Montmorency County Research Articles

Qualified Immunity for Jail Health Care Staff: When Are Providers off the Hook for Claims of Deliberate Indifference?

In Bays v. Montmorency County , 874 F.3d 264 (6th Cir. 2017), the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals considered the limits of qualified immunity for a jail nurse who evaluated the mental health needs of a pretrial detainee who later committed suicide at the jail. The parents of the detainee filed suit,

Bovine tuberculosis in free-ranging carnivores from Michigan.

During a survey of carnivores and omnivores for bovine tuberculosis conducted in Michigan (USA) since 1996, Mycobacterium bovis was cultured from lymph nodes pooled from six coyotes (Canis latrans) (four adult female, two adult male), two adult male raccoons (Procyon lotor), one adult male red fox (Vulpes vulpes), and one 1.5-yr-old male black bear (Ursus americanus). One adult, male bobcat (Felis rufus) with histologic lesions suggestive of tuberculosis was negative on culture but positive for organisms belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex when tested by polymerase chain reaction. All the tuberculous animals were taken from three adjoining counties where M. bovis is known to be endemic in the free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) population. There were two coyotes, one raccoon, one red fox, and one bobcat infected in Alpena county. Montmorency County had two coyotes and one raccoon with M. bovis. Two coyotes and a bear were infected from Alcona County. These free-ranging carnivores/omnivores probably became infected with M. bovis through consumption of tuberculous deer. Other species included in the survey were opossum (Didelphis virginiana), gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), and badger (Taxidea taxus); these were negative for M. bovis.

Mycobacterium bovis in coyotes from Michigan.

During a survey for tuberculosis in wild carnivores and omnivores, Mycobacterium bovis was cultured from pooled lymph nodes of three adult female coyotes (Canis latrans) harvested by hunters in Michigan (USA). No gross or histologic lesions suggestive of tuberculosis were seen in these animals. One coyote was taken from Montmorency county and two coyotes from Alcona county located in the north-eastern portion of Michigan's Lower Peninsula where free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have been found infected with bovine tuberculosis. It is thought that these coyotes became infected with M. bovis through the consumption of tuberculous deer. Other species included in the survey were the opossum (Didelphis virginiana), raccoon (Procyon lotor), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), bobcat (Felis rufus), and badger (Taxidea taxus).

Interacting Influences of Density and Preference on the Emigration Rates of Some Lotic Chironomid Larvae (Diptera:Chironomidae)

The effects of manipulations of density and sediment type on the emigration rates of chironomid larvae (Diptera:Chironomidae) from Hunt Creek, Montmorency County, Michigan, USA, were examined in artificial stream chambers. Both basic sediment suitability and population density were found to affect larval emigration rates. Furthermore, their interaction lead to rates of emigration not predictable from an examination of either factor alone. A simple model of habitat suitability was developed and fit to the experimental data. The fitted model provided estimates of habitat carrying capacities for two important chironomid species and for a generalized chironomid assemblage. A comparison of these estimates with observed field densities indicated that competitive displacement of individuals probably occurs regularly in sand sediments. An examination of field data from 1975—1976 revealed a suppression of species diversity and of competitor standing crops by the dominant sand species. Together these results suggest that competitive interactions have an important influence on the spatial distribution of chironomid larvae in Hunt Creek.

Trout Production and Angling Success from Matched Plantings of Brook Trout and Rainbow Trout in East Fish Lake, Michigan

