Months Of Planning Research Articles

O-174 The transition from fertility to maternity care services - a Royal College of Nursing publication

Abstract Study question Is there a need for guidance for nurses and midwives involved in the delivery of care for patients transitioning from fertility service to maternity services. Summary answer There is a potential knowledge gap that exists in the transition of care from fertility to maternity services. What is known already Once a patient becomes pregnant through fertility treatment in the UK, they are usually discharged out into NHS maternity care services via their general practitioner. This means that the maternity service staff are often unaware of the time it has taken to conceive, fertility treatments and procedures, fertility medications and emotional trauma that the patient has been through already and may not be aware of some of the complexities surrounding the fertility treatment journey. Study design, size, duration A project group of 14 key contributors was invited to be part of the publication that included fertility nurses, midwives, early pregnancy specialist nurses and patient representative members. An initial literature review took place and each person contributed from their specialist area. The project to produce the guidance took 9 months of planning, reviewing and meeting to discuss content with a final publication in September 2022. Participants/materials, setting, methods An initial literature review of the project subject did not highlight any existing research or publications in this area. A forum governance bid was submitted to produce a 45 page online resource aimed at fertility nursing staff, early pregnancy care staff and maternity services staff. The key project team contributed from their specialist areas and was reviewed by stakeholder groups. Main results and the role of chance Pregnancy following fertility treatment can be an exciting, challenging and anxious time for expectant parents. This projects aim was to primarily raise awareness of possible pathways of care for women and others (their partners/support networks) as they travel through fertility treatment and pregnancy, and how they can best be supported by the health care professionals they encounter along their journey. A 45 page online resource was produced and disseminated to fertility, early pregnancy and maternity staff via stakeholder groups and a webinar to launch the publication. Limitations, reasons for caution No limitations identified. The publication is available for all staff working in all three areas and provided guidance for all patient pathways including those from the LGBTQIA community. Wider implications of the findings No wider implications. Trial registration number Not applicable

The Search for the Giant Arctic Jellyfish by Chloe Savage

Reviewed by: The Search for the Giant Arctic Jellyfish by Chloe Savage Kate Quealy-Gainer Savage, Chloe The Search for the Giant Arctic Jellyfish; written and illus. by Chloe Savage. Candlewick, 2023 [32p] Trade ed. ISBN 9781536228519 $18.99 Reviewed from digital galleys R 4-7 yrs After years of research and months of planning, marine scientist Dr. Morley and her crew are ready to set off to the far north in search of the giant Arctic jellyfish, a creature that has been rumored about but never seen. During the expedition, the group encounters majestic narwhals, curious belugas, and playful orcas, but no jellyfish. Their deep-sea dives don't turn anything up either, and even when a "feast of delicious squidgy algae," a jellyfish's favorite meal, blooms, there is no sign of the creature. Months go by, and the crew keeps at it, but eventually even Dr. Morley admits defeat, and sets course for home; as she looks back one more time, though, she sees a shape surfacing: "Wait. Could that be . . . ?" Viewers at this point will know that yes, it is indeed Morley's metaphorical white whale, and that the creature has actually spent most of the book curiously inspecting the boat and watching its happenings unseen. Savage's ink and watercolor art is expertly composed to balance the dreamy wildness of the ocean with the clean orderliness of the ship; the lower half of the pages are awash with dappled blues and icy whites, while the red ship above the sea is defined by solid angles and sturdy geometry, with several cutout scenes displaying the busyness of the crew above and below deck. Unfortunately, the text's tone has a formality that tends toward nonfiction, potentially setting up readerly expectations about either the fact or fiction behind the creature where there is none. Still, viewers will enjoy finding the jellyfish in its various hiding spaces, and full spreads of the Arctic nighttime sky and its underwater counterpart highlight the vastness of a planet that is full of unknowable surprises. Copyright © 2023 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Shifting to D-learning during crises: Optimal experiences based on Saudi teachers of Deaf students’ viewpoint

Within weeks COVID-19 compromised months of planning and transformed in-class learning to a distance learning environment to which most students and teachers were not accustomed. This resulted in the circulation of an expectations-performance gap with regards to what could be realistically implemented to further support the learning of Deaf students. This qualitative study aims to determine the reality of using distance learning to teach Deaf students throughout the crises period in Saudi Arabia and attempts to examine the optimal distance learning practices for Deaf students. 30 hearing and Deaf teachers, chosen through a stratified random sample, participated. A developed semi-structured interview was used for data collection. The collected data was analyzed through the application of content analysis. The findings revealed that despite the benefits of distance learning in developing teachers’ technology skills, they encountered numerous obstacles including administrative, technical, teaching, family and personal challenges. Several educational strategies and tools were suggested to help educators facilitate Deaf learning during the crises. The study reveals the required support from the Saudi Ministry of Education to make distance learning accessible for Deaf learners.

