Months Of Calcium Supplementation Research Articles

Prospective Role of Calcium Supplementation in Prevention of Fluorosis: A Study in Some North Indian Villages

More than a hundred million people from almost twenty-five countries, including India, are affected by fluorosis. An assessment of fluoride in water, a prospective study of dental fluorosis and the role of calcium in preventing or ameliorating dental fluorosis through a long-term community study in endemic high fluoride area in Northern India was done. Water survey from different areas was done to identify high fluoride area in Unnao district of Uttar Pradesh, India. House to house survey of a population of almost 5000 people was done. Biochemical tests were performed in 50 dental fluorotic and 50 non-fluorotic randomized subjects. Clinical and biochemical status was recorded after six months of calcium supplementation. Our results have shown that 28.64% population had dental fluorosis (total fluorosis: 43%), the highest in 13-15 years age group. After six months of calcium supplementation, 44% of cases showed reversal of dental fluorosis, whereas in 40% of them disease did not progress further. An increase in serum calcium and a significant decrease in urinary fluoride was observed post supplementation. In this first large-scale prospective community study of its kind, it is demonstrated that long-term administration of calcium can reverse dental fluorosis especially in children with early grades of fluorosis. Calcium may protect tooth against damage from high fluoride intake and reduces dental fluorosis. With the increase in the prevalence of dental fluorosis, calcium can prove a cheap and effective method for the prevention and treatment of dental fluorosis.

Dietary calcium supplementation in adult rats reverts brown adipose tissue dysfunction programmed by postnatal early overfeeding

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) dysfunction is associated with obesity and its comorbidities, such as hypertension, and the improvement of BAT function seems important for obesity management. Here we investigated the effects of dietary calcium supplementation on BAT autonomic nerve activity, sympathoadrenal function and cardiovascular parameters in adult obese rats that were raised in small litters (SL group). Three days after birth, SL litters were adjusted to three pups to induce early overfeeding. The control group remained with 10 pups/litter until weaning (NL group). At PN120, the SL group was randomly divided into the following: rats fed with standard chow (SL) and rats fed with dietary calcium carbonate supplementation (SL-Ca, 10g/kg chow). Animals were killed either at PN120 or PN180. At both ages, SL rats had higher BAT autonomic nervous system activity, mass and adipocyte area, as well as increased heart rate and blood pressure (systolic and diastolic); 2 months of calcium supplementation normalized these parameters. At PN180 only, UCP1 and TRβ1 in BAT were decreased in SL rats. These changes were also prevented by calcium treatment. Also at PN180, the SL group presented higher tyrosine hydroxylase and adrenal catecholamine contents, as well as lower hypothalamic POMC and MC4R contents. Calcium supplementation did not revert these alterations. Thus, we demonstrated that dietary calcium supplementation was able to improve cardiovascular parameters and BAT thermogenesis capacity in adult animals that were early overfed during lactation.

Bone mineral density in Nigerian children after discontinuation of calcium supplementation

BackgroundNigerian toddlers with low dietary calcium intakes increased forearm bone mineral density (BMD) after 18months of calcium supplementation compared with placebo. However, it is not known if this bone mineral accretion is sustained after calcium supplement withdrawal. We therefore investigated the influence of prior calcium supplementation on forearm BMD 12months after withdrawal of the supplement. MethodsNigerian toddlers aged 12–18months from three urban communities were enrolled in a controlled trial of calcium supplementation. Two communities received daily calcium supplements, one as calcium carbonate (400mg), and the other as ground fish (529±109mg), for a duration of 18months, and all three communities received vitamin A (2500IU daily) as placebo. Forearm BMD was measured 5 times during 18months of calcium supplementation and at 12months after supplement withdrawal. ResultsOf 647 children enrolled, 390 completed the trial of calcium supplementation and 261 of these returned for the final follow-up 12months after discontinuation of supplementation. During the 18months of supplementation, an adjusted model demonstrated that the increase in both distal and proximal forearm BMD over time was significantly greater in the calcium supplemented groups than in the placebo group (P<0.04). However, after supplement withdrawal, the increase in BMD over time was largely attenuated and only remained significant at the proximal forearm in the ground fish group (P=0.03). ConclusionThe benefit of calcium supplementation on forearm BMD in young Nigerian children is not sustained after supplement withdrawal.

