reference and visual materials, as well as a view of the city of Tambov in 1799.Research Methods. Both classical historical methods and the methodology of historical informatics are used.Results and Discussion. The relevance of modern information technologies use in scientific and educational activities is substantiated. A historiographical analysis of the problem has been carried out, which relates to the theoretical part of the study. The problems associateы with the localization of lost objects on modern maps and their solutions are described, which can be attributed to the practical part. Variants of references of the church history objects of Tambov city for an interactive map of the church history objects of Tambov at the end of the 18th – first half of the 19th century are proposed for consideration. The process of collecting and systematizing information for the formation of historical references of ancient religious buildings in Tambov: the Znamenskaya Church, the Church in the name of the Great Martyr Barbara and the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity is described.Conclusion. The main result of the study is the images demonstration of attaching cartographic, visual and descriptive data on the history of specific monuments of church history to maps.

Function and Meaning of Symbolism in the Memorial Ornaments of Munson and Lyman Tomb Ornaments: A Semiotic Study

This article is entitled “Function and Meaning of Symbolism in the Memorial Ornaments of Munson and Lyman Tomb Ornaments: A Semiotic Study.” The study aimed to describe the from, function, and meaning of symbolism in the Memorial of Munson and Lyman. The theory used to analyze the data was Charles Sander Pierce semiotic theory, using a descriptive qualitative method. The results of the study showed that there were 21 types of from, function, and meanings of symbols on the Munson and Lyman tomb ornaments , Namely : Relief ornaments of the SS Duncan ship & Relief ornaments of Mederika Ship, Releif ornaments of the merchant, Relief ornamen of Munson and Lyman meeting with Datuk Mangkuto, Relief ornaments of barter activies, Relief Ornaments of Martonun, Manduda, dan Paragat, Releif ornaments of going home from the garden, planting rice, Relief ornaments of Munson and Lyman showing the Bible as a sign language and the king’s guard bringing Munson and Lyman to the king, Relief ornaments of king panggalamei asking Munson and Lyman, Relief ornaments of Munson and Lyman in Uning-uningi, Relief ornaments of tragic that resulted in the death of Munson and Lyman & Relief ornaments of the cross Symbol, Relief ornaments of Onan Hariara, Relief ornaments of Nommensen arrival in Batak land, Relief ornaments of the community welcoming the arrival of Nommensen, Relief ornaments of the first church, Relief ornaments of the first Zending school being built and children already started going to school, Relief ornaments of Batak graduates from Nommensen education, Relief ornaments of negotiations and peace between the Batak and the Americans, Relief ornaments of the reconstruction of the padri war, Relief ornaments of the image of Jesus Christ, Tombstone. This research concludes that there are 21 forms of symbol functions that are important to understand the message contained in the Munson and Lyman Memorial Ornament. These symbols were created to represent Munson and Lyman's journey in spreading Christianity in Batak land. There are 21 types of symbol functions, including as means of transportation, trading tools, travel documentation, buying and selling transactions, visualizing weaving activities, agriculture, communication, judicial tools, accompanying traditional ceremony processes, determining the evangelist's burden, bartering places, missionary missions, church monuments, schools, graduations, peace symbols, Padri wars, Christian religion spread, and grave markers. There are 21 types of symbol meanings, including depicting Munson and Lyman's journey, urban trade, community life details, communication visualization, language translation, correct actions in misunderstandings, judicial processes, punishments, traditional rituals, Nommensen's arrival, community acceptance of Nommensen, church construction, community education, educational outcomes, peace, Christian religion spread, and the journey of spreading the Gospel in the land of Batak. Keywords: Memorial, Missionary, Munson and Lyman, Semiotic

Sculpture and Faith at St Paul’s Cathedral, c. 1796–1913: Introduction

Abstract In our introduction, we establish the original conference context of the 15 following position papers, emphasizing that the papers represent a conversation between participants, each of whom had been allocated a single monument from St Paul’s Cathedral in the period between c. 1796 and 1913, to think about the memorial’s visual and material richness and complexity, as well as its immediate and wider cathedral location, and broader discursive contexts. We map out the historiographical contexts of the papers, within the contexts of sculpture studies, studies of church monuments, interdisciplinary studies of the nineteenth century, and histories of Victorian Christianity – and especially Anglicanism – as it intersects with other world religions, and seeks to evangelize both at home and abroad.