Flows of Innovation in Fo Guang Shan Oceania: Transregional dynamics behind the Buddha’s Birthday Festival

Fo Guang Shan (FGS), a transnational Buddhist movement in the Chinese Mahāyāna tradition, has grown rapidly in the last fifty years to become a global network of close to 180 branch temples. For almost thirty years, FGS Oceania has invested heavily in the Buddha’s Birthday Festival annually in the form of weekend-long festivals in public spaces across Australia and New Zealand, involving months of planning and thousands of volunteers to welcome tens of thousands of visitors. FGS Oceania served as an incubator, exporter, and importer of innovations to make the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha accessible to the public through these festivals. Here, we map the flows of such innovations among the headquarters in Taiwan, the Oceanic branches, and other regional headquarters to examine the dynamics of organisational learning that drive these innovations. Using a system of systems model, we argue that such flows were enabled by FGS’ culture of innovation and the independent yet collaborative nature of its transregional network.

The Disparity Morbidity and Mortality Conference: A Mechanism to Identify and Remedy Health Care Inequity.

The Disparity Morbidity and Mortality Conference: A Mechanism to Identify and Remedy Health Care Inequity.

Evaluation of emergency remote teaching during covid-19 lockdown in a Spanish university

The lockdown caused by the pandemic resulted in the closure of schools and universities. Professors had to adapt their subjects to be taught remotely to continue their classes, and students had to cope with various personal situations such as isolation, and returning to their countries. Ensuring that the quality of teaching was maintained would usually have required months of planning and design. In contrast, these changes had to be made in a few days, which is why this situation could be considered as Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT). The objective of this article is to evaluate the teaching of our faculty during this period using the CIPP model (Context, Input, Procedure and Product), which is especially focused on educational projects among others. The university was able to maintain teaching during this period despite the difficulties of the transition. In addition, evaluation surveys show that the satisfaction of professors and students was also maintained. This was possible thanks to the order and clarity transmitted from university authorities and the commitment of the professors, despite their increased workload. This knowledge is important to ensure a better response by universities in future emergencies.

Lifeblood of the Parish: Men and Catholic Devotion in Williamsburg, Brooklyn by Alyssa Maldonado-Estrada

