Montanic Acid Research Articles

Superhydrophobic Coatings Based on Montanic Acid

Superhydrophobic Coatings Based on Montanic Acid

Superhydrophobic Coatings Based on Montanic Acid

uperhydrophobic coatings with a thickness of 0.7–1.3 μm based on montanic acid (MA) are formed by dynamic spin-coating on substrates made of single-crystal silicon and steel of the 12Kh17 brand. The contact angle (CA) for water is 154.2° in the case of MA coatings on silicon and 155.8° in the case of those on steel. The values of the CA of these coatings for hexadecane are less than 5.0°, which makes it possible to use MA for hydrophobization of the surface of metal filters for the purpose of separating emulsions of the water-in-oil type.

Characterization of cellulose acetate/low density polyethylene fibre reinforced composite

Three different compatibilizers were used; namely: Fusabond (FSB) which is a maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene, montanic acid (E wax), and used engine oil (UEO) were incorporated into cellulose acetate/low density polyethylene (CA/LDPE) composites at three fiber contents: 5, 15 and 30 phr. Three series of samples consisting of treated composites using coupling agents were prepared, while one group was left untreated as a reference composite. To assess the performance of the composites, different testing techniques were used. These include attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy(FTIR-ATR), thermogravimetric analysis(TGA), differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), tensile test, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis(DMTA), and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The presence of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) in LDPE enhanced the adhesion at the polymer/fiber interface, as reflected by the increase of Young’s modulus by 75, 166, and 245% respectively compared to neat LDPE, an increase of the storage modulus and a reduction of the damping factor value. Incorporating Fusabond was also found to affect slightly the mechanical properties with high fiber contents compared to the composites without the coupling agent by 13%. On the other hand, the use of montanic acid and used engine oil affected the cellulose acetate fibers distribution within the matrix. The UEO enhanced the dispersion but acted as a plasticizer resulting in a slight reduction of the crystallinity. Moreover, the interaction between the LDPE matrix and the CA fibres was indicated by the resulting fracture surface morphology. The results obtained suggest that the CA/LDPE composites would be suitable for packaging or used in automotive applications.

Protective Langmuir–Blodgett coatings based on long-chain fatty acids

The morphology and tribotechnical properties of Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) monolayers and multilayers of some fatty acids, such as nervonic (NA), cerotic (CA) and montanic acids (OCA), was investigated. It was established that the wear resistance of silicon surface coated by LB monolayer of OCA is greater by 11 and 1.3 times in comparison with the LB monomolecular films of NA and CA, respectively. The multilayer of OCA, formed by 140 layers, increases the stability of steel surface by 35 times.

Obtaining of a PET/SiC hybrid multifilament: Non-isothermal crystallization studies

Thermal processing properties are a key factor in the industrial processing industry. The obtaining of a PET-based hybrid composite multifilament with textile properties (yarns) is presented. The system is composed by ceramic silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles and a dispersing agent included in a PET matrix. With the objective to produce a suitable nanocomposite, the study is divided in three parts: (i) evaluation by non-isothermal crystallization of three different dispersing agents (two of them based on esters of montanic acids and, the other on an amide wax) to achieve an homogeneous nanocomposite; (ii) study of the influence of the concentrations of SiC and of the more suitable dispersing agent on the thermal properties of the PET-hybrid composite; and (iii) the obtaining of a PET-hybrid multifilament with textile properties together with its characterization by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and mechanical properties.

Chemical constituents and bioactivity of Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr.

Introduction: Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. (Family: Asteraceae) is mainly popular in South-East Asian countries for its traditional medicinal properties. It is usually used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of eruptive fevers, rash, kidney disease, migraines, constipation, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cancer. It is commonly used as a traditional medicine in Vietnam for the treatment of many diseases.
 Methods: The leaves and trunks of G. procumbens were collected, macerated with methanol. The extracts from MeOH-soluble extract were processed by the column chromatographic technique to give pure compounds and the nuclear magnetic resonance methods were applied to determine their chemical structures. The inhibitory activities of these extracts against α-glucosidase were conducted and compared with acarbose.
 Results: Seven organic compounds were isolated and determined the structures, including syringic acid (1), quercetin (2), N,N-dimethylanthranilic acid (3), dehydrovomifoliol (4), β-sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), schottenol (6), montanic acid (7). The inhibition of α-glucosidase test results the IC50 values of the four extracts which were lower than those of acarbose.
 Conclusion: Seven pure compounds were identified from the leaves and trunks of G. procumbens, including two compounds being isolated from G. procumbens for the first time. The test results showed that the the parts of G. procumbens were active as α-glucosidase inhibitor, which would be useful to support the treatment for diabetes.

