Monthly Expense Research Articles

Assessment of Nicotine Dependence and Readiness to Change among Patients Attending Tobacco Cessation Clinic: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: Nicotine is the addictive substance present in tobacco which makes quitting tobacco difficult. Objective: This study was done to assess nicotine dependence and stage of readiness to change among tobacco users visiting the Tobacco Cessation Clinic (TCC) Lucknow. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in the TCC of a Government Dental College. The data were recorded in the tobacco cessation registration forms of tobacco users and then analyzed through statistical software using the Chi-square test. Results: The number of tobacco users was more in males (88%) than in females (12%) with a preference for smokeless type (63.4%) of tobacco usage. Most of the tobacco users were of 25–34 years of age group (34.9%). It was also observed that the maximum number of tobacco users was married (68.3%) and had graduate/postgraduate degree (62.3%). It was also seen that usually, the monthly expense on tobacco products by either gender was Rs. 1000–2400. More than 50% of the tobacco users had tried quitting before because of health issues and craving was the main reason for relapse. We also observed that the highest level of nicotine dependence was amongst the smokeless tobacco users with a history of 5–10 years of tobacco use (43.3%). Conclusion: It was found that most of the patients who attended the TCC had medium level of dependence on nicotine and where in the preparation phase to quit the habit.

Self-Reported Depression and Its Relationship with Socio-Demographic Characteristics among Medical Students

Objective: In Pakistan, among various cities, the rate of depression is reported to be between 60–70% among medical students. This study was performed to estimate the prevalence of depression and its factors among medical students at Muhammad Medical College, MirpurKhas, Sindh, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed at Muhammad Medical College MirpurKhas, Sindh. The study tool was a semitortured questionnaire comprising of sociodemographic questions and depression, anxiety, stress (DASS-42) self-reporting scale. Throughout the study, medical undergraduate students were hired using a random sample technique. The descriptive statistical analysis, i.e., mean, standard deviation, range, frequency, and percentages were calculated using SPSS version 26. Results: The frequency rate of male and female students was 49.5% and 50.5%, respectively. Of all the 34% of medical students who showed positive depression symptoms, 27% had mild, and 7% had moderate depression. Female students had a higher depression frequency. Concerning the factors of depression, the rural residence demonstrated a significantly negative association [0.24 (0.104-0.574)], but living in a shared room showed a non-significantly positive association [OR 2.78 (0.501-15.46)] with depression among medical students. A monthly expense of 20000 PKR revealed a non-significantly positive association [1.078 (0.409-2.84)] with depression. In addition, parental level of education showed a significant association (P<0.005) with depression. Conclusion: Female students has high frequency of depression than male students. The depression factors among medical students were found to be financial, parental education, and living in shared room. So, the appropriate policies should be implemented to reduce the burden of disease. Keywords: Frequency of depression, DASS-42 scale, Factors of Depression, Medical students.

Estrogenic Waste Conservation in Bengawan Solo Sub-Watershed: Application of Contingent Valuation Method

This study aims to determine the number of people willing to pay (WTP) for clean water using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). The sub-watersheds are located on the Pucang Sawit, Pepe, Premulung, and Kalianyar rivers. The data were random collected through interviews using questionnaires. The primary data consisted of four types, namely socioeconomic, perceptions of the environment and clean water, conservation of polluted water and simulations. The calculation of WTP with the CVM approach was carried out in 4 stages, including creating a hypothetical market, obtaining the WTP value, using an analytical model with dummy variables, and data analysis. The data analysis includes descriptive, regression, model significance, coefficient of determination (R2), and partial test. The results showed that 69.2% of respondents chose the 3rd simulation, with the willingness to plant 20 clumps of portulaca plants, to clean 50 litres of water for IDR 300,000. Based on the partial test, the variables that significantly affect WTP were the monthly expense, number of family members, gender, participation in environmental activities, and willingness to pay for water conservation. The contribution of this study is to be able to determine the WTP of a water conservation activity polluted in another area.

