Monounsaturated Fat Intake Research Articles

Optimizing Dietary Habits in Adolescents with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Personalized Mediterranean Diet Intervention via Clinical Decision Support System-A Randomized Controlled Trial.

The hypothesis of this randomized controlled trial was that a clinical decision support system (CDSS) would increase adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) among adolescent females with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The objective was to assess the impact of personalized MD plans delivered via a CDSS on nutritional status and psychological well-being. Forty adolescent females (15-17 years) with PCOS were randomly assigned to the MD group (n = 20) or the Control group (n = 20). The MD group received personalized MD plans every 15 days via a CDSS, while the Control group received general nutritional advice. Assessments were conducted at baseline and after 3 months. Results showed significantly increased MD adherence in the MD group compared to the Control group (p < 0.001). The MD group exhibited lower intakes of energy, total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol, and higher intakes of monounsaturated fat and fiber (p < 0.05). Serum calcium and vitamin D status (p < 0.05), as well as anxiety (p < 0.05) were improved. In conclusion, tailored dietary interventions based on MD principles, delivered via a CDSS, effectively manage PCOS in adolescent females. These findings highlight the potential benefits of using technology to promote dietary adherence and improve health outcomes in this population. ClinicalTrials.gov registry: NCT06380010.

Analysis of dietary fats intake and lipid profile in Chilean patients with glucose transport type 1 deficiency syndrome: similarities and differences with the reviewed literature.

Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome (GLUT1-DS) is a neurological disorder caused by mutations in the SLC2A1 gene. The main treatment is ketogenic diet therapy (KDT), which changes the brain's energy substrate from glucose to ketone bodies. The diet controls seizures, but there may be side effects such as dyslipidemia. This study aimed to describe the type of fats ingested by the Chilean cohort of patients with GLUT1-DS and analyze for alterations in the lipid profile. A GLUT1-DS group and a control group were formed, each with 13 subjects who were matched by age, gender, and nutritional status. Anthropometry, dietary intake, including types of fat, and blood tests were evaluated (lipid and liver profile, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels). A high-fat diet, especially saturated fat, was identified in the GLUT1-DS group (38% of total calories), with the use of medium-chain triglycerides (17% of total calories). In addition, GLUT1-DS participants had a higher intake of monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fats and adequate consumption of omega-3 (2% of total calories). Despite the GLUT1-DS group receiving on average 80% of its total energy as fats, it is important to highlight that 50% are MUFA+PUFA fats, there were no significant differences in the lipid and liver profile compared to the control group. KDT did not negatively impact lipid profile, despite a high intake of fats. It is important to monitor lipid profiles, in a personalized and constant manner, to prevent future nutritional risks.

The Mediterranean Diet for Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: A Prospective Interventional Study.

The Mediterranean diet (MED) is highly recommended. Medical nutrition therapy is the cornerstone of diabetes treatment. The primary outcome was to evaluate the change in micronutrient intake of youth with type 1 diabetes before and after a 6-month MED intervention; we also assessed adherence and glycemic control. Twenty adolescents, median age 18 years (interquartile range: 15.5-21), median diabetes duration 9 years (7-14), using continuous glucose monitoring devices, received personalized diet regimes based on MED. At 6 months post-intervention, the caloric intake remained unchanged; however, the carbohydrate proportion was lower (p = 0.058), and the intakes of some monounsaturated fats increased (p = 0.049). Sodium intake exceeded the recommended daily allowance by 250% (p = 0.653), before and after the intervention. For blood glucose, the percent TIR (time-in-range, 70-180 mg/dL) improved from 52% (38-60) to 63% (47-71) (p = 0.047). The total insulin dose decreased marginally, from 0.76 u/kg (0.64-0.97) to 0.72 u/kg (0.61-0.89) (p = 0.067). BMI z-score and waist circumference did not change (p = 0.316 and p = 0.161, respectively). Diastolic blood pressure percentile decreased from 73% (68-88) to 69% (50-79) (p = 0.028), and LDL cholesterol from 114 mg/dL (105-134) to 104 mg/dL (96-124) (p = 0.059). The Israeli Mediterranean diet screener score increased, from 8 (7-11) to 13 points (12-14) (p < 0.001). The MED-based intervention in youth with type 1 diabetes is feasible and leads to improvement in monounsaturated fat intake, TIR, and diastolic blood pressure. Other parameters show no change (caloric intake, BMI, and HbA1c).