LIPOPHILIC CONSTITUENTS OF PEDICULARIS STRIATA PALLAS И PEDICULARIS FLAVA PALLAS

Some species of Pedicularis have been widely applied in traditional Chinese medicine. Some plants of Pedicularis genus have a great potential for the discovery of new drugs because most of them have not been studied in detail. Extracts from the plants of genus Pedicularis have been found to possess antitumor, hepatoprotective, anti-oxidative, antihaemolysis, antibacterial activity, fatigue relief of skeletal muscles, nootropic effect and other activitiesin vivo and in vitro. A wide range of chemical components including iridoid glycosides, phenylpropanoid glycosides, lignans glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids and other polar compounds have been isolated and identified from the genus Pedicularis. Information about lipophilic constituents is too poor. The results of our investigations of aliphatic and triterpenoic substances by GC-MS are identification of 25 neutral and 18 acid compounds including sterols, triterpenoids and unusual branched hydrocarbons. Main components of neutral fraction are β-sitosterol and phytol. Triterpenol fraction is found to content cycloartenol, 24-methylene-cycloartanol, obtusifoliol, stigma-7-en-3-ol and citrostadienol. Cycloartenol prevails in both types of row material. The main components of acids are palmitic, linoleic and linolnic acids. Pedicularis striata contains significant amount of melissic and montanic acids. All compounds were found for the first time in these row materials. Identified compounds could be potential chemotaxonomic markers for the Pedicularis species.

Discover potential inhibitors of 5-LOX and LTA4H from Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix and Genitana Macrophyllae Radix based on molecular simulation methods

5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H), as the major targets of 5-LOX branch in the arachidonic acid (AA) metabolic pathway, play an important role in the treatment of inflammation. Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix and Genitana Macrophyllae Radix have clear anti-inflammation activities. In this paper, the targets of 5-LOX and LTA4H were used as the research carrier, and Hiphop module in DS4.0 (Discovery studio) was used to construct ingredients database for preliminary screening of three traditional Chinese medicines based on target inhibitor pharmacophore, so as to obtain 5-LOX and LTA4H potential active ingredients. The ingredients obtained in initial pharmacophore screening were further screened by using CDOCKER module, and the screening rules were established based on the score of initial compound and the key amino acids to obtain 12 potential 5-LOX inhibitors and 7 potential LTA4H inhibitors. To be more specific, the potential 5-LOX inhibitors included 6 ingredients in Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, such as procyanidins B2-3,3'-O-double gallate and revandchinone 2; four ingredients in notopterygium, such as dodecanoic acid and so on. On the other hand, potential LTA4H inhibitors included revandchinone 1, revandchinone 4 in Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, tridecanoic acid, tetracosanoic acid and methyl eicosanoate in Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix, montanic acid methyl ester and N-docosanoyl-O-aminobenzoate in Genitana Macrophyllae Radix and so on. The molecular simulation methods were highly efficient and time-saving to obtain the potential inhibitors of 5-LOX and LTA4H, which could provide assistance for discovering the chemical quality indicators of anti-inflammatory efficacy of three Chinese herbs, and may be helpful to promote the whole-process quality control of three Chinese herbs.

Phytochemical And Biological Investigation Of Salvia Apiana

Salvia apiana (white sage, Lamiaceae family) plant is native to California. Indian tribes consider S. apiana to be sacred and burn the leaves as incense for purification ceremonies [1]. The plant has been used to treat sore throats, coughs, chest colds, upper respiratory infections, systemic poison oak rashes and acute candidal vaginitis. Native Americans widely used this plant in traditional Chumash healing [2]. Infusion of the leaves is used as a diaphoretic or diuretic [3]. The aqueous ethanolic extract of S. apiana showed moderate CB1 activity (58.3% displacement). The extract was fractionated on silica gel column chromatography using hexanes-acetone gradient to yield 15 fractions. Repeated column chromatography led to isolation of ten compounds, which were identified to be four diterpenes: rosmadial (I), carnosol (II), 16-hydroxycarnosol (III) & sageone (IV), two flavonoids: cirsimaritin (V), & salvigenin (VI), three triterpenes: oleanolic acid, erythrodiol, ursolic acid and a fatty acid: montanic acid. All the fractions and isolated compounds were submitted for biological studies to check for cannabinoid and opioid receptor binding.