Reviewed by: Lifeblood of the Parish: Men and Catholic Devotion in Williamsburg, Brooklyn by Alyssa Maldonado-Estrada Lloyd D. Barba Alyssa Maldonado-Estrada, Lifeblood of the Parish: Men and Catholic Devotion in Williamsburg, Brooklyn (New York: New York University Press, 2020) For over a century Catholics have taken over the streets of Williamsburg to celebrate the feast day of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and partake in the “Dance of the Giglio,” a moving monumental mass of devotional creativity. The giglio, standing over seventy feet tall, is lifted by over 100 men honoring Saint Paulinus, the patron saint of Nola, Italy. The feast is the culmination of months of planning and working, or, in a word, devotion. Beginning in 2014, Maldonado-Estrada worked alongside the faithful for four years. Such a sustained study was necessary in order to understand devotional labor in a place where “work, measurable in hours, days, months, and years, was central to belonging in this Catholic community” (16). The author writes from the perspective of an “observant participant” who herself “became a competent practitioner of masculine devotional labor” (16). Chapter-by-chapter the author’s descriptive language makes readers feel as though they are at the places under study, observing the conspicuous aspects of religion and newly considering the places where religion may be found. One can envision the colors, almost feel the textures, and sense the tension that at times builds up in the church’s basement, at the shrine, or in the money room. Through vivid descriptions of even the most ostensibly mundane moments of [End Page 152] chatter, banter, and work, readers can clearly see how devotional labor assumes gendered dimensions. By the end of the book, readers should be convinced that religion is not merely found but is actually collectively forged in such spaces and represented on inked bodies and in the conviction with which collective stories of the neighborhood are told. The men of the feast perform gender together through a series of practices in private peripheral spaces and public devotions amid a rapidly gentrifying urban context. In these private and public spaces, men’s devotion boils down to “sustaining work,” “service,” and “time, training, and giving” (7–8). Maldonado-Estrada argues that churches “continue to be vital sites for the making of masculinity” (2). The first three chapters offer a behind-the-scenes description of the development and deployment of authority and masculinity. Chapter one keeps readers within the realms of the personal at the street level, providing the context of the material culture and embodiment that makes the feast so spectacular (as something to be publicly beheld) and memorable (for those who labor intensely to make the feast happen). By introducing readers to a lively cast of characters who long for the esteemed positions as “capo” or “Turk” of the giglio procession, the author highlights the devotional aspirations of men. Most expressly, some men choose tattoos to mediate their devotion to the sacred tradition. The book is at its best when it unpacks the dense sacred material culture these men inhabit. Staying behind the scenes, chapter two moves readers underground to the basement where they enter the creative and expressive world of artistic devotion. Here is where the men spend hours together fashioning wood, papier-mâché, paint, and fabrics, all in service of the feast day and the giglio. In these unexpected places and moments, the book’s interpretation of religion shines most. Chapter three offers a peek into the money room and spreadsheets, accounting for the revenue generated by the feast. Even this sort of work affords participants devotional capital within the community. While chapters four through six further sustain the book’s central argument, the first three chapters offer the field of American religion the freshest perspectives on how to study religious devotion through material culture. Chapters four through six turn to the public dimensions of the ritual. Chapter four ventures into three “ritual spaces of feast geography:” the Questua, the Line of the March, and the parish’s Marian shrine (139). In such spaces, masculinity takes center stage according to its accepted hierarchies and displays. Excess has long stigmatized the feast, as shown in chapter...

Innovative local response to cyclone damaged reef leads to rapid tourism recovery

ABSTRACT Climate change poses substantial risks to natural and human systems and effective response is essential. Underwater sculptures have been installed at multiple global locations to restore damaged reefs, increase tourism and educate visitors. There has been limited research that evaluates the environmental, social, cultural and economic costs of impacts such as cyclones and interventions such as underwater sculptures. Thisresearch investigated the social acceptance of underwater sculptures in Australia’s Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Following three months of planning and consultation, four sculptures were temporarily deployed at several habitats to facilitate action research on underwater sculptures and tourism. Respondents were supportive of installing sculptures in subtidal zones. The consultation and ‘proof of concept’ action research informed environmental assessment processes for installing permanent subtidal underwater sculptures. We report that tourist satisfaction of coral reefs damaged by a cyclone was low and following an intervention and installation of underwater sculptures satisfaction was high.

Antarctica during the Pandemic

Oscar Schofield, a Rutgers University professor who is also a coprincipal investigator (PI) for the Palmer Antarctica Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site, was on a research cruise off the West Antarctic peninsula in February 2020 when he first saw news of the increasingly rapid spread of the novel coronavirus. Field research in Antarctica always requires months of planning. Everyone has to go through a rigorous medical evaluation and researchers have to package up their equipment and ship it to designated ports for transport arranged by the National Science Foundation (NSF). The logistics are so complicated that Schofield says he is typically home from the field no more than 3 weeks before it is time to start planning the next season. But in March 2020, with the virus raging, Antarctic researchers knew they were in for more uncertainty and surprises than usual. Program officers at the NSF, which funds most US Antarctic research, were working with international partners to assess fieldwork prospects on the continent during the pandemic. Eventually, they created a three tiered system, says Karla Heidelberg, program director for the NSF's Antarctic Organisms and Ecosystems Program in the Office of Polar Programs. While recognizing that sending no one would jeopardize the infrastructure at the various stations, she says that the NSF determined early on that the 2020 to 2021 summer season would be greatly scaled back. The LTER sites and other American research projects in Antarctica look at everything from penguins and seals to phytoplankton and nematodes to atmospheric conditions and glaciers. Polar regions are responding faster than other latitudes to global warming, so they are a focus of climate change research across many disciplines. Instead of close to 10 researchers, this year, just three students tagged seals and collected biometric data that will be used to estimate breeding and survival rates. The McMurdo LTER project did not get to send a single researcher. Despite the frustration and the uncertainty, researchers report that the overall scientific integrity of most studies remains intact, and the impacts are not devastating. Funding agencies and scientists expect they will again have delays and last-minute decisions for the 2021 to 2022 Antarctic summer field season. But Cannone sees one benefit the pandemic brought to Antarctic science.