Proinflammatory Dietary Intake Relates to Pain Sensitivity in Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Case-Control Study

Nonspecific chronic low back pain (nCLBP) has been associated with nutrition. Yet, it is not clear how nutritional factors and nCLBP relate to one another. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate differences in diet quality and dietary intake levels between nCLBP patients and healthy controls (HCs) and explore the association between nutritional factors and pain sensitivity in nCLBP. In this case-control study, 106 participants (ie, n = 53 nCLBP and n = 53 HCs) were recruited and completed a 3-day food diary to assess their dietary intake, which allowed to generate individual diet quality scores (ie, the Healthy Eating Index-2015 and Dietary Inflammatory Index). Additionally, each participant underwent an experimental pain assessment (quantitative sensory testing) and filled out self-reported pain questionnaires. Compared to HCs, the nCLBP group showed significantly lower diet quality, higher inflammatory scores, and a lower intake of total protein, total fat, dietary fiber, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B6, vitamin A, beta-carotene, vitamin E, and magnesium. Pain sensitivity mainly showed a negative correlation with nutritional intakes known for anti-inflammatory properties (ie, vitamins E, D, A, B6, B12, and zinc). Interestingly, total fat, cholesterol, saturated, and monounsaturated fat intakes were found to be inversely associated with pain sensitivity. Overall, patients with nCLBP have a lower diet quality, eat more proinflammatory, have less intake of nutrients known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties, and drink less water compared to HCs. Accordingly, pain sensitivity was mainly found to be positively associated with proinflammatory dietary intake. PerspectiveThis study emphasizes the association between a proinflammatory diet and nCLBP. Among nCLBP patients, positive association between increased pain sensitivity and the proinflammatory potential of a diet, highlighting the potential for individualized pain management strategies and leading to the development of novel therapeutic methods.

263-LB: Food Intake Impacts on Insulin Secretion, Resistance, and Glucose Variability in Free-Living Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Changes in eating habits and physical activity are the cornerstone of treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Dietary composition has important effects on the postprandial glucose and insulin response, but little is known about its impact in a real-life context. We analyzed the self-reported daily food composition of 13 individuals with obesity and T2D not on insulin (7F/6M, age 48±9, BMI 33±2, A1C 7±1) with ASA24 (NIH), while wearing continuous glucose monitor (Dexcom G4) for 3±1 days. They also underwent an oral glucose tolerance test to explore correlations with standard indices of insulin secretion and sensitivity. The mean consumption per meal of total calorie was: 534±110Kcal, carbohydrate: 51±19g, total grains: 1.78±0.66g (refined 1.61±0.59g, whole 0.17±0.18g), total fat: 25±6g (10±3.17g monounsaturated fat), and protein: 24±7g. We observed a positive correlation between average intake of total and monounsaturated fat with the insulin secretion index (ρ= 0.630, p=0.02,) and Disposition Index (DI) (p=0.001, ρ=0.821). An inverse relationship between the consumption of total and refined grains was noted with the insulin sensitivity indexes (p=0.01, ρ= -0.663); as well as with whole grains and DI (p=0.03, ρ= -0.601). We documented glycemic variability (GV) related to meal nutrient intake through macro program: CGM peak and nadir analysis, Microsoft Excel. Total and monounsaturated fats correlated with lower GV (p=0.02), while total and refined grains were associated with greater GV (p&amp;lt;0.03). Glucose nadir after a meal and glucose at the time of the meal inversely correlated with insulin secretion indexes and with DI (p&amp;lt;0.05). These data suggest, in a real-life context, the impact of food composition on modulation of GV, with fats being associated with greater insulin secretion and refined grains with decreased insulin sensitivity, reinforcing the importance of the effect of diet on management of diabetes. Disclosure A. Comarella: None. R. Belfort-DeAguiar: Research Support; Fractyl Health, Inc., Silver Palate Kitchens. Funding National Institutes of Health (DK098286-02)

Dietary fat intakes, lipid profiles, adiposity, inflammation, and glucose in women and men in the Framingham Offspring Cohort.