Calcium Supplementation On Body Composition In Pre-menopausal Women

Weight loss efforts are now becoming all-inclusive, as individuals are looking beyond the traditional strategies of exercise and calorie restriction to achieve their weight loss goals. Recently, calcium has been suggested to have weight loss effects as a cellular mechanism has been conceived for the regulation of adipocyte metabolism through dietary calcium intake using a rat model (Zemel et al. 2004), and utilizing human adipocyte cell cultures (Xue et al. 2001). PURPOSE To determine whether eight months of calcium supplementation decreases body weight and fat mass in free-living pre-menopausal women. METHODS Forty three women participated in the current study. After baseline assessments subjects were randomly assigned, with stratification according to body composition, to either a supplement group receiving 1,125 mg Ca++/d (CAL; n = 19; age = 20.9 ± 1.6 yr; weight = 61.9 ± 8.4 kg; BMI = 22.1 ± 3.1 kg/m2) or a free-living comparison group (CON; n = 24; age = 20.3 ± 1.3 yr; weight = 63.3 ± 6.7 kg; BMI = 22.8 ± 2.2 kg/m2). At baseline and after the 8 month intervention (POST) total body composition (body fat percentage,%FatTB; abdominal percentage fat, %FatAb; fat mass, FM; non-bone fat-free mass, FFM) was measured via dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). To account for changes in physical activity, subjects completed a sub-maximal treadmill exercise test to estimate maximal cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) at baseline and POST. Dietary intake was assessed with 3-day diet records at baseline and POST. RESULTS There were no differences from baseline to POST between groups for changes in body weight (CAL = 0.6 ± 2.0 kg;CON = 0.2 ± 2.1 kg),%FatTB (CAL = 0.7 ± 2.0%;CON = 0.3 ± 2.1%),%FatAB (CAL = 0.9 ± 2.9%;CON = 0.1 ± 2.5%), FM (CAL = 0.6 ± 1.9 kg; CON = 0.2 ± 1.7 kg), or FFM (CAL = −0.2 ± 0.7 kg; CON = 0.0 ± 1.1 kg). At POST, the calcium (mg) to protein (g)ratio of the CAL group (30.6 ± 17.3) was greater than (p<0.05) the CON group (12.9 ± 6.2). At POST, calcium intake (mg)for the CAL group (1905±929) was greater than (p<0.05) the CON group (867±405). CONCLUSION Our findings do not support the hypothesis that increasing calcium intake decreases body weight or body fat in pre-menopausal women despite a nearly two-fold increase in calcium intake. Supported by the Kansas Health and Nutrition Fund and Nutrijoy, Inc., Manhattan, KS.

Calcium Supplementation On Body Composition In Pre-menopausal Women

Weight loss efforts are now becoming all-inclusive, as individuals are looking beyond the traditional strategies of exercise and calorie restriction to achieve their weight loss goals. Recently, calcium has been suggested to have weight loss effects as a cellular mechanism has been conceived for the regulation of adipocyte metabolism through dietary calcium intake using a rat model (Zemel et al. 2004), and utilizing human adipocyte cell cultures (Xue et al. 2001). PURPOSE To determine whether eight months of calcium supplementation decreases body weight and fat mass in free-living pre-menopausal women. METHODS Forty three women participated in the current study. After baseline assessments subjects were randomly assigned, with stratification according to body composition, to either a supplement group receiving 1,125 mg Ca++/d (CAL; n = 19; age = 20.9 ± 1.6 yr; weight = 61.9 ± 8.4 kg; BMI = 22.1 ± 3.1 kg/m2) or a free-living comparison group (CON; n = 24; age = 20.3 ± 1.3 yr; weight = 63.3 ± 6.7 kg; BMI = 22.8 ± 2.2 kg/m2). At baseline and after the 8 month intervention (POST) total body composition (body fat percentage,%FatTB; abdominal percentage fat, %FatAb; fat mass, FM; non-bone fat-free mass, FFM) was measured via dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). To account for changes in physical activity, subjects completed a sub-maximal treadmill exercise test to estimate maximal cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) at baseline and POST. Dietary intake was assessed with 3-day diet records at baseline and POST. RESULTS There were no differences from baseline to POST between groups for changes in body weight (CAL = 0.6 ± 2.0 kg;CON = 0.2 ± 2.1 kg),%FatTB (CAL = 0.7 ± 2.0%;CON = 0.3 ± 2.1%),%FatAB (CAL = 0.9 ± 2.9%;CON = 0.1 ± 2.5%), FM (CAL = 0.6 ± 1.9 kg; CON = 0.2 ± 1.7 kg), or FFM (CAL = −0.2 ± 0.7 kg; CON = 0.0 ± 1.1 kg). At POST, the calcium (mg) to protein (g)ratio of the CAL group (30.6 ± 17.3) was greater than (p<0.05) the CON group (12.9 ± 6.2). At POST, calcium intake (mg)for the CAL group (1905±929) was greater than (p<0.05) the CON group (867±405). CONCLUSION Our findings do not support the hypothesis that increasing calcium intake decreases body weight or body fat in pre-menopausal women despite a nearly two-fold increase in calcium intake. Supported by the Kansas Health and Nutrition Fund and Nutrijoy, Inc., Manhattan, KS.