The socioeconomic burden and disability linked with mental illnesses: findings from the National Mental Health Survey of India 2015-16 in Uttar Pradesh

BACKGROUND: Mental health problems can lead to a substantial disability, financial loss, and a caregiver burden globally. The national mental health survey of India (NMHS) 2015-16 attempted to estimate the disability and socio-economic impact of mental morbidities in India and the representative state level. This paper reports the socio-economic impact and disability due to mental morbidity in Uttar Pradesh, India, by NMHS-2015-16, which will help the policymakers address the mental healthcare needs of the community.METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study done in the community setting. The investigators estimated socio-economic impact due to mental morbidities by using a structured questionnaire and applying the Sheehan Disability Scale.RESULTS: A total of 3,508 adults were interviewed, of which 282 individuals had a lifetime prevalence of mental health problems (excluding tobacco use disorder). Disability was reported: 27.3% at work, 31.9% in family life and 28.4% in social settings. Disability due to mental health problems were more evident in those with common and severe mental illnesses. The median monthly expense for the illness was found to be about 1,000 rupees INR (10 GBP). The individuals with mental health issues found in this study had 10 days of absentism from work and 20 days of reduced efficiency in work in the past 30 days.Conclusion: Disabilities related to mental health illness are having significant socio-economic impact across India. There is a need for early intervention and more adequate addressing of these issues across the national mental health policy and programming arena.

Breakdown of the Use of Energy in Common Areas of Residential Buildings in Chile

In the last 15 years the population of the Metropolitan Region has increased by 16.10%. Due to this greater densification, many people have had to live in residential buildings. By accepting this condition, residents have also accepted a monthly payment of common expenses. The reality shows that the latter are unpredictable prior to the operation of the building and once in operation their distribution and origin, allowing for the planning of resources, is not known. Based on the foregoing, we propose an energy calculation method to estimate the electricity and gas consumption of hot water for both domestic use and heating of the facilities present in the common areas of buildings. The method was applied in 2 residential buildings in Santiago with similar characteristics in order to compare the results obtained with the calculation method versus the actual consumption information. The results show that the most consumed basic services correspond to gas used for boilers at 67.5% and electricity at 29%. Regarding electricity, cold water pumps generated the highest energy consumption followed by lighting of parking areas. The percentage difference between the estimated monthly expenditure and the monthly expense charged for electricity was 11.50% and 9.19% for Building A and B, respectively. Moreover, in the case of gas, the difference was 21.10% for Building A and 17.09% for Building B.

Perfil das ações judiciais em assistência à saúde com bloqueio de verbas públicas no Estado de Santa Catarina

Objective: to analyze the situational profile of value blocks resulting from non-compliance with health care court decisions in the State of Santa Catarina. Methods: re considered the processes with determination of blockage in the accounts of the State of Santa Catarina, in December 2015 and December 2016, in which the authors requested drugs, inputs and nutrition. Results: most actions are filed individually and by private law firms. Medicines were the most requested object, mostly prescribed by trade name and not standardized on official lists in more than 70% of cases. In 2015, the monthly expense was R$ 135,549.39, and if the State had made the acquisition, the monthly expense would be R$ 82,016.29. In December 2016, the cost of blocking was R $ 833,634.88, while through administrative purchase would be R $ 447,357.68. There was a growth of 858.82% in spending on blockages, from 2015 to 2016. Conclusions: the results obtained can contribute to better planning compliance with health court decisions, avoiding that they do not burden the public coffers even more and undermine the public health budget.

ANALISIS PENGARUH DAERAH PEMASOK TERHADAP HARGA CABAI MERAH DI DKI JAKARTA MENGGUNAKAN VECTOR ERROR CORRECTION MODEL (VECM)

This study aims to analyze the effect of red chili price and production in the supplier area on its prices in DKI Jakarta using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The data used in this study are red chili price and average expenditure per month per capita in DKI Jakarta and red chili price and production in East Java, West Java, and Banten in the period January 2012 to July 2018. The model obtained was VECM (1) the price of red chili in DKI Jakarta. It showed that there was a long-term relationship (cointegration) on the first difference. The results the Forecast Error Variance Decomposition (FEVD) analysis showed that the contributions of the red chili price in DKI Jakarta and West Java, average monthly expense for red chili in DKI Jakarta, red chili production (West Java and Banten) are significant in explaining the behaviour of the red chili price change in DKI Jakarta. The results of the Impulse Response Function (IRF) analysis showed that the shock of the price of chili in DKI Jakarta and West Java in the previous month will increase the price of red chili in DKI Jakarta in the following month. Conversely, the shock of the average monthly expenditure of red chili in DKI Jakarta and red chili production (West Java and Banten) from the previous month will reduce the price of red chili in DKI Jakarta in the following month.