Introduction: The role of dietary fat in the evolution of cardiometabolic disorders is highly controversial. As both dietary intake and the development of cardiometabolic risk differ by sex, we evaluated sex-specific differences in the associations between dietary fats (saturated and unsaturated) and four key cardiometabolic risk factors-lipid profiles, body fat, inflammation, and glucose regulation. Methods: We included 2391 women and men aged ≥30years in the prospective Framingham Offspring Cohort. Weight-adjusted dietary fats (saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats, including omega-3 and omega-6) were derived from 3-day dietary records. Analysis of covariance was used to derive adjusted mean levels of all outcomes. Results: In both men and women, intakes of saturated and monounsaturated fats were inversely associated with TG:HDL ratio (p < 0.02 for both types of fat). In women, higher omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs were also inversely associated with TG:HDL (p < 0.05 for both), but for men, only omega-3 PUFAs were associated (p = 0.026). All types of dietary fat were beneficially associated with larger HDL particle sizes in both men and women, while only saturated and monounsaturated fats were associated with larger LDL particles in men. In addition, saturated and monounsaturated fats were associated with statistically significantly higher concentrations of HDL and lower concentrations of LDL and VLDL particles in both sexes, while polyunsaturated fat had favorable associations in women only. Saturated fat also had beneficial associations with three measures of body fat. For example, women with the highest (vs. lowest) saturated fat intake had a lower BMI (27.7 ± 0.25 vs. 26.2 ± 0.36kg/m2, p = 0.001); findings were similar in men (28.2 ± 0.25 vs. 27.1 ± 0.20, p = 0.002). Unsaturated fats had beneficial associations with body fat primarily in women. Finally, omega-3 PUFAs among women were inversely associated with interleukin-6 levels. There was no association between dietary fat intake and fasting glucose levels in either women or men. Discussion: In sum, we found no evidence of an adverse association between dietary fats and several surrogate markers of cardiometabolic health. This study suggests that different dietary fats may have divergent associations with cardiometabolic risk in women and men, perhaps owing to differences in food sources of the same dietary fats.

Time in Bed, Sleeping Difficulties, and Nutrition in Pregnant New Zealand Women.

We consider the relationship between time in bed (TIB) and sleeping difficulties with demographic variables and nutrient intakes in the second (T2) and third (T3) trimester of pregnancy. Data were acquired from a volunteer sample of New Zealand pregnant women. In T2 and T3, questionnaires were administered, diets were obtained from one 24 h recall and three weighed food records, and physical activity was measured with the use of three 24 h diaries. In total, 370 women had complete information in T2 and 310 in T3. In both trimesters, TIB was associated with welfare or disability status, marital status and age. In T2, TIB was associated with work, childcare, education and pre-pregnancy alcohol consumption. There were fewer significant lifestyle covariates in T3. In both trimesters, TIB declined with increasing dietary intake, especially water, protein, biotin, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus and manganese. Adjusted for weight of dietary intake and welfare/disability, TIB declined with increasing nutrient density of B vitamins, saturated fats, potassium, fructose and lactose; and TIB increased with carbohydrate, sucrose and vitamin E. Subjective sleeping difficulties increased with the week of gestation, morning sickness severity, anxiety, dairy and saturated fat intake, and they decreased with fruit, vegetable and monounsaturated fat intake. The study highlights the changing influence of covariates throughout the pregnancy and corroborates several published findings on the relationship of diet and sleep.

Dietary fat types consumption association with obesity and coronary indices.