Body Composition is Unchanged by Calcium Supplementation in Postmenopausal Women

0698 PURPOSE: Given recent evidence linking calcium intake with body composition, the purpose of this investigation was to determine whether six months of calcium supplementation attenuated body fat accretion in postmenopausal women. METHODS: Prior to (PRE) and at the end (END) of supplementation, body composition was assessed via dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Assessments of body composition included: percentage of body fat (%BF), fat mass (FM), and non-bone lean mass (LM). A three day diet record was used to estimate habitual nutrient intake before and at the end of the intervention. Physical activity was estimated using a validated questionnaire. Subjects (n = 37, age = 61 ± 9 yr, BMI = 26.1 ± 3.7 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to a supplementation group (CCM) or a free-living control group (CON). The CCM subjects ingested 1,125 mg/day of calcium (calcium-citrate-malate) dissolved in a milk-based fruit-flavored beverage over six months. RESULTS: There were no differences between or within groups over the six months for change in weight (CCM = 0.35 ± 2.6 kg; CON = 0.38 ± 1.9 kg), %BF (CCM = 1.2 ± 4.3%; CON = 2.3 ± 3.9%), FM (CCM = 2.2 ± 7.8 kg; CON = 3.0 ± 6.3kg), or LM (CCM = 0.0 ± 1.0 kg; CON = −0.3 ± 0.8 kg). Daily calcium intake increased in the CCM group (PRE = 973.2 ± 480 mg; END = 2097.7 ± 488.2 mg) with no change in the CON group (PRE = 1243.9 ± 734 mg; END = 1252.9 ± 685.3 mg), with the CCM group ingesting more calcium than CON at END (p = 0.000). Calcium intakes were not related to measures of body composition for either group. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that calcium supplementation with 1,125 mg of CCM/d does not decrease body weight or fat in postmenopausal women compared to free-living controls who consume calcium within levels of the Daily Recommended Intakes. Supported by funds from the Kansas Attorney General's office, and supplements were provided by Nutrijoy, Inc.

Supplemental calcium for the prevention of hip fracture: Potential health-economic benefits

We assessed the cost-effectiveness of daily calcium supplementation for the prevention of primary osteoporotic hip fractures. The assessment was based on our meta-analysis of the published relative-risk estimates from 3 double-masked, placebo-controlled, clinical trials and our analysis of raw data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988–1994 on the daily intake of calcium supplements by adults in the United States. These data were then used to estimate the preventable proportion of hip fractures. The 1995 National Hospital Discharge Survey database provided the number and demographic characteristics of patients discharged with a primary diagnosis of hip fracture, as well as their discharge destination. The 1990 itemized costs of hip fractures, as estimated by the US Congress Office of Technology Assessment, were inflated to 1995 dollars using the medical care component of the Consumer Price Index. Using these inflated itemized costs, we then estimated the weighted average expenditures, reflecting both the types of services associated with specific hospitaldischarge destinations and the demographic characteristics of discharged patients. The cost of supplements containing 1200 mg/d of elemental calcium for the mean duration (34 months) of the 3 clinical trials was calculated on the basis of 1998 unit-price and market-share data for 6 representative products. For 1995, the data indicate that 290327 patients aged ≥50 years were discharged from US hospitals with a primary diagnosis of hip fracture, at our estimated direct cost of $5.6 billion. Based on the risk reductions seen in the 3 trials, we estimated that 134,764 hip fractures and $2.6 billion in direct medical costs could have been avoided if individuals aged ≥50 years consumed approximately 1200 mg/d of supplemental calcium. Additional savings could be expected, because this intervention is also associated with significant reductions in the risk for all nonvertebral fractures. Comparing the cost of calcium with the expected medical savings from hip fractures avoided, it is cost-effective to give 34 months of calcium supplementation to women aged ≥75 years in the United States. If, as the published studies suggest, shorter periods of supplementation result in an equivalent reduction in the risk of hip fractures, calcium supplementation becomes cost-effective for all adults aged ≥65 years in the United States. The data support encouraging older adults to increase their intake of dietary calcium and to consider taking a daily calcium supplement. Even small increases in the usage rate of supplementation are predicted to yield significant savings and to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with hip fracture at an advanced age.