Mind the gap: the reality of remote learning during COVID-19

Purpose Students, faculty staff and universities thrive and reach their full potential through planning and a sense of community. In a few short weeks, COVID-19 unravelled months of planning, separated the university community and shifted tertiary education to remote learning. This created a triangulated expectations–performance gap as to what could be reasonably implemented to support student learning, support educators and provide a continued sense of community. The purpose of this paper is to consider how educators could implement strategies to close the expectations gap created by COVID-19 remote learning. Design/methodology/approach The authors consider the expectations gap through pre-COVID-19 pedagogical strategies and teaching methods, then outline how we modified them into COVID-19 teaching approaches and designs. Findings The authors found that although expectations differ between university administration, students and faculty staff, there are a number of paths educators can take to close the expectations gap, facilitate interaction and engagement while gently encouraging self-driven student learning in a difficult time. Originality/value The practical exemplars identify steps educators can take as support mechanisms for student learners to embrace and take control of their own education in the remote learning environment and convey the importance of maintaining a sense of belonging. This creates an improved teaching environment for educators and an enhanced learning environment for students.

Graduate Medical Education Accreditation Across Borders: Toward a Remote Alternative.

Graduate Medical Education Accreditation Across Borders: Toward a Remote Alternative.

The Need for Sustainable Teleconsultation Systems in the Aftermath of the First COVID-19 Wave.

The physical and social distancing measures that have been adopted worldwide because of COVID-19 will probably remain in place for a long time, especially for senior adults, people with chronic conditions, and other at-risk populations. Teleconsultations can be useful in ensuring that patients continue to receive clinical care while reducing physical crowding and avoiding unnecessary exposure of health care staff. Implementation processes that typically take months of planning, budgeting, pilot testing, and education were compressed into days. However, in the urgency to deal with the present crisis, we may be forgetting that the introduction of digital health is not exclusively a technological issue, but part of a complex organizational change problem. This viewpoint offers insight regarding issues that rapidly adopted teleconsultation systems may face in a post–COVID-19 world.

Rapid Deployment of a Statewide COVID-19 ECHO Program for Frontline Clinicians: Early Results and Lessons Learned.

Rapid Deployment of a Statewide COVID-19 ECHO Program for Frontline Clinicians: Early Results and Lessons Learned.

European Science Editing is in full open access now

I am excited to announce that with this volume European Science Editing (ESE) has shifted from the print to a fully digital open access version. The journal underwent several changes last year. First of all, our publisher, the European Association of Science Editors (EASE) was generously offered – and accepted – a new ARPHA submission system (powered by PenSoft). Together with the EASE president Pippa Smart and EASE Council, we decided to transform ESE into a fully open access online journal. After several months of planning and re-thinking our strategy, a small working group (some members of the EASE Council and of ESE’s associate editors) prepared a proposal, the main idea of which was to divide the journal in two overlapping publications: European Science Editing and EASE Digest. The former will continue to publish original articles, reviews (formerly “essays”), viewpoints, and correspondence using the fully open access ARPHA submission system (flow publishing) but will drop the other sections, namely News notes, The editor’s bookshelf, This site I like, and EASE Forum Digest). These sections, which our readers consider particularly valuable, will now be published in EASE Digest with a few selected articles from ESE. The Digest will be available to EASE members only. As the proposal was accepted by the EASE Council in September 2019, the journal’s transformation is already under way. I wish to thank Silvia Maina (This site I like), Fiona Murphy (Book reviews), Elise Langdon-Neuner (EASE-Forum Digest), Anna Maria Rossi (The Editor’s bookshelf), and James Hartley and Denys Wheatley (members of the International Advisory Board) for the great work they have done and for their cooperation.