Effect of different dispersing agents in the non-isothermal kinetics and thermomechanical behavior of PET/TiO2 composites

ABSTRACTThis work is based on the analysis of the influence of dispersing agents on the non-isothermal kinetics, thermomechanical behavior and dispersing action of PET/TiO2 nanocomposites. The influence of two montanic waxes and an amide wax used as dispersing agents in the nucleating effect of the nanoparticles is studied. The dispersing agents are the following: a) a partly saponified ester of montanic acids (PSEMA), b) an ester of montanic acids with multifunctional alcohols (MAWMA) and c) an amide wax based on N,N′-Bisstearoyl ethylenediamine (AW). The non-isothermal kinetics based on the Avrami method revealed that MAWMA and PSEMA favors the nucleating effect of the nanoparticles when are included in PET. Birefringence microscopy points out the good dispersing capacity of MAWMA and AW and the termomechanical analysis confirmed that the ester of montanic acids with multifunctional alcohols MAWMA shows the best dispersing properties and best promotes the nucleating effect of the TiO2 nanoparticles when used for PET/TiO2 nanocomposites production.

Effect of the Presence of an Ester of Montanic Acids With Multifunctional Alcohols in the Composites of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles With Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) in Their Non-Isothermal Crystallization

The effect of the addition of an ester of montanic acid with multifunctional alcohols in the effectiveness of the dispersion and compatibility of TiO2 nanoparticles when included as filler in poly(ethyleneterephthalate) for composite production is studied through the study of the non-isothermal crystallization by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The application of the Avrami method enables to evaluate the compatibility and the level of dispersion/aggregation of the nanofiller in the poly(ethyleneterephthalate) by the analysis of the temperature and enthalpy of crystallization, the kinetic parameters and the half-crystallization time.

Extraction and characterization of lipids from Sarcocornia ambigua meal: a halophyte biomass produced with shrimp farm effluent irrigation

Sarcocornia ambigua is a perennial glasswort, native of South America and a potential new seed-oil crop and forage for direct irrigation with salt water. Small seeds develop inside fertile segments of its cylindrical leafless shoots and, at the harvest, seeds are typically mixed with remnant cellulose material difficult to separate. This work evaluated different extraction methods and the composition of total esterified fatty acids in a meal of ground fertile shoots of S. ambigua, seeking for an alternative primary matter and larger yield of total lipids. The highest lipid yield was obtained with a chloroform:methanol mixture (2:1)(v/v) (5.2% of dry weight). The most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids in the meal were linoleic acid (C18:2; 21.4%) and oleic acid (C18:1; 18.3%). Fifty six percent of the lipids in S. ambigua meal were saturated and palmitic acid (C16:0) was the main fraction (19.8%). Long-chain fatty acids (≥ C20) represented 29.5% of the lipids. Most abundant long-chain fatty acids were behenic acid (C22:0; 7.1%), lignoceric acid (C24:0; 5.3%) and montanic acid (C28:0; 4.0%). The percentage of saturated lipids in S. ambigua meal was higher than that of vegetable oils with a MUFA nutritional profile and some of these lipids have known bioactive properties.

Detection of coating waxes on apples by differential scanning calorimetry

In the European Union, beeswax, candelilla wax, carnauba wax and shellac are approved as coating agents for apple surfaces, provided that the coating is clearly stated. For detecting such coatings on apples, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was successfully applied. From the thermograms, the temperature at the peak maximum and the phase transition enthalpy were obtained as the main criteria. For the genuine surface wax of ten apple cultivars, the means were 64.4°C [standard deviation (SD), 1.5°C] for the maximum temperature and 82 J/g (SD, 9 J/g) for the enthalpy. The four coating agents resulted in divergent peak maxima and in enthalpies above 100 J/g in all cases. For beeswax, means of 68°C and 136–165 J/g were found, for candelilla wax 77°C and 116–161 J/g, for carnauba wax 89°C and 127–162 J/g and for shellac (two samples only) 76–89°C and 141–208 J/g. Studies with mixtures of the coating agents and apple wax and analyses of commercial apple samples marked as waxed confirm that DSC suits very well as a screening method for detecting an unstated treatment. In some cases it is even possible to characterize the coating agent used. First results indicate that paraffins, montanic acid esters and polyethylene wax oxides which are not approved for coating apples can be detected in the same way.