Biochemical effects of calcium supplementation in postmenopausal women: influence of dietary calcium intake

We studied the biochemical effects of calcium supplementation during a 2-mo course in postmenopausal women (x +/- SD: 64 +/- 5 y of age and 14.5 +/- 6.7 y since menopause). The effects on calcium homeostasis and bone remodeling were assessed after 1 and 2 mo of daily administration of either calcium carbonate (1200 mg elemental Ca/d, n = 60) or a placebo (n = 56). The daily dietary calcium intake assessed before the beginning of calcium supplementation was 786 mg/d. We found a significant inverse relation between baseline intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and dietary calcium intake before supplementation (r = -0.48, P = 0.0002). A significant increase in urinary excretion of pyridinoline was observed when the dietary calcium intake was lower than the median value. Calcium supplementation resulted in a significant increase in 24-h urinary calcium (39%, P < 0.02) and a significant reduction of bone alkaline phosphatase at 2 mo and of all bone-resorption markers (hydroxyproline, pyridinoline, and deoxypyridinoline) at I and 2 mo without significant changes in 44-68 PTH fragments or iPTH concentrations. When the dietary calcium intake was low (mean +/- SD: 576 +/- 142 mg/d), calcium supplementation was responsible for a greater increase in urinary calcium excretion and a greater decrease in markers of bone turnover. The greatest variations were observed for deoxypyridinoline at 1 and 2 mo (-18.5%, P < 0.05) and for pyridinoline at 1 mo (-16.3%, P < 0.01). Two months of calcium supplementation in postmenopausal women was efficient in reducing markers of bone turnover, with a greater effect in women with a low dietary calcium intake.

Bone Mass, Serum Lipids, and Lipoproteins during Three Years of Opposed Estrogen Replacement

The effects of three years of low dose or moderate dose hormone replacement on bone mass and serum cardiovascular risk factor were measure in post-menopausal women. After six months of calcium supplementation, women chose to add hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or to remain on calcium. Those choosing hormones were randomized either to a law dose or moderate dose group. The low dose regimen was 0.3 mg/d equine estrogen and 2.5 mg/d medroxyprogesterone for three years. The moderate dose group rook 0.625 mg/d equine estrogen (days 1-25) and 5 mg/d medroxyprogesoerone (days 16-25) for the first two years, after which the cyclical regimen was replaced with a continuous regimen of 0.625 mg/d dequine estrogen and 2.5 mg/d medroxyprogesterone.Low dose HRT prevented the loss of radius bone mass observed in subjects taking calcium only. Moderate dose HRT also protected radius bone mass, increased lumbar spine bone mass, and improved the ratio of serum high density to low density lipoproteins.

Effects of 2 years of hormone replacement upon bone mass, serum lipids and lipoproteins

The objective of this study was to measure the effects on postmenopausal women of 2 years of either a low dose or a moderate dose regimen of hormone replacement upon bone mass and serum cardiovascular risk factors. After 6 months of calcium supplementation, 75 women chose to add hormone replacement or to remain on calcium. Those choosing hormones were randomised to either 0.3 mg/day equine estrogen and 2.5 mg/day medroxyprogesterone or 0.625 mg/day equine estrogen, days 1–25, and 5 mg/day medroxyprogesterone, days 16–25. On calcium only, lumbar spine bone mineral content and radius bone mass fell. Serum concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides increased while HDL concentration fell. The low dose continuous regime reduced whole body bone turnover and prevented the age related reductions in bone mass and serum cardiovascular risk profile. The moderate dose regimen reduced whole body bone turnover and increased lumbar spine bone mass. Total serum cholesterol was unchanged while HDL levels increased, LDL levels fell and triglyceride concentration increased.