We studied survival, growth, exploitation, and production from five consecutive matched plantings of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) (8.5-9.5 inches long) in East Fish Lake, Montmorency County, Michigan, 1958-1962. Stocked fish were given varying fin clips for later recognition. Population numbers at several intervals between introductions were determined by Petersen-type estimates. Angler exploitation was tabulated from a complete creel census. Rainbow trout survival was about 98 percent from stocking in October to the following fishing season in April, whereas brook trout survival averaged only 49 percent. About one-third of brook trout deaths occurred between 15 October and the date of ice formation (approx. 15 December). Brook trout stayed in shallow water along shore more than did rainbow trout. Anglers caught 86 percent of the stocked rainbow trout, but only 39 percent of the brook trout. For each pound of trout stocked, anglers caught 3.59 lb of rainbow trout, but only 0.76 lb of brook trout. In addition to the better return on a poundage basis, rainbow trout provided a fishery throughout the angling season, whereas nearly all brook trout were caught during the first 10 days. The brook trout grew well (average increment 0.9 lb/yr), but the rainbow trout averaged 1.3 lb increment per year. Possibly a greater poundage return on rainbow trout would accrue if the beginning of the angling season could be delayed to take advantage of the early summer growing season. Fish managers generally maintain trout in lakes by stocking hatchery fish, because trout do not reproduce in most lakes. A distinct advantage in periodic stocking is that the manager has control over fish density. We can manage trout lake-fisheries most efficiently with an understanding of mortality, growth, and production. This report deals with results from comparable plantings of brook and rainbow trout over a 5year period (1958-62) in East Fish Lake, Montmorency County, Michigan. There have been many studies of trout growth, but few studies of population numbers (and weights) throughout the life of a brood year or a given stocking. Natural mortality is difficult to measure, because the investigator usually has information only on angler exploitation, but lacks corresponding total mortality data. Seasonal differences in natural mortality of trout were observed in a general way by 1 Contribution from Dingell-Johnson Projects F-21-R, F-27-R, and F-30-R, Michigan. 682 Alexander and Shetter (1961), Latta (1963), and Eipper (1964), but we need to understand the seasonal pattern more precisely. Our objectives in this study were to determine, from October releases of rainbow and brook trout, matched for size and numbers: (1) the relative survival and growth of the species; (2) the fraction of each species later creeled; (3) the temporal distribution of the catch; and (4) the biomass of fish flesh produced by the two species. We wish to acknowledge the assistance of past and present members of the Hunt Creek Trout Research Station staff in the collection and tabulation of data. The fine cooperation of the trout fishermen in reporting their angling results is appreciated. G. P. Cooper, M. H. Patriarche, and W. E. Schaaf reviewed the manuscript and offered many helpful suggestions.

Appendicular Myology of Kirtland's Warbler

KIRTLAND'S Warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii) is listed as one of the endangered species in the Red Book of Rare and endangered fish and wildlife of the United States (Goodwin et al., 1966). The total population of this warbler is about 1,000 birds (Mayfield, 1962). Inasmuch as the complete appendicular myology has not previously been described for any member of the family Parulidae, it seems worthwhile to describe and illustrate the myology of the Kirtland's Warbler. I am indebted to Robert W. Storer and Harrison B. Tordoff of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology for one adult Kirtland's Warbler, collected in Montmorency County, Michigan, 26 June 1935, by Milton B. Trautman. Four other specimens were birds that I had hand-raised from the nest (Berger, 1966). I also acknowledge my appreciation to Mrs. Barbara Downs, who prepared the final ink drawings. Dissection under a binocular microscope is essential for the study of the myology of a bird the size of Kirtland's Warbler (approximately 53/4 inches in length). A few of the wing muscles and the short toe muscles approach the minimum size for description by means of gross dissection, even with magnifications X20 and X30. When studying a specimen of Fregilupus varius (Berger, 1957), I discovered by using histological techniques that M. latissimus dorsi pars posterior and M. abductor digiti IV were rudimentary muscles, consisting of a thin layer of striated fibers in a sheet of fascia. For all practical purposes, such a is absent. The presence of rudimentary muscles may, however, be of special interest in certain studies, and the modified technique described by Berger (1956) is useful for making a quick preliminary determination of the presence of muscle fibers in fascia or ligament. The terminology of the muscles in this paper is that used by George and Berger (1966).

Effects of a Flies-Only Restriction on Angling and on Fall Trout Populations in Hunt Creek, Montmorency County, Michigan

Abstract Effects of a flies-only regulation on angling and on fall populations of wild brook trout were tested on 5,000 feet of Hunt Creek, Montmorency County, Michigan. Complete angling records and population estimates for the period 1949-54, when all sections were fished under normal state regulations, were compared with records for the period 1955-59, when sections Z and A were fished under a flies-only regulation, and B and C continued under normal rules. Yearly totals for angling load, catch, angling quality, pounds of trout creeled, small trout released, and postseason (fall) population estimates were compared. Averages for the 5 years after the lure regulation was changed were compared with averages for the years before the change for both Z and A and the B and C controls. Also, annual totals for Z and A were related to corresponding annual totals for B and C to provide ZA/BC ratios for before-and-after comparisons. While flies only were used on Z and A (1955-59), angling pressure decreased, catch ...