Melt rheology of ethylene ionomers blended with a small-molecule acid

A novel EMAA ionomers with the incorporation of low molecular weight carboxylic acid have been developed to reduce melt rheology without changing the complete transparency of ionomers. Here, a blend of EMAA-59Zn (93wt%) and montanic acid (MA, C27H55COOH, 7wt%) was investigated in terms of TGA, DSC, FT-IR, and dynamic shear viscosity. A good heat stability of MA during melt blending preparation and melt viscosity measurement was confirmed by TGA. DSC showed only one peak (86.9°C) for the blend sample, and FT-IR exhibited additional peaks (1545, 1625cm−1) by the blending. These facts suggested that the blend is a homogeneous mixture and the blend induced an additional new coordination structure between Zn and carboxylic acid. Dynamic melt rheological measurement exhibited a significant decrease of storage modulus and loss modulus by the blending. The reduction of melt rheology was more than the addition of plasticizing effect and the decrease of neutralization. The newly induced coordination structure implies a relationship with the unexpected additional reductions.

Coionomeric mixtures of polyhydroxyethers and ethylene methacrylic acid copolymers. I. Effects of cation concentration and ABA oligomeric miscibilisers on morphology and properties

AbstractMixtures of a phenoxy polymer (polyhydroxyether of bis‐phenol A) and a polyolefin ionomer (sodium ionomer of ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer) were compatibilized by the addition of small amounts of sodium ethoxide and/or by the incorporation of varying amounts of A‐B‐A block oligomers. The latter were produced by reacting several bis‐phenol A epoxy resins, varying in molecular weight, with montanic acid in order to provide segments soluble in each of the two polymer components of the blend. Chemical miscibilization by the addition of sodium ethoxide changed the morphology into one containing larger amounts of cocontinuous phases, while the incorporation of substantial amounts of A‐B‐A oligomer brought about primarily the formation of irregular and highly elongated particles. The mixtures were found to exhibit the typical properties of ionomers which were enhanced by the addition of sodium ethoxide. Furthermore sufficient evidence was gathered to establish that the ionomeric aggregates are shared by both polymer components of the blend, from which the term coionomeric mixture is derived. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Decomposition of lipids in soils: Free and esterified fatty acids, alcohols and ketones

Because lipids are important to the properties of soils and the composition of sedimentary organic matter, the rates of decomposition of selected lipids in soils were determined. The rates of decomposition of total lipid extracts from plant materials and of carbohydrates showed marked differences that were dependent on the biological activity of the soils. In biologically-active soils, such as a rendzina or a brunic luvisol, pure lipids were readily degraded, regardless of their functional groups and chain length. An exception was montanic acid ( nC-28), which was refractory in all soils studied. In acid soils, such as a glossic luvisol or a dystric histosol, both chain length and functional groups affected the rate of decomposition of lipids, e.g. after 4 weeks at 28 C, the ratio of decomposition of oleic acid to, stearic acid was as high as 5. The same effect was found when 3-octadecanone (C-18 ketone) was compared to myristone (C-27 ketone). In most soils, the rate of decomposition of free and esterified stearic acid was similar, implying preliminary enzymatic hydrolysis of both the waxes and the fats.

Heat transfer in dropwise condensation—part II surface chemistry

A study of heat transfer in dropwise condensation in relation to surface chemistry showed that the steamside heat-transfer coefficient increased in the promoter series dibenzyl disulphide < dioctadecyl disulphide < montan wax, montanic acid. The coefficient was little effected by varying the amount of adsorbed montanic acid-19,20- T( n) from 0.5 to 11 equivalent monolayers. Roughening the surface slightly reduced the coefficient. Under comparable conditions, lower coefficients were obtained with stainless steel than with copper. Addition of oxygen to the steam rapidly produced filmwise condensation on copper surfaces; dropwise condensation could be restored by injecting carbon dioxide.

The promotion of dropwise condensation by mono‐layers of radioactive fatty acids II. Chromium surfaces

AbstractA study has been made of the promotion of dropwise condensation on chromium surfaces by monolayers of stearic acid‐1‐14C, montanic acid‐19,20‐T(n), and mixed monolayers of stearic acid and octadecane. The desorption of promoter during condensation was followed by carbon‐14 and tritium counting and by autoradiography. The accompanying increase in wettability was characterised by changes in heat transfer. The life of promotion ranged from 50 to 200 min., increasing in the series: mixed monolayer &lt; stearic acid &lt; montanic acid. It is concluded that the promotion life of a fatty acid on chromium is determined by the rate of desorption.