This article aims to study the different dietary fat types associated with obesity and coronary indices. A sample of 491 healthy adults was included in a cross-sectional manner. Dietary fats intake, obesity indices (conicity index (CI), body adiposity index (BAI), abdominal volume index (AVI), body roundness index (BRI), and weight-adjusted-waist index (WWI)), and cardiovascular indices (cardiometabolic index (CMI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP)) were calculated and studied. Participants with an acceptable intake of omega-3 had a higher BRI score (1⋅90 ± 0⋅06 v. 1⋅70 ± 0⋅06). Participants with an unacceptable intake of cholesterol had a higher CI (1⋅31 ± 0⋅11 v. 1⋅28 ± 0⋅12; P = 0⋅011), AVI (20⋅24 ± 5⋅8 v. 18⋅33 ± 6⋅0; P < 0⋅001), BRI (2⋅00 ± 1⋅01 v. 1⋅70 ± 1⋅00; P = 0⋅003), WWI (11⋅00 ± 0⋅91 v. 10⋅80 ± 0⋅97; P = 0⋅032), and lower AIP (0⋅46 ± 0⋅33 v. 0⋅53 ± 0⋅33; P = 0⋅024). Total fat, saturated fat (SFA), and polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) intake had a significant moderate correlation with AVI and BRI. The monounsaturated fat (MUFA) intake had a significantly weak correlation with CI, AVI, BRI, WWI, and AIP. Cholesterol and omega-6 had weak correlations with all indices. Similar correlations were seen among male and female participants. The different types of fat intake significantly affected obesity and coronary indices, especially SFA and PUFA, as well as omega-3 and cholesterol. Gender and the dietary type of fat intake have a relationship to influence the indicators of both obesity and coronary indices.

The association between dietary intake of macro- and micronutrients and multimorbidity: a cross-sectional study in Cyprus.

Research on the link between diet and multimorbidity is scarce, despite significant studies investigating the relationship between diet and individual chronic conditions. This study examines the association of dietary intake of macro- and micronutrients with multimorbidity in Cyprus's adult population. It was conducted as a cross-sectional study, with data collected using a standardised questionnaire between May 2018 and June 2019. The questionnaire included sociodemographic information, anthropometrics, medical history, dietary habits, sleep quality, smoking habits, and physical activity. The participants were selected using a stratified sampling method from adults residing in the five government-controlled municipalities of the Republic of Cyprus. The study included 1137 adults with a mean age of 40⋅8 years, of whom 26 % had multimorbidity. Individuals with multimorbidity consumed higher levels of sodium (P = 0⋅009) and vitamin A (P = 0⋅010) compared to those without multimorbidity. Additionally, higher fibre and sodium intake were also observed in individuals with at least one chronic disease of the circulatory system or endocrine system, compared to those with no chronic diseases in these systems (P < 0⋅05). Logistic regression models revealed that individuals with ≥2 chronic diseases compared to 0 or 1 chronic disease had higher fat intake (OR = 1⋅06, 95 % CI: 1⋅02, 1⋅10), higher iron intake (OR = 1⋅05, 95 % CI: 1⋅01, 1⋅09), lower mono-unsaturated fat intake (OR = 0⋅91, 95 % CI: 0⋅86, 0⋅96), and lower zinc intake (OR = 0⋅98, 95 % CI: 0⋅96, 0⋅99). Future research should replicate these results to further explore the intricate relationships between nutrient intake and multimorbidity. Our study's findings suggest that specific dietary components may contribute to preventing and managing multimorbidity.

Fat Intake Modifies the Association between Restricted Carbohydrate Diets and Prevalent Cardiometabolic Diseases among Adults in the United States: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2018

BackgroundCardiometabolic diseases (CMDs), which include heart disease, stroke, and diabetes, account for over one-third of the mortality burden in the United States annually. Nearly one-half of all deaths from CMD are attributable to suboptimal diet quality, and many Americans are turning to special diets for general health improvement. Among the most popular of these diets restrict daily carbohydrate intake to <45% of energy, yet their association with CMD is not well understood. ObjectivesThis study evaluated the association between restricted carbohydrate diets and prevalent CMD, stratified by fat intake. MethodsDietary and CMD data were retrieved from 19,078 participants aged ≥20 y in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2018. The National Cancer Institute methodology was used to assess usual dietary intake. ResultsCompared to participants that met recommendations for all macronutrients, those that consumed restricted carbohydrate diets were 1.15 (95% CI: 1.14, 1.16) times as likely to have CMD; and those that met recommendations for carbohydrates, but not all macronutrients, were 1.02 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.03) times as likely to have CMD. Higher intakes of saturated and polyunsaturated fat were associated with greater prevalence of CMD in restricted and recommended carbohydrate intake groups. Higher intake of monounsaturated fat was associated with lower prevalence of CMD among participants that met carbohydrate, but not all macronutrient, recommendations. ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first nationally representative study to evaluate the relationship between carbohydrate restriction and CMD, stratifying by fat intake. Greater efforts are needed to understand longitudinal relationships between carbohydrate restriction and CMD.