PROCESS CONTROL LADDER LOGIC TROUBLE SHOOTING TECHNIQUES FUNDAMENTALS

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) based process control automation projects are a multiphase task requiring months of planning, specification documentation, design, implementation, debugging, and final commissioning. Debugging real time process control implementation is a three-phase process; logic simulation debugging, field static checkout, and in plant final testing and tuning. This paper briefly discusses the fundamental techniques used in the first two stages of implemented ladder logic debugging [5, 6]. A wastewater treatment facility for the processing of high flow storm rainwater using the Allen Bradley (AB) SLC 500 PLC is used to illustrate the concepts discussed. The rainwater is channeled to two large wet wells, the east wet well and the west wet well. The water is pumped to the river from the two connected wells at constant rate using a predefined process sequence control. Pumping station with multi motors deriving constant speed immersed pumps are used to regulate the discharge water flow and the level in the two wells. Only two pumps are assumed here; one in the east wet well and the other in the west wet well. The motors provide an input discrete signal indicating if the motor is running or not. The motors can also start by activating the Push Button located on the local panel if the AUTO/MAN switch is in Manual. Three float switches are used to provide an accurate indication of the water level at three prespecified critical east / west wet well locations. The Low-Level Float switch triggers the stopping of the running pump. The High-level Float switch triggers the starting of the scheduled pump. If the scheduled pump fails to start within more than 5 seconds, a backup pump is selected and started (not shown in this paper). An alarm must be issued in order to alert the operator of any motor failure. The Very High-level float switch triggers the starting of both pumps. If either of the two pumps fails to start the corresponding alarm is activated by the control. Pumps are scheduled to run according to an operator pre-defined calendar. This input is expected in hours of accumulated total pump run time. The two pumps must alternate while the water level is below the Very High Level and above the Low Level. Cascaded timers are not altered during the time when the two pumps are running. This paper shows the static and simulation debugging an abbreviated version of the typical original system used in wastewater facilities.

Design of a student-led organizational partnership to host an annual statewide Science Olympiad K-12 outreach tournament.

Since fall 2015, the University of Virginia's (UVA) Engineering Student Council (ESC) has partnered with the nonprofit Virginia Science Olympiad (VASO) organization to host a Science Olympiad (SciOly) state tournament in Charlottesville, Virginia, each spring. This annual tournament brings over 2,000 middle and high school students, teachers, and parents to the UVA campus, and teams of 15-17 people from roughly 90 schools across Virginia participate in 46 different events (23 middle school, Division B; 23 high school, Division C) relating to the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields throughout the day-long competition. The national SciOly organization sets the events and rules to comply with national education standards, and the VASO board coordinates the teams and tournaments within the state. By collaborating with VASO, UVA ESC was able to plan a large-scale SciOly tournament at UVA in approximately 10 mo with the support of the UVA School of Engineering and Applied Science. Since this event was planned and executed solely by undergraduates in cooperation with the nonprofit organization, there were institutional hurdles that were overcome through the months of planning. The Virginia SciOly state tournament has continued to be held at UVA with the support and cooperation of the UVA ESC and VASO, and bringing this tournament to UVA has allowed for increased excitement for participating K-12 students and a mitigated burden to the VASO organizers in planning the state competition. This paper aims to provide a resource for other universities to support STEM activities in K-12 outreach organizations, like SciOly, in the future.

Participatory Investigation of the Great East Japan Disaster: PhotoVoice from Women Affected by the Calamity.

Disasters exacerbate predisaster inequities and intensify the vulnerability of women and other marginalized and disempowered groups. Thus, disaster policies and responses should incorporate the experiences and perspectives of those who are marginalized. The authors sought to conduct a participatory research project to help develop more inclusive, gender-informed disaster responses and policies in Japan. In June 2011, following three months of planning and preparation, they initiated a participatory examination of the impact of the Great East Japan Disaster using PhotoVoice methodology. Engaging the very women affected by the calamity, the authors first implemented the project in three localities in the hardest-hit areas of northern Japan-the prefectures of Fukushima, Miyagi, and Iwate. The authors have since expanded the project to other locations, and the project is ongoing. Focused on the planning, implementation, and outcomes of the initial phase, this article examines the role and potential of participatory action research using the PhotoVoice methodology in the aftermath of a major disaster.