Church Monuments – Cultural Heritage on a Rocky Road to the Future

The Christian Churches in Germany are aware of their shared responsibility to preserve their great cultural heritage. However, their common stock of church buildings far exceeds future pastoral needs. This will continue to be the case given the continuing decline in Church membership rates, clerical staff and available financial resources. At the same time, finding an appropriate alternative use is, at times, remarkably difficult because the majority of churches in particular are listed buildings. This leads to considerable problems for church owners who must maintain the existing buildings. Cooperation between state and Church heritage authorities varies greatly and is sometimes problematic. In addition, large sections of society and politicians claim a public interest and a right of participation because the nature of the churches characterises the local image. Considering the sheer dimensions of the changes occurring in the Churches’ real estate stock, a future-proof protection of monuments can only succeed if the state and the Church are given an equal footing and joint responsibility in the process. This necessitates further development of administrative law from the previous superordination and subordination to a partnership and consensual cooperation in a separate agreement procedure.

Благоукрасители Русской Палестины: Василий Пасхин

Russian religious art of the 19th century in the Soviet years did not correspond to the official ideological direction, in connection with which many of these works were destroyed, and the names of their authors were forgotten. In this sense, those works of Russian artists that have been preserved in the churches and metochions of the Holy Land allow us to restore these names and fill the lacunae of domestic art. The paper represents an attempt to establish the facts of the creative biography of one of these artists — Vasily Filippovich Paskhin, whose icon-painting works were preserved at the Alexander Podvorie (Metochion) in Jerusalem. The author refers to the surviving documents of the Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society (IOPS), to documentary descriptions of the lost church monuments of St. Petersburg, to the materials of restoration work carried out in 2006 at the Alexander Podvorie, and also analyzes the surviving works of Paskhin. Basing on the studies conducted, the author made a number of assumptions regarding the biography of the artist, the issue of his possible belonging to the famous St. Petersburg Peshekhonovs Icon Painting workshop, as well as the circumstances of ordering icons for the Alexander Podvorie and the participation of Archpriest Vasily Yakovlevich Mikhailovsky, an active member of the IOPS. Since the name of Paskhin is not found in the lists of the Academy of Arts, or in other lists of Russian professional artists, or in materials devoted to the study of the work of the Peshekhonovs workshop, the author suggests that Vasily Filippovich was a unique native talent that independently comprehended the heights of icon painting skill.

Ancestral Monuments, Iconoclasm, and Memorial Culture in the Sixteenth-Century Low Countries

This contribution assesses the impact of the Protestant Reformation and iconoclasm on the memorial culture of tombs, epitaphs, and rituals in the Low Countries (c. 1520-1585), and analyses the consequences these events had on ancestral remembrance. Demonstrating how Protestant critiques and iconoclastic attacks fundamentally endangered the archival function of churches, it argues that this imminent threat to memory provoked a heightened awareness of the ancestral past in the later sixteenth century. Most significantly, it shows that this precarious situation led to the genesis of a new type of commemorative manuscript, the épitaphier, in which heraldic, genealogical, and other information on various types of memorial monuments in churches was recorded. In tracing the production and dissemination of these épitaphiers, the article casts new light on the pan-European heraldic and ‘genealogical craze’ in this period: while English scholars have emphasized social dynamics as explanation, this essay puts forward the religious debates as a hitherto neglected factor, and demonstrates how the two interlocked.

ФЕНОМЕН АРХИТЕКТУРНОГО НАСЛЕДИЯ

This article is dedicated to the urgency topic of preservation and study of cultural heritage. Because of the limitlessness of the cultural heritage area, the authors took the opportunity to structure the cultural space. They singled out the complex of architecture and urban planning and defined it as an architectural heritage. The named complex includes buildings and structures that incorporate the high construction and artistic skills of their creators and form the surrounding inhabited space. Using the scientific works of N.M. Karamzin, D.S. Likhachev and other investigators, some written and visual sources, the authors of the article reveal the features of the architectural appearance of such medieval cities as Moscow, Novgorod, Pskov, Vologda. It must be note that the close relationship between urban practices and the natural environment as the most important characteristic of architectural heritage is defined. So reviewing historical materials about the ancient Novgorod, academician D.S. Likhachev wrote that unforgettable image of the developed, inhabited country was created. It is important to note that the article contains materials about the death and destruction of architectural monuments, which required their protection. An overview of the monument protection activity in Russia made known that the Imperial Russian Archaeological Society, established in 1846, was pioneered in it. It is noted that the Moscow Archaeological Society achieved the greatest success in the protection and restoration of monuments of church and civil architecture in the middle of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Its creators and leaders, spouses A.S. and P.S. Uvarov, had the right to permit or prohibit the restoration and conversion of ancient structures in many cities of the country, and they used this right actively. The events of the 1917 Revolution changed the situation in the architectural heritage area. Identification and protection of architectural monuments was transferred to the state structures. A department for museums and protection of art and antiquities was established as part of the National Education Commissariat (Narcomat of Education). Units of this department formed around the country were called as committees for museums and protection of monuments of art and antiquities. The article reports on the results of the identification and preservation of architectural monuments in Siberian cities Tomsk and Kuznetsk. It is known that in the 1930s many church monuments and civil structures were destroyed in Russia. Still in 1940–1990s the monument protection activity received serious legislative support from the state power. So facts and their interpretation taken together allow the authors to talk about architectural heritage as a phenomenon of Russian history, requiring study and preservation.