Índice de Massa Corporal, aporte energético e de macronutrientes e sua correlação com a saúde mental

Introduction: Studies have shown that diet and mental health may be related, sometimes in a bidirectional relationship. Objectives: Evaluate the Body Mass Index and the intake of Energy and Macronutrient in relation to symptoms of Anxiety, Depression and Stress in a sample of the Portuguese adult population. Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 144 individuals (24.6 ± 5.6 years), 56.4% female and 45.1% male. An online survey (n=144) was conducted on the Google Forms platform that included questions about sociodemographic data, the Anxiety, Depression and Stress Scale (EADS-21) and the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Results: There was no statistically significant correlation between BMI and mental health. There were statistically significant correlations, in female gender, between sugar intake and symptoms of depression and stress, and in the male gender, correlations were found between complex carbohydrates intake and stress symptoms; total, polyunsaturated, and saturated fat intake with symptoms of depression and stress, as well as monounsaturated fat intake with depressive symptoms. Conclusion: The consumption of carbohydrates and fats appear to be correlated with mental health. A balanced diet is the basis to prevent a large part of the pathologies, including mental disorders.

Regional specific effect of saturated vs unsaturated fat on leptin receptor signalling in mice brain areas regulating feeding

Leptin receptors (LepR) are expressed in brain areas controlling food intake homeostasis, such as the hypothalamus, the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. In a previous study we reported that long-term intake of saturated and monounsaturated fat alters hypothalamic LepR signalling. The current study aims at investigating the effect of foods high in either saturated (SOLF) or monounsaturated fat (UOLF) on LepR functionality in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. Male mice were placed on SOLF/UOLF (eight weeks), then treated with recombinant murine leptin (1 mg/kg). After 60 min, brain regions were dissected and processed for western blot of phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3), Akt (pAkt) and AMPK (pAMPK). Levels of SOCS3 were also quantified. SOLF itself increased basal levels of pSTAT3, while UOLF impaired leptin-induced phosphorylation of both Akt and AMPK. SOCS3 levels were specifically increased by UOLF within the prefrontal cortex. Our results show that SOLF and UOLF differently affect LepR signalling within the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex, which points to the complex effect of saturated and unsaturated fat on brain function, particularly in areas regulating food intake.

Food Group, Macronutrient Intake, and Metabolic Status in the US-Affiliated Pacific’s Children’s Healthy Living (CHL) Program

The Children's Healthy Living study provided dietary intake information for understudied Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (NHOPI) young children. Our objective was to describe food group and macronutrient intakes of NHOPI children in the US-Affiliated Pacific region (USAP), overall and by jurisdiction, income level, and metabolic status. We evaluated 2-8-y-olds (n=3520) in a cross-sectional cluster sampled study using 2 d of dietary records completed by caregivers using provided tools, quantified by a specially developed food composition table and compared with US dietary recommendations. Overweight and obesity (OWOB) and acanthosis nigricans (AN) assessment (metabolic status) was completed by trained evaluators using standard tools. Demographic data were collected by questionnaire. Regression analysis identified differences in dietary component means by jurisdiction, World Bank income groups (WBIGs), and metabolic status, adjusted for age and sex. Few children met US recommendations for vegetable (2.4%) and milk (4.1%) food groups. US macronutrient recommendations were generally met. Food group and macronutrient intakes were significantly different by jurisdiction and WBIG. Means for food groups, except meats, and macronutrients, except protein, were higher in overweight/obese (OWOB) compared with healthy-weight children. Grain intake of 7.25 (SE: 0.08) oz was higher (P<0.05) and milk intake of 0.90 (SE: 0.05) cups was lower (P<0.05) in children with OWOB compared with those without OWOB [grains: 7.17 (SE: 0.07) oz; and milk: 0.96 (SE: 0.04) cups]. Monounsaturated fat intake of 11.68 (SE: 0.10) % energy was higher in those with OWOB, compared with healthy-weight children [11.56 (SE: 0.08) % energy, P<0.05]. Young children's diets in the USAP did not meet milk, vegetable, or fruit intake recommendations. There was variability in dietary patterns across the USAP and by WBIG. Grain intake and monounsaturated fat intake were lower and milk intake was higher in children with better metabolic status.