Sustainability of Urban Mobility of Campinas City, Brazil

In the last decades, urbanization has increased and it has shown to be an irreversible process. The negative impacts of urban growth make to sustainable actions necessary. One of the cities that have national relevance in its economic, social and demographic aspects is Campinas, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of urban mobility and offer sustainable alternatives for the improvement of urban mobility in this city. A quali-quantitative survey was carried out with 234 citizens in Campinas, in three public squares and one municipal park. The results showed that the majority of the interviewed citizens were female, aged between 21 and 30 years old, undergraduate and employed with an income of 1 to 2 minimum wages. Their monthly expense on urban mobility represents, on average, 5% to 10% of the family income. The car was the main means of transportation. The main difficulty in transportation reported was traffic. Most of the interviewed individuals spend 10 to 20 minutes to commute to work or university. Among the main suggestions pointed out by the interviewees for the improvement of urban mobility are newer and more modern buses. Train or subway can be options to diminish the traffic and air pollution and were also suggested by the interviewees. Constant evaluation and monitoring of urban mobility are necessary to understand the real needs of the population and carry out the necessary actions. Keywords: urban mobility; sustainability; Campinas city; vehicles, urban landscape.

Travel Motivation Factors of Elderly in Yogyakarta City: Push and Pull Factors

Yogyakarta is a city which has the highest percentage of elderly with 12.07% of its population in 2017. The higher number of elderly population indicates the importance in the provision of special mobility’s infrastructure for them. The aim of this study is to identify the characteristics of the elderly in Yogyakarta City and the characteristics of their mobility. Besides, it also explores the factors which considered in decision making for traveling. This research used quantitative data sets. Questionnaires were distributed to elderly aged of 60-90 years old to collect the primary data. The result shows that the elderly of Yogyakarta City is dominated by women whose education background are an elementary school. The data show that 35,6% elderly are still working in informal sectors whose average monthly expense is less than 1 million rupiah. The outdoor activity of elderly of Yogyakarta City is dominated with the purpose of doing social activities and socializing with others. Their mobility is clustered around the home. The relative close distance makes them easier to mobile because they could reach the destination independently. The highest push motivation of elders to travel is to meet their spiritual needs while pull motivation is the suitability of the destination with their conditions.

Influence of low income on return to participation following stroke

Purpose: Low income is known to influence participation post stroke, but the process by which this occurs is poorly understood.Methods: A qualitative multiple case study approach, focusing on the experience of returning to participation in personal projects among eight low-income francophone stroke survivors living in eastern Ontario (Canada). Data included semi-structured interviews with the stroke survivors and with their care partners, participant observations, assessment measures, and chart reviews.Results: Healthcare professionals inconsistently gave the stroke survivors needed information and assistance to access entitlements during discharge planning. Income support programs were difficult to access and once obtained, were not completely adequate to support essential necessities (food, medication) in addition to other goods and services related to valued activities. Housing was an important monthly expense that limited available monies for personal projects. Only in instances where participants were assisted with housing by informal networks were there adequate funds to pursue personal projects.Conclusion: This case study demonstrated that even in a universal healthcare system, post-stroke participation for those with low incomes was severely restricted. Changes at the clinical level and at the public policy level could facilitate participation.Implications for rehabilitationIncome influenced the experience of return to participation for the low-income stroke survivors by limiting their ability to afford housing, goods, and services.The macro environment, which regulates the healthcare and social service systems, was the strongest influence on return to participation for low income stroke survivors.Findings point to actions at the clinical and policy levels to help address this inequity.