НОВООТКРЫТЫЙ РУКОПИСНЫЙ СЛОВАРЬ КОМИ-ЗЫРЯНСКОГО ЯЗЫКА В ИСТОРИИ КОМИ ЛЕКСИКОГРАФИИ

The article presents an analysis of the lexical composition of the newly discovered Zyryan-Russian dictionary of the 17th century and clarifies its place in the history of Komi lexicography. The article solves the problems of classification of lexicographic monuments and systematization of approaches to their description, and reveals gaps in research that has not been conducted since the mid-20th century. The currently known lexicographic monuments of the Komi language are limited to the dictionary materials of D.G. Messerschmidt, F.I. Stralenberg, G.F. Miller, P.S. Pallas and I.I. Lepekhin; the materials were collected during their expeditions in the 1720s–1770s. Unlike the church monuments of the Old Komi language of the 14th–17th and 18th centuries, the materials have not yet received a thorough archaeographic description, textual analysis and cultural and historical interpretation. The new Zyryan-Russian dictionary, discovered as part of the manuscript collection of the monk Prokhor Kolomnyatin and accurately dated (1668), is the earliest monument in the history of Komi lexicography today. The dictionary is interesting because it belongs to the period almost undocumented by written evidence and differs from all existing monuments in its dialect basis. The article describes the structure of the dictionary, thoroughly analyzes the lexical composition and presents most of its content, and reveals parallels with the dictionary materials of other monuments. The Russian-Komi dictionary-phrasebook that I.I. Lepekhin found and published in his Diary Notes is considered in more detail. Later V.I. Lytkin reprinted and deciphered the phrasebook, as well as made commentaries on it in his Old Permic Language (1952); thus, it became an auxiliary material for the reconstruction of the Old Komi language of the 14th–17th centuries. The dictionary dates back to the 18th century, although it has not been subjected to serious cultural-historical and chronological attribution. The newly discovered monument, unlike Lepekhin’s dictionary created by the type of translated old Russian dictionaries-phrasebooks based on the Russian questionnaire, reflects the live Komi-Zyryan language of the second half of the 17th century. It does not contain typical phrases, phrases from dialogues and connected texts that are typical of translated phrasebooks. There is only a certain tendency towards a thematic presentation of the material, although not always consistent. Like the dictionary materials contained in the draft papers of Russian and foreign travellers of the 18th century, the vocabulary of the new dictionary was written by the author of the collection directly from the words of a native speaker (or native speakers) of the Komi language in order to fix it and, apparently, was not intended for communicative use. Unlike the existing dictionary materials, which often contain short lists of Komi numerals, the new dictionary contains a consistent detailed money vocabulary list, from “denga” to “thousand rubles”. Numerical values are given in the Cyrillic numeral system using letters, which is undoubtedly of interest for ethnohistorical research and Russian paleography.