Impacts of food consumption on biochemical markers and anthropometric variables of women with metabolic syndrome

BackgroundMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of diseases characterized by insulin resistance. MetS has high prevalence among women, which is impacted by food intake. MetS is related to high level of inflammation; however, the impacts of whole diets on biochemical and anthropometrical markers and the effects on MetS need to be further elucidated. In this case, the objective of this study was to assess the relationship between food intake, biochemical and anthropometrical markers in women with MetS.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study, in which 1 hundred and 22 women participated in the assessment of biochemical (glycated hemoglobin, glycaemia, insulin, uric acid, total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides, C-reactive protein) and anthropometrical (body mass, height, waist circumference - WC) variables. Participants also performed blood pressure and 24-hour dietary recall assessments. Out of the 122 participants, 44 (36%, age: 59 ± 11 years) had MetS and were included in the analysis.ResultsThe consumption of monounsaturated fats had direct relationship with glycaemia (b = 7.48), whereas the consumption of fibers had inverse relationship with body mass (b = − 0.71) and WC (b = − 0.56).ConclusionThe intake of monounsaturated fats and fiber was related to higher blood sugar levels and lower body mass and WC, respectively. These relationships elucidate and highlight the significance and importance of adequate diet in women with MetS.

Prolonged Sedentary Time May Modulate Glycemic Response To A 12-week Dietary Intervention In Obesity

Whether inter-individual variation in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary time (ST), and prolonged ST may help explain variability in glycemic responses to dietary interventions remains poorly understood. PURPOSE: To test the moderating effects of MVPA, ST, and prolonged ST on glycemic control response to a 12-week intervention increasing monounsaturated fat intake in 25-45 years old adults with overweight and obesity. METHODS: This study included a subsample (N = 59, 36 ♀; Mage = 35.5 ± 6.1 yrs, BMI = 33.1 ± 5.8 kg·m-2) from a randomized-controlled trial (NCT02740439). The intervention group (INT; n = 24) consumed one avocado daily. The control group (CON; n = 35) was matched on caloric intake and meal composition except for the avocado. Glucose and insulin area under the curve, insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index, MI), and β-cell function (insulinogenic index) were measured pre- and post-intervention with an oral glucose tolerance test. MVPA (≥2,200 counts·min-1, CPM) and ST (<100 CPM) were assessed with a hip-worn ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometer (7 days, waking hours), and expressed as % of wear time per day. Prolonged ST was defined as % wear time spent in sedentary bouts lasting ≥20 min. The moderating effects of baseline MVPA, ST, prolonged ST, and change in ST on post-intervention glycemic control were tested with ANCOVAs, controlling for outcomes at baseline, and visceral fat. RESULTS: Groups did not differ in baseline MVPA (P = 0.07), but INT was more sedentary (ST: Mdiff = -4.73 ± 1.76 %, P = 0.01; prolonged ST: Mdiff = -7.66 ± 2.46 %, P = 0.003). ST increased in the CON (ΔM = 2.33 ± 0.96 %, P = 0.02) but not in the INT (P = 0.45). INT did not improve the indices of glycemic control (Ps ≥ 0.17). However, baseline prolonged ST moderated the intervention effect on MI (F(1,53) = 5.16, P = 0.024). INT and CON did not differ in MI within prolonged ST sub-groups (Ps ≥ 0.09). A trend in the lower prolonged ST sub-group suggested greater improvement in MI in the INT (ΔM = 1.2 ± 0.7, P = 0.09). No other interactions were noted (Ps ≥ 0.08). CONCLUSIONS: These exploratory findings suggest that inter-individual variation in prolonged ST may be relevant to identifying responders to a dietary intervention. Studies designed to test moderating effects of physical behaviors on glycemic responses to dietary interventions are needed.