Co-designed outpatient clinic with consumerns for a patient and familiy centred approach

The Super Saturday Clinic provided patients and families with the opportunity to access a range of services on the same day. Family feedback demonstrated the importance of integrated care as families were appreciative to access services all in one day and in the same clinic. Working closely with consumers, the co-designed clinic was structured around patient centred care, and proved to be a great success. The Super Saturday Clinic concept emerged from consumer’s feedback that told us how many families travel to attend multiple appointments at Lady Cilento Children’s Hospital. These appointments are often scheduled across different days, resulting in travel costs, plus time away from work, school and family. They also noted that appointments scheduled across several days result in service gaps and missed opportunities for education. The co-designed outpatient clinic with consumers saw a range of clinicians come together to pilot a clinic outside of business hours on a Saturday. Current clinics are not always integrated with Allied Health who can be contacted on an ad-hoc basis. Alternative clinical practices were explored with interdisciplinary team work aligning with the super clinic which supported multiple disciplinary coordination and integration of services to meet the needs of patients and families in one clinic. [i] Two clinics were piloted for patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritic and inflammatory bowel disease. The clinic took three months of planning and coordination by the Innovation Change and Redesign Excellence (iCARE) unit. This team provides structure to enable transformation of health services within Children's Health Queensland (CHQ). Their involvement in the super clinic allowed seamless coordination as they were unrelated to a clinical team. The clinic was held in February 2017, with consultations being provided by the medical teams, clinical nurses, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, dietetics, social work, welfare, pharmacy and immunisation services. Overall, 119 consultations were delivered within 6 hours. There were 20 patients who attended, 18 of which had 4 or more consults and 5 of these patients had 7 or 8 consults. Families also had access with Non-Government Organisations to learn about community support. Since the pilot clinic, the primary driver has been to incorporate Allied Health permanently into existing clinics which is a sustainable approach compared to the current ad-hoc arrangement. The patient cohorts for the clinic were ideal as they had high proportion of Allied Health involvement which would be criteria for transferability between specialties. The lessons learnt focused on the need for a single coordinator and to allow sufficient time for clinic closure activities. A barrier to delivering Saturday clinics is dependent on the funding arrangements to support additional clinics which are reviewed yearly with Queensland Health. Families noted that they appreciated having access to services that they previously may not have seen. They also valued the availability of Saturday appointments reducing time off school and work while allowing other family members to attend. References : 1- Sandall S, McLean ME, Smith BJ. Recommended Practices in Early Intervention/Early Childhood Special Education. Longmont and Denver: Sopris West and DEC; 2000.

The Religious Dimension of Hong Kong’s Umbrella Movement

[The Umbrella Revolution] is a movement without a clear leader, one in which crowds of largely young people are organizing themselves and acting on their own, overtaking months of planning by veterans of the city’s pro-democracy camp.1 Chris Buckley and Austin Ramzy, “Hong Kong Protests are Leaderless but Orderly,” New York Times, September 30, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/01/world/asia/in-hong-kong-clean-and-polite-but-a-protest-nonetheless.html?_r=0. The party-state is concerned by the fact that Protestants draw their moral compass from a transnationalized source outside its control. Prominent Christian involvement in Hong Kong’s 2014 Umbrella Movement, just across the border from the mainland, serves to exacerbate this sense of nervousness.2 Phil Entwistle, “Bypassing the Party-State? The Implications of Urban Protestant Growth in China,” China Monitor 30 (2015): 7, www.merics.org/en/redirect/pdf-china-monitor-nummer-30-en.html. The preceding statements by Chris Buckley and Austin Ramzy and by Phil Entwistle are indicative of the highly diverging viewpoints about the organizational nature of Hong Kong’s Occupy Central with Love and Peace (OCLP) civil disobedience campaign, also known as the Umbrella Movement (UM). While Buckley and Ramzy described the OCLP/UM as secular and leaderless, Entwistle has pointed out that Christian leaders actually played a significant role in it. We agree that the aims of the movement were indeed secular, for its key demands included both universal suffrage for electing Hong Kong’s chief executive and constitutional reform aimed at making the territory’s parliament, the Legislative Council (LegCo), more representative. At the same time, the OCLP/UM’s most important leaders were religious people whose justifications for direct political action had religious origins. Despite differences among the various competing Christian religious groups—Catholic, Protestant, and Methodist—a significant ecumenical alliance of Hong Kong Christians supported the OCLP/UM. The movement thus had a religious dimension that needs to be acknowledged.

The Ninth Floor Pharmacy Project at the University of California, San Francisco: A Seminal Development in Clinical Pharmacy

The planning for a clinical pharmacy practice and decentralized pharmacy service at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), Medical Center started in October 1965. After months of planning, services to patients started on September 7, 1966. This article describes the planning,