Biaya Penyehatan Lingkungan pada Bidan Praktik Swasta di Kecamatan Gamping, Sleman, 2016

Private midwives in conducting health services for public have potentiality to yield environmental pollution and disease transmission. To prevent those harms they should apply environmentalhealth efforts. This study was aimed to reveal those efforts through direct observation and interview about the expense. The observation consisted of: provision of clean water, managementof solid medical waste, control of insect rodent and annoying animals, and sterilization. The results identify that in clean water provision, the activities are: use water from local water company and water quality examination. In solid medical waste management: provide safety box astemporal disposal, and use chlorine to treat it, and cooperate with hospitals, community healthcenters and private companies to annihilate it. In insect, rodent and annoying animals control:the first act is using closed door to prevent, as well as gauze wires and traps; and insecticidesfor indoor control and keep house clean. In sterilization: room and utilities sterilization wih alcohol, chlorine and boiling/steaming technique. The average monthly expense for clean water isRp.62.272, for solid medical waste management: Rp.57.778, for insect, rodent and annoyinganimal control: Rp.41.041, and for sterilization: Rp.38.833. The average exense per month forthose four activities are Rp. 199.925. To keep the environmental health activities run, it needsupervision, monitoring and support from the local community health center and association ofmidwives, and SOP for each of the existing and planned effort should be developed.

Pharmacotherapeutic profile of users and expenditure on high-cost drugs in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, 2014.

to describe the pharmacotherapeutic profile of users of the Specialized Program for Pharmaceutical Assistance, and to measure the expenditure on the most prevalent and the most expensive medications. descriptive study conducted in São Leopoldo-RS, Brazil, with secondary data regarding information about requests accepted in 2014, through administrative proceedings; delivery notes of the State Health Department/RS were used to assess the costs. 1,528 users were included in the study, mostly women (56.7%), and the average age was 52 years (standard deviation=17.9); the most frequent diagnoses were allergic asthma (17.1%), chronic kidney disease (11.5%) and rheumatoid arthritis (8.4%); the most prevalent drug was budesonide+formoterol fumarate (18.3%); among the most prevalent drugs, the highest total monthly expense was with epoetin alfa (BRL37,922.34) and among the most expensive drugs, infliximab (BRL72,503.28). the data show the importance of the Specialized Program for Pharmaceutical Assistance in the high-cost treatment of highly prevalent.

Use of Healthcare Services Following Severe Hypoglycemia in Patients with Diabetes: Analysis of Real-World Data.

IntroductionSevere hypoglycemia is a burden for both patients and the healthcare system payer alike. This study aimed to quantify the resource use associated with a severe hypoglycemic event (SHE) in patients with diabetes.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study compared resource use (e.g., physician visits, hospitalizations, and medications) 1 month pre- and post-SHE among patients with type 1 (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D) from a large not-for-profit healthcare provider.ResultsFrom 2005 to 2014, 284 patients with T1D (52.5% male, mean age 29.8 years, mean HbA1c 7.9%) and 3691 patients with T2D (47.6% male, mean age 67.1 years, mean HbA1c 7.3%) were eligible for inclusion in the study. In total, 95.4% of patients with T1D and 32.8% of patients with T2D were insulin treated, while 3.5% of patients with T1D and 70.4% of patients with T2D were treated with oral drugs that could cause hypoglycemia (sulfonylureas or meglitinides). Hospital admissions increased by 95% in T1D and 127% in T2D (P < 0.001) 1 month post-SHE versus 1 month pre-SHE. Of those admitted to hospital (T1D n = 59; T2D n = 1214), the mean length of stay was significantly longer during the month post- versus pre-SHE [2.08 vs. 0.88 days, P = 0.036 (T1D) and 4.17 vs. 1.45 days, P < 0.001 (T2D)]. Outpatient visits also increased by 37% for T1D and 47% for T2D between these two time periods (P < 0.001). The total monthly expense per patient increased by 46% and 87% for T1D and T2D, respectively, from $485 pre-SHE to $708 post-SHE for T1D, and from $601 pre-SHE to $1121 post-SHE for T2D (P < 0.001). The greatest expense was hospital care, with increases of 179% and 166% for T1D and T2D, respectively, to $312 and $706 per patient/month.ConclusionThis real-world analysis from a large diabetes registry indicates an increased use of healthcare services, including more frequent and prolonged hospital admissions and outpatient visits after an SHE, which resulted in an increase in healthcare expense.FundingNovo Nordisk.