The Development of Roman Military Costume on English Church Monuments

The Development of Roman Military Costume on English Church Monuments

ПЕЧЕРИ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ У ЩОДЕННИКАХ КИЇВСЬКОГО МИТРОПОЛИТА СЕРАПІОНА

The article explores the diaries of the Kyivan Metropolitan Serapion (Alexandrovsky) as a historical source, written by him in 1804-1824. They serve as one of the main sources for studying the development of church building in Kyiv at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These diaries were studied by historians in the nineteenth century, but were only partially published. At the same time, they retain a significant amount of information related to the daily life of the city, the status of certain church monuments, church building, etc. Metropolitan paid particular attention in his diaries to the state and development of the Kyiv-Pechersk Monastery. During 1803-1822, Serapion (Alexandrovsky) (1747-1824) served as Metropolitan of Kyiv. He simultaneously performed the functions of the archimandrite of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra. Historians paid him little attention to him. About him wrote E. Bolkhovitinov, V. Askochenski, Ph. Ternovsky, V. Ikonnikov, D. Blazheiovsky and others. After Serapion's death, there were a few tabs of personal diaries. In them, the Metropolitan recorded his daily activities and impressions of the events that took place with him and around him. His diaries were the subject of scientific research in the nineteenth century. The greatest interest is the information concerning the state of Lavra caves in the early nineteenth century. These are the records of the Metropolitan on emergency situations and the elimination of their consequences. Emergency situations on long caves obviously did not arise. Information about the temples over the caves tells about the construction works, and only occasionally - in connection with other events or situations. The diaries also contain curious information about the caves. Metropolitan Serapion can also be considered the first tour guide in Kyiv. Lavra caves appear in diaries as one of the main locations of Kyiv as a city. And to this day they still remain unexplored. They are stored at the Institute of Manuscripts of the Central Scientific Library National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine of V.I. Vernadsky. Especially a lot of space in the recordings was given under the description of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra. Often in these messages are mentioned from different sides and Lavra caves.The study distinguishes three types of information about the caves: a description of their condition, a description of temples over them and information of a tangential nature. There is a special interest Metropolitan Serapion in the caves. Indicates the variability of the information recorded in his diaries. Emphasizes its religious character. At the same time, it is noted that the caves were an important geographical location of the life of the population of the city of Kyiv. The purpose of the study is to introduce new information on the history of the caves of the Kyiv-Pechersk Monastery to the scientific circulation. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systemicity, science, concreteness, comprehensiveness and objectivity.

Innovations and traditions: application of fiberglass for revival of dome roofs of church monuments of architecture

This paper is aimed at determining the dome roof design most suitable for the restoration of old churches with a weakened ability of load-bearing walls and the improvement of the operation of enclosing structures. The authors compare the designs of church dome roofs. They justify the use of fiberglass in the manufacture of dome roofs of church monuments of architecture from the decorative-aesthetic and constructive perspective. They study the aerodynamic characteristics of the church dome roof to determine the most difficult design places. Solid works suite-based visualization is used in the study.

Dome roofs and domes of orthodox churches

The article studies the shapes of the dome roofs of church monuments of architecture. The presentation is primarily based on the relative comparisons methods. The authors compare the shapes of the dome roofs of church monuments of the Orthodox architecture that relate to different styles and epochs, and emphasize the inviolability of the established canonical church requirements. They analyze the shapes of the dome roofs of Orthodox churches in the Southern Urals. The present paper is aimed at giving recommendations for the restoration of historical churches with a weakened ability of bearing walls, taking into account the improvement of the operation of enclosing structures. The authors study the aerodynamic characteristics of the church dome roofs for determining the most difficult areas (high wind pressure) and taking subsequent correct constructive decisions. Solid works suite-based visualization is used in the study.

Innovations and traditions: application of fiberglass for revival of dome roofs of church monuments of architecture

This paper is aimed at determining the dome roof design most suitable for the restoration of old churches with a weakened ability of load-bearing walls and the improvement of the operation of enclosing structures. The authors compare the designs of church dome roofs. They justify the use of fiberglass in the manufacture of dome roofs of church monuments of architecture from the decorative-aesthetic and constructive perspective. They study the aerodynamic characteristics of the church dome roof to determine the most difficult design places. Solid works suite-based visualization is used in the study.

Public Archaeology of Church Monuments

Church monuments within the parish church can provide a wealth of information to the public about the history of that community as well as broader social themes. However, traditionally, publicity available on monuments can be limited and churches operate disparate levels of public access and engagement. Where such access and information is available there is a tendency to focus on the most elaborate and anthropomorphic styles, such as effigies, with a concentration on who they represent. This article will consider why church monuments may be important to communities, and the impediments the public may face when engaging with church monuments, ranging from practical reasons such as accessibility, to the provision of misinformation, selective information, or the lack of any resources being provided. Finally, the article will consider how information about, and engagement with, funerary monuments within the parish church setting is consistent, well researched, and publicly available via digital and non-digital media.

Rhianydd Biebrach. Church Monuments in South Wales, c.1200–1547. Boydell Studies in Medieval Art and Architecture. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 2017. Pp. 226. $99.00 (cloth).

Rhianydd Biebrach. Church Monuments in South Wales, c.1200–1547. Boydell Studies in Medieval Art and Architecture. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 2017. Pp. 226. $99.00 (cloth).