Calcium Supplementation and Bone Mineral Density in Adolescent Girls

To evaluate the effect of calcium supplementation on bone acquisition in adolescent white girls. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effect of 18 months of calcium supplementation on bone density and bone mass. Ninety-four girls with a mean age of 11.9 + 0.5 years at study entry. University hospital in a small town. Calcium supplementation, 500 mg/d calcium as calcium citrate malate; controls received placebo pills. Bone mineral density and bone mineral content of the lumbar spine and total body were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and calcium excretion from 24-hour urine specimens. Calcium intake from dietary sources averaged 960 mg/d for the entire study group. The supplemented group received, on average, an additional 354 mg/d of calcium. The supplemented group compared with the placebo group had greater increases of lumbar spine bone density (18.7% vs 15.8%; P = .03), lumbar spine bone mineral content (39.4% vs 34.7%; P = .06), total body bone mineral density (9.6% vs 8.3%; P = .05), and 24-hour urinary calcium excretion (90.4 vs 72.9 mg/d; P = .02), respectively. Increasing daily calcium intake from 80% of the recommended daily allowance to 110% via supplementation with calcium citrate malate resulted in significant increases in total body and spinal bone density in adolescent girls. The increase of 24 g of bone gain per year among the supplemented group translates to an additional 1.3% skeletal mass per year during adolescent growth, which may provide protection against future osteoporotic fracture.

A one-year prospective comparison of calcium supplementation, low dose continuous, and moderate dose cyclical oestrogen and progestagen replacement therapy in the protection of bone mass

SummaryAfter 6 months of calcium supplementation, 86 recently postmenopausal women chose either to remain on calcium or to add hormone replacement therapy. Women who chose hormones were allocated at random to either a low dose continuous (conjugated oestrogens, 0-3 mg/ day and medroxyprogesterone, 2-5 mg/day) or a moderate dose cyclical (conjugated oestrogens, 0-625 mg/ day, and medroxyprogesterone, 5 mg/day) regimen. Lumbar spine bone mineral density and mass, mid radius bone mineral content, and whole body bone turnover were measured.Menopause symptoms were controlled by both hormone regimens, and both produced decreases in whole body bone turnover and increases in lumbar spine density and mass over 1 year. On calcium only, lumbar spine bone mass continued to fall. Hormone replacement also prevented an age related decrease in the serum concentration of high density lipoproteins. More than 70 per cent of the subjects on moderate dose cyclical hormones experienced bleeding problems. With low dose continuo...

The Metabolic Effects of Calcium Supplementation in the Elderly

Because the value of calcium supplementation in age-related bone loss is controversial, we conducted a study to examine the effects of six months of calcium supplementation on parathyroid hormone (PTH) and other indices of bone metabolism. Calcium carbonate (1.2 grams elemental calcium/day) or placebo was administered for 6 months to a group of 42 healthy, ambulatory men and women with a mean age of 71. Fasting blood samples and 2-hour urine collections were performed at baseline and at 1 and 6 months. The decline in serum PTH levels from baseline in the calcium-supplemented group was significant in comparison with the placebo group changes (for the calcium group: 40.9 pg/mL at baseline to 34.0 pg/mL at 1 month and 33.2 at 6 months). This drop in PTH was associated with a decline in 1,25 OH-Vitamin D levels from a mean of 38.3 pg/mL to 30.4 pg/mL at 1 month and 31.9 at 6 months. During calcium supplementation, no changes were observed in serum bone Gla protein values. A decline in urinary hydroxyproline excretion was observed at 6 months, but this did not reach significant levels. The present study demonstrates suppression of PTH levels with calcium supplementation, an effect which lasts at least 6 months. This change was accompanied by a decrease in serum 1,25 OH-Vitamin D. The lack of significant changes in either serum bone gla protein or urine hydroxyproline excretion fails to support any significant change in bone turnover occurring with this decrease in PTH.