Energy poverty and perceptions of solar power in marginalized communities: Survey evidence from Uttar Pradesh, India

The decreased cost of solar electricity generation has given a boost to rural energy markets, but most off-grid businesses remain small. A larger customer base is a precondition for business expansion and access to finance. This article reports findings from a large survey focused on energy access in unelectrified habitations in the Barabanki district of Uttar Pradesh, India. While most villagers are dissatisfied with their kerosene lighting and the median monthly expense for this fuel is 100 rupees (USD ∼ 1.66), the data analysis also indicates that there is little trust in local companies and a large number of villagers prefer government leadership in electricity supply. These findings suggest that solar entrepreneurs must do more to demonstrate the quality of their products and services to villagers to expand their customer base.

The impact of the cost of oral hygiene products on the domestic budget in the urban region of a midsize Brazilian capital city

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the cost of oral hygiene products in Teresina, Piauí, on the Brazilian minimum salary (MS) over the period of two years. METHODS: The writer of this study visited 12 businesses from five geographical areas of the city during four consecutive months in 2011 and 2013 to collect the prices of toothbrushes, toothpaste, dental floss and mouth rinse solutions of different brands. The prices were used to calculate the monthly expense that one individual would have if they consumed the ideal quantity of the products, as recommended by the dental literature. Brazil's MS at the time of the study was used as a parameter to calculate the impact of the cost of the items on the family budget. RESULTS: The mean monthly cost per individual was R$ 17.93 in 2011 (2.88% of the MS) and R$ 24.92 in 2013 (3.67% of the MS). There was an increase of 38.9 % in the mean price of products and the impact on the MS increased by 27.43 % during the study period. CONCLUSION: The impact of the cost of the oral care items was high on the Brazilian MS for the studied region. Dentists should be aware that the cost of these products can be an obstacle for their patients.

Consumption of Health Functional Foods and Related Factors in Male Workers in Gyeongnam

This study was carried out to investigate consumption patterns of health functional foods (HFF) and analyze their related factors in male workers in order to provide basic data for appropriate understanding and optimal use of HFF. The subjects were 325 shipbuilding workers aged 20∼50 in the Geoje area. About 84% of subjects reported that they were currently consuming or had experience of consuming HFF. The most commonly used type of HFF was vitamins (53.5%), followed by red ginseng (28.9%) and vegetable extract (15.4%). The major reasons for consuming and not-consuming HFF were?to recovery from fatigue’ (49.5%) and ‘can not trust the effects’ (39.4%), respectively. The intake period was ‘less than 3 months’ (35.5%), average monthly expense was ‘less than 50,000 won’ (49.1%), and purchase place was ‘store of health functional foods’ (32.2%) as the most common answers. The effects after consuming HFF were ‘moderate’ (51.3%) as the most common answer, and 16.1% of subjects experienced side effects, such as diarrhea, indigestion and nausea. Contributing factors for selecting and desire for future use of HFF were ‘effectiveness’ (52.2%) and ‘when necessary’ (67.8%) as the most common answers. Experience of using HFF was positively correlated with age (p<0.05), marital status (p<0.05), unbalanced diet (p<0.01), concern about health (p<0.05), and fear for disease (p<0.05). Purchase of HFF was positively correlated with fear of disease (p<0.01), whereas it was negatively correlated with frequency of exercise (p<0.05). The desire for future use of HFF was positively correlated with concern about health (p<0.05), fear of disease (p<0.01) and drinking (p<0.05). In conclusion, factors affecting consumption patterns of health functional foods (HFF) were age, marital status, unbalanced diet, concern about health, fear of disease and drinking.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of anti-ventricular arrhythmia drugs