Survival of Brook Trout from Egg to Fingerling Stage in Two Michigan Trout Streams

Survival of wild brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) from the egg to the end of the first summer of life was investigated at the Hunt Creek Trout Research Station, Montmorency County, Michigan, during 1943-48, by confinement of spawners of known size and number in screened diversions, followed by direct enumeration of the resulting fingerlings. The numbers of eggs deposited were estimated from size of spawners. Percentage survival observed in six diversion experiments ranged from 4.5 to 31.7. Survival from egg to fingerling was estimated also for unconfined, natural populations in the Pigeon River and in Hunt Creek (the natural channel) during 1949-58. Consecutive fall population estimates gave the number of breeders present one fall and the number of fingerlings surviving to the following fall. Egg production for the population of breeders was estimated from egg-count data. From a series of 12 population estimates, survival rates from egg deposition to the following September ranged from 2.7 to 6.7 percent (significantly lower than in the diversion experiments at Hunt Creek). For a total of 24 observations (from confinements in diversions at Hunt Creek and Convict Creek, plus population studies on the Pigeon River and Hunt Creek), the percentage survival from egg to fall fingerling ranged from 2.7 to 43, and averaged 8.6. Excluding what appear to be unduly high results from four of the observations, the survival rates ranged from 2.7 to 8.8 percent (average, 4.7).

Odd Items in Bobcat Stomachs

These brief remarks on stomach contents of wild bobcats, Lynx rufus, are occasioned by my recent unearthing of eight poorly preserved specimens, each a stomach and small intestine, cryptically tagged “Cat Stomachs.” Two of them were further labeled, “Wild Cat—shot ahead of dogs in Montmorency County, Mich. Dec. 12, 1932. Reported to be eating snowshoe hares.” Measurements of the animals were appended. No data accompanied the others, but it seems probable that all eight represent approximately the same locality and date. Three of the specimens were practically empty (moist contents less than 10 cc); contents of one measured 160 cc, of another 358 cc, and of the remaining three from 55 to 75 cc. The contents of all were, for the most part, unrecognizable. However, one stomach and one intestine contained tightly packed masses of the nematode Physaloptera praeputialis?, kindly identified by William D. Lindquist. This genus has previously been reported by Hamilton and Hunter (Jour. Wildl. Mgt., 3: 99–103, 1939) as common in Vermont bobcats.

Effect of Impoundment on Water Temperatures of Fuller Creek, Montmorency County, Michigan

Effect of Impoundment on Water Temperatures of Fuller Creek, Montmorency County, Michigan

Results from Plantings of Marked Fingerling Brook Trout (Salvelinus f. fontinalis Mitchill) in Hunt Creek, Montmorency County, Michigan

Fin-clipped fingerling brook trout (Salvelinus f. fontinalis Mitchill) both hatchery-reared and wild, were released in Hunt Creek in late summer or fall of 1939 and 1940. Their contribution to the catch in subsequent years was determined by creel census and anglersˈ reports. The extensive experiments involved release of 35,109 and 17,635 marked fingerlings, respectively, throughout the length of Hunt Creek. Marked fish entered the anglersˈ catches in 1941 and 1942, and made up from 0.27 to 2.56 percent of the observed catch of legal brook trout in various years. The total known percentages of recovery were 0.07 percent (26 fish) of the 1939 release, and 0.28 percent (49 fish) of the 1940 planting. Intensive experiments with both wild and hatchery-reared brook trout fingerlings marked by different fin combinations were carried on simultaneously in Section C of the experimental waters of Hunt Creek. Marked hatchery-reared fingerlings released in 1939 contributed from 0.0 to 0.26 percent of the total observed catches of legal brook trout in later years; 1940-marked hatchery fingerlings made up from 0.00 to 0.45 percent of total observed catches in later years. Wild fingerlings marked at the same time made up from 0.00 to 1.80 percent of catches recorded in subsequent seasons. Larger percentages of recovery were noted for the smaller of the two releases (1940). Through the use of the formula M = 1,000 A/BC where M = migration or abundance index from a release locality to a recovery locality, A = number of marked fish recovered in a given locality, B = number of fishing units of effort in a given locality, and C = total number of marked fish released in a given locality, it was demonstrated that the majority of wild and hatchery-reared marked fingerlings in the intensive experiment stayed within the limits of the experimental sections, although they did move out of Section C, except for the hatchery-reared fingerlings recovered in 1942, which were farther downstream than usual. General growth data on marked fingerlings of both types indicated that probably those fish which were largest at the time of marking and release came into the legal catch first. It was concluded that brook trout fingerling planting is a wasteful procedure because a low percentage reaches the anglersˈ creels. Creel census data demonstrate that despite the elimination of fingerling stocking in Hunt Creek following 1940, angling quality has not deteriorated.