The Molecular Nature of Organic Matter in Lakes and Oceans, with Lesser Reference to Sewage and Terrestrial Soils

The compounds listed below have been isolated from, or identified in, the sources under review. Where there is still some question as to the exact identity, the name of the compound is followed by a question mark. Compounds identified on the basis of inadequate data are not listed here.Seston (freshwater and marine)Free: aphanicin, aphanin (=myxoxanthin), arginine, biotin (?), β-carotene, choline, cystine, flavacin, fructose, glucose, hentriacontane (?), histidine, lysine, maltose, monomethylamine, niacin, sucrose, thiamin, trimethylamine, tryptophan, tyrosine, vitamin A, vitamins D, vitamins B12.In hydrolysates:Sugars: galactose, glucose, rhamnose, xylose.Amino acids: α-alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, hydroxyproline, leucine, phenylalanine, proline, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine.Other compounds: aphanizophyll (=myxoxanthophyll?), astacene, cetyl alcohol, cholesterol (?), glucuronic acid, glycerol, lutein, peridinin.Dissolved organic matter (freshwater and marine)Free: biotin, dehydroascorbic acid, glucose, niacin (?), sucrose, thiamin, vitamins B12.In hydrolysates: α-alanine, aspartic acid, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, tryptophan, tyrosine.Aquatic sediments (freshwater and marine)Free:Sugars: arabinose, fructose, fucose, galactose, glucose, maltose, ribose, sucrose, xylose.Amino acids: α-alanine, glutamic acid.Carotenoids: α-carotene, β-carotene, flavorhodin (?), leprotene (?), myxoxanthin (?), rhodopurpurin (?), rhodoviolascin, torulene (?).Other compounds: acetic acid, biotin, n-butyric acid, cellulose, formic acid, pentatriacontane, β-sitosterol, thiamin (?), trimethylamine, tritriacontane, vitamins B12.In hydrolysates:Sugars: arabinose, fructose (?), fucose, galactose, glucose, mannose, rhamnose, ribose, xylose.Amino acids: α-alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, serine, tyrosine, valine.Carotenoids: antheraxanthin (?), fucoxanthin (?), petaloxanthin (?), sulcatoxanthin (?), zeaxanthin (?).Other compounds: adenine, arachidic acid, behenic acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, cerotic acid, cytosine, galacturonic acid, guanine, heptacosanoic acid, heptacosanol, heptoic acid, montanic acid, uracil.Sewage and Activated SludgeFree: acetic acid, biotin, n-butyric acid, folic acid (?), indole (?), niacin (?), pantothenic acid (?), propionic acid, pyridoxine (?), riboflavin (?), skatole (?), thiamin, tryptophan, tyrosine, n-valeric acid (?), vitamins B12.Terrestrial SoilsFree:Sugars: no free sugars identified.Amino acids: α-alanine, γ-aminobutyric acid, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, leucine and/or isoleucine, lysine, serine, threonine, valine.Other acids: acetic acid, acrylic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid (?), benzoic acid, 3,5-cresotic acid, α-crotonic acid, cyanuric acid, 8,9-dihydroxystearic acid, formic acid, α-hydroxystearic acid, lignoceric acid, oxalic acid, α-picoline-γ-carboxylic acid, saccharic acid, succinic acid.Other compounds: adenine, allantoin, biotin, chrysene, creatinine, cytosine, hentriacontane, hypoxanthine, inositol, mannitol, methylglyoxal, niacin (?), phytin, pyridoxine (?), riboflavin (?), salicylic aldehyde, thiamin, trithiobenzaldehyde, vanillin, vitamins B12, xanthine.In hydrolysates:Sugars: arabinose, fucose, galactose, glucose, mannose, rhamnose, ribose, xylose.Amino acids: α-alanine, β-alanine, α-aminobutyric acid, γ-aminobutyric acid, arginine, aspartic acid, cystine (?), cysteic acid, α,ε-diaminopimelic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, hydroxyproline, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine (?), methionine sulphoxide, proline, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, valine.Other compounds: galactosamine, galacturonic acid, glucosamine, glucuronic acid, glycerol, guanine, inositol.Partially characterized organic matter fractions from freshwater and marine seston, water and mud are also reviewed. Special attention is devoted to algal toxins and to the occurrence and activity of free enzymes in nature.The number of adequately identified organic compounds in each of the sources under review is: seston, 45; water, 15; sewage, 14; aquatic sediments, 62; terrestrial soils, 76.

植物蝋の成分研究 (第1報)

The wax of Juniperus ridida Sieb. et Zucc. was found to contain caprylic, capric, lauric, palmitic and montanic acids in combination with ceryl and myricyl alcohols. Besides these constituents was found a compound of a large molecule (mol. wt. ca 2600) which by saponification produced an ω-hydroxytetracosanic acid. The authors assumed it to be a kind of “etholide” of Bougault and to be composed of seven molecules of the acid. The ω-hydroxytetracosanic acid itself easily polymerizes to a gummy substance by distillation.