Objective To evaluate the pharmacoeconomical outcome of anti-ventricular arrhythmia drugs,to provide reference for national selection of anti-ventricular arrhythmia drugs.Methods By searching literatures,collected the information of efficacy and safety of 10 kinds of anti-ventricular arrhythmia drugs; took the top limit of monthly expense as cost and efficiency as effectiveness to do cost-effectiveness analysis and sensitivity analysis.Results The total effective rate of anti-ventricular arrhythmia medicine was 78.71％,and drug adverse reaction rate was 13.97％.The low cost-effectiveness drugs were mexiletine ＜ atenolol ＜ propafenone ＜ amiodarone ＜ sotolol ＜ metoprolol ＜ bisoprolol; the high cost-effectiveness drugs were moracizine ＞ Wenxin grannle ＞ SRYX capsule; the low ADR rate drugs were bisoprolol ＜ SRYX capsule ＜ Wenxin grannle ＜ atenolol ＜ metoprolol; the high ADR rate drugs were sotolol ＞ moracizine ＞ mexiletine ＞ amiodarone ＞ propafenone.Conclusion Atenolol,metoprolol,bisoprolol belong to high efficient,safe and low cost medicine.In the drug economics we encourage to use high efficient,safe and low cost drugs. Key words: Anti-ventricular arrhythmia drugs; Efficacy; Safety; Pharmacoeconomics; Cost-effectiveness analysis

Household's willingness to pay for improved water service: a case study in Shebedino District, Southern Ethiopia

AbstractWillingness to pay for basic water services is often high if the services are appropriate and affordable. This study was aimed at assessing the household's willingness to pay for improved water service in Shebedino District, Southern Ethiopia. The survey was administered to 635 participants from March 29 to April 26, 2008. Findings revealed that the majority of respondents (83.62%) were willing to pay 10 cents for 25 L of water. The average monthly expense of water was 2.36% of their average monthly income. Willingness of households to pay for improved water services was found to be better than the current expenditure.

The Expenditure of Vietnamese Families in Recent Years

In our daily life, we need certain expenses to ensure the survival and development of ourselves. These expenses can consist ofdaily food buying, medicine or education, etc., as well as direct investment into production to create income sources for individuals andfamilies, other expenses on creating and maintaining social relationships as expenses on special ceremonies like weddings or funerals, etc.In addition, there are expenses on buying houses, equipment and household facilities. Thus, how is the reality of Vietnamese households’expenses at current time? Based on the statistics from General Statistical Office in Vietnam in the period 2002-2008, we see that theaverage expense of Vietnamese households was significantly improved in recent years. Average monthly expense of households headed bywomen is higher than that of households headed by men. Average expense gap between urban and rural areas have decreased slightly butremained large differences of the expense rate. Nationally, the biggest expense of all the households is living expense and this rate tendedto decrease year by year. The rate of living expense in urban areas was always higher than rural areas from 2002 to 2008 and theinequality of quintile 5 (the richest) and quintile 1 (the poorest) in monthly per capita average living expense is clearly shown. It can besaid that with daily expenses, women have the highest right of deciding, most men do not take part in this duty. With other expenses likechildren’s education and disease treatment, men play higher role in deciding. In buying expensive things, the rate of both wives andhusbands discussing on making decisions ranks highest.

Eficácia da atorvastatina sem administração diária

Statins are widely used because they reduce cardiac events. Although they are indicated for daily use, some doctorsgive prescriptions for every other day, mainly with the purpose of reducing costs. To evaluate the efficacy of atorvastatin, when not administered everyday, on LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, and also to evaluate cost reduction. A total of 100 patients with hypercholesterolemia in primary (PP) and secondary prevention (SP) were assessed. After a 12-week diet period, atorvastatin was initiated at a dose of 10 mg per day. After six weeks, LDL-C was determined, and if the levels were <80 or <104 mg/dL for SP and PP, respectively, two atorvastatin doses were subtracted per week. If LDL-C remained <80 or <104 mg/dL, a further reduction to three times a week was allowed, and the last determination was performed after six more weeks. The percentage variation in costs was the parameter to evaluate the saving. In 47 out of the 52 patients of this group, a reduction by 32% in LDL-C was observed, and daily atorvastatin was maintained. Forty one patients remained throughout the study and had their weekly dosage reduced. In 25 patients the medication was administered three times a week, and in 16, five times a week, with reductions of 42.4% and 46.1% in LDL-C, respectively. As regards costs, one of the groups had their monthly expense reduced from R$ 106.65 to R$ 74.65, and the other group from R$ 106.65 to R$ 53.33. The results suggest that atorvastatin may be administered on a non-daily basis. A cost reduction between 30% and 50% was also observed.