PHYLLODISTOMUM LACHANCEI SP. NOV., A TREMATODE FROM THE URETERS OF SALVELINUS FONTINALIS (MITCHILL), WITH A NOTE ON ITS PATHOGENICITY

A new species of trematode (Gorgoderidae), Phyllodistomum lachancei, collected from speckled trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), in Montmorency County, Que., is described. The presence of this parasite in the ureters of the host produces at most only slight pathological changes.

A Population Study of a Limited Area in a Michigan Trout Stream, September, 1940

A population study was conducted on 580.5 feet of Hunt Creek, a tributary of the Thunder Bay River, in Montmorency County, Michigan. Hunt Creek was open to public fishing over its entire length during the 1940 trout season. A combination of stream diversion, blocking and seining, and finally poisoning with rotenone, enabled the investigators to obtain a capture of all fish in 0.131 acres of stream. The total fish population consisted of 605 brook trout weighing 12.36 pounds, and 188 muddlers weighing 1.27 pounds. From these data it was computed that Section C of Hunt Creek was supporting 4,619 brook trout (weight, 94.40 pounds) and 1,435 muddlers (weight, 9.68 pounds) per acre. Of the 605 brook trout captured, 2.3 per cent (14) were legal-sized (7 inches, total length or longer); 22.0 per cent (133) were between 4 and 6.9 inches; and 75.7 per cent (458) were between 2 and 4 inches long. Two and one-half times as many legal-sized brook trout were captured in the deeper portion of the area as in the shallower region. Analysis of the data indicates that seining as a method of capture, even in blocked-off portions of trout streams, has an efficiency of no more than about 80 per cent, as far as number is concerned. Data on the growth of brook trout, derived from a random series of scale samples, indicate that the brook trout do not reach the legal size of 7 inches until their third or fourth summer. Calculations based on the data available from the scale readings, and the length-frequency distribution of the total population, indicated the distribution of the age-groups among the actual population was as follows: O–46.7 per cent; I–30.8 per cent; II–19.8 per cent; III–2.7 per cent. The calculated survival from 1,000 young-of-the-year brook trout was found to be as follows: 0–1,000; I–659; II–424; III–58. The average coefficient of condition (K) of the brook trout population was determined to be 1.469 (144 specimens of a size range of 4.0 to 9.5 inches, total length). This value is somewhat higher than those reported by other authors, possibly because of the time of year when the investigation was conducted.

Notes on Some Mammals of Montmorency County, Michigan

Notes on Some Mammals of Montmorency County, Michigan Get access Moebis M. Green Moebis M. Green Ardmore, Pennsylvania Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Mammalogy, Volume 6, Issue 3, August 1925, Pages 173–178, https://doi.org/10.2307/1373628 Published: 01 August 1925

How Diphtheria is spread by Corpses, through Carelessness in one Locality, and promptly restricted by a faithful Health Officer in another Locality.

To the Editor: —April 25, 1890, a copy of the Atlanta Tribune , Atlanta, Montmorency County, Mich., April 17, 1890, reached the office of the State Board of Health, in which appeared the following item: Reported to be over Twenty Cases of Diphtheria in and around Vienna. —Vienna being an unincorporated village in Albert township, Montmorency county, a letter asking report and urging a prompt restriction of the alleged diphtheria was immediately sent to J. T. Dimmick, health officer of Albert township, May 8. The following reply was received: Sir: —This is to inform you that the item in the Atlanta Tribune was false. There has not been a case of diphtheria at or near Vienna. Dr. Warren, of Gaylord, said it belonged to la grippe and was not contagious. Yours truly, J. T.Dimmick, Health Officer. P. S. Sulphur was burned as a disinfectant. Just why disinfection was attempted if