CHURCH MUSEUM IN THE PRE-REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD: STAGES AND FACTORS OF FORMATION

At the turn of the XIX–XX centuries in Russia a group of church museums acquired the status of "cultural norm". In the application of the comprehensive approach with chronological and evolutionary principles, the authors of the article traced the process of the most important evolutionary stages of the development of pre- revolutionary church museums. The basis for the proposed periodization is the dynamics of the development of this group of museums, according to the historical and cultural context. A key feature of these stages is the change in the public perception of church monuments separately from the liturgical process. On the basis of the conducted research, the authors singled out three stages of the formation and development of the pre-revolutionary church museum: from its forms to the socio-cultural institution. The model of the Berlin Christian Educational Museum was used as a model for Russian church museum and adapted to Orthodoxy. The authors also identified a number of factors that contributed to the spread of the network of church museums in the pre-revoluti onary period.

The Museum of the obsolescent cult and its practices of exhibition

The article is devoted to one of the most exciting museum projects of the 1920th — Museum of the obsolescent cult, which existed in Petrograd in 1923–1927. The abolition of family and institutional chapels in the 1920th stimulated efforts to preserve its ornaments as a monument of history and culture of the two previous centuries. The work on the preservation of ico-nostases and artistic decoration of the closed churches began on the initiative of V. A. Tauber under the auspices of the Society of Old Petersburg. The ornaments were preserved, studied, restored and exhibited in a special building. The museum staff worked out a complex concept of a monument as a historically formed ensemble, which value depended on the preservation of historically established connections between its various elements. To create museum expo-sition the theatrical ideas of space organization were used. The article, based on documents of the archival fund of the Society of Old Petersburg, stored in the Central State Archive of Literature and Art of St. Petersburg, traces the history of the museum exhibition. Such promi-nent museum figures of the 1920th as M. V. Farmakovsky and N. E. Lansere took an active part in the development of its program. The museum was never open to the public. In 1927 due to financial difficulties and tensions within the Society of Old Petersburg, its collection was transferred to the State Museum Fund, which divided its items between several museums and research institutions of Leningrad. The change of names, under which the museum appeared in official documents, allows us to trace the various strategies used to legitimize church mon-uments — a dissonant heritage — in the discourse of Soviet Russia.

Mary Carruthers, ed., Language in Medieval Britain: Networks and Exchanges. Proceedings of the 2013 Harlaxton Symposium. (Harlaxton Medieval Studies 25.) Donington, UK: Shaun Tyas, 2015. Pp. xiv, 258; 49 color plates. £49.50. ISBN: 978-1-907730-42-9.Table of contents available online at http://harlaxton.org.uk/publications/language-in-medieval-britain-networks-and-exchanges/ (accessed 28 March 2016)

Mary Carruthers, ed., <i>Language in Medieval Britain: Networks and Exchanges. Proceedings of the 2013 Harlaxton Symposium</i>. (Harlaxton Medieval Studies 25.) Donington, UK: Shaun Tyas, 2015. Pp. xiv, 258; 49 color plates. £49.50. ISBN: 978-1-907730-42-9.Table of contents available online at http://harlaxton.org.uk/publications/language-in-medieval-britain-networks-and-exchanges/ (accessed 28 March 2016)

Συλλογικές Χορηγίες στην Κέρκυρα κατά την πρώιμη λατινοκρατία. Επιγραφικά τεκμήρια

Collective sponsorship in Corfu during the early period of the Latin rule. The epigraphic evidence This study presents inscriptions found in Corfu in four churches of the early period of the Latin occupation Of these, one is preserved in situ. Copies of three more inscriptions are preserved in the notarial archives stored in the General State Archives - Archives of Corfu. This indicates that the notarial protocols merit special attention, not only owing to valuable information relative to monuments of the Venetian period, but also relative to monuments of an earlier period: the Archives contain copies, documents and inscriptions considered by the founders of churches and monasteries as authorising their founder’s rights. The inscriptions here presented should be counted among the few recorded inscriptions from religious monuments in the Ionian Islands and confirm the thesis that the establishment and decoration of churches was supported by collective sponsorship as was the case in the Byzantine provinces and areas under Latin domination after the fourth crusade (e.g. Crete). The inscriptions also allow us to relate the orthodox religious brotherhoods that appeared during the Venetian occupation with the collective sponsorship of Church monuments as well as with the individual or collective founder’s rights.

‘Late’ Losses and the Temporality of Early Modern Nostalgia

For more than a century following the English Reformation, poets and historians continued to refer to the dissolution of the monasteries and the destruction of Church monuments as ‘late’ or recent events. The insistence on ‘lateness’, as in Shakespeare’s ‘bare ruined choirs where late the sweet birds sang’, signals the writer’s refusal to allow the moment of loss to recede in time. The destruction of Bishop Grandisson’s tomb in Exeter Cathedral provides a striking example. Probably destroyed in the 1530s, its desecration was referred to in a series of texts from the 1580s through the 1660s as a ‘late’ event .