A Review on Role of Nutraceutical in Alzhemer’s Disease

Nutraceuticals are the products derive from food sources with extra health benefits. They can prevent malignant processes. The term ‘nutraceuticals’ combines two words ‘nutrients ( a nourishing food component ) and ‘pharmaceuticals’(a medical drug ) The philosophy behind nutraceuticals is according to Hippocrates “ Let food be your medicine”. Categories of nutraceuticals are dietary supplements, functional food, medicinal food, pharmaceuticals. Advance age is often characterized by a declined in large spectrum of cognitive abilities including reasoning, memory, perceptual speed and language. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common and feared from dementia representing circa 70% of all dementia cases and displaying a dramatic epidemics due to the enormous growth of the aged population worldwide. It is still unclear which factors lead to molecular cascade of neurode generation in AD, but along with genetic environmental factors vascular pathology and risk factor have been recently shown to play crucial role in AD pathogenesis .AD impacts dramatically on everyday life of older adults, being one of the main cause of disability in old age. There is clear evidence that a diet rich in specific nutritional food group (fruit, fish, vegetables) can reduce the incidence and prevalence of some of the main clinical outcomes, such as neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer. This specific nutritional food group are rich in micronutrients and vitamins are beneficial for health. The Mediterranean diet is characterized by a high consumption of plant food, fish olive oil as primary source of monounsaturated fat and moderate intake of wine. In this article, we focus our attention on group of substance proposed to prevent or treat Alzheimer’s disease.

Association between Restricted Carbohydrate Diets and Cardiometabolic Disease

ObjectivesThis study evaluated the association between restricted carbohydrate diets and prevalent cardiometabolic disease (CMD), stratified by fat intake.MethodsDietary and CMD data were obtained from 19,078 participants ≥20 y in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2018. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) methodology was used to assess usual intake of foods and nutrients.ResultsCompared to individuals that met all macronutrient recommendations, those consuming restricted carbohydrate diets (<45%en) were 1.123 (95% CI 1.113–1.133) times as likely to have CMD, and those consuming the recommended amount of carbohydrates only were 1.060 (1.058–1.062) times as likely to have CMD. Higher intakes of saturated and polyunsaturated fat were associated with greater prevalence of CMD in restricted and recommended carbohydrate intake groups. Higher intakes of monounsaturated fat were associated with lower prevalence of CMD among participants that met carbohydrate recommendations only.ConclusionsParticipants that consumed restricted carbohydrate diets were more likely to have CMD compared to participants that met all macronutrient recommendations, and this association was modified by fat intake. Greater efforts are needed to understand longitudinal associations between carbohydrate intake and CMD.Funding SourcesThis work was supported by the Institute for the Advancement of Food and Nutrition Sciences (IAFNS) Carbohydrate and Lipid Committees. IAFNS is a nonprofit science organization that pools funding from industry collaborators and advances science through the in-kind and financial contributions from public and private sector participants. IAFNS had no role in the design, analysis, interpretation, or presentation of the data and results.

Dietary fat and fatty acids in relation to risk of colorectal cancer.

Epidemiologic evidence for specific types and sources of dietary fat and individual fatty acid with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk remains inconclusive. We aimed to comprehensively examine the associations of intakes of specific types (saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and trans) and sources (animal, dairy, and vegetable) of dietary fat and individual fatty acid with CRC risk. We prospectively followed 65,550 women from the Nurses' Health Study (1986-2014) and 45,684 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2014). Dietary intake was assessed every 4years using food frequency questionnaires. Self-reported CRC cases were confirmed through medical record review. Time-dependent Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) for intakes of dietary fats and fatty acids and CRC risk. During 2,705,560 person-years of follow-up, 2726 incident CRC cases were confirmed. Intake of monounsaturated fat tended to be positively associated with the risk of CRC (HR comparing extreme quintiles 1.22; 95% CI 1.01, 1.47; p = 0.06 for trend). This positive association was mainly driven by monounsaturated fatty acids from animal sources (MUFA-As) (HR comparing extreme quintiles 1.23; 95% CI 1.02, 1.49; p = 0.02 for trend). The positive association between MUFA-As and CRC was attenuated after adjusting for red and processed meat consumption (HR comparing extreme quintiles 1.17; 95% CI 0.95, 1.44; p = 0.13 for trend). We did not find clear associations between other types and sources of dietary fat or individual fatty acid and CRC risk. Higher intake of MUFA-As was associated with higher CRC risk. This could be partly explained by confounding due to other components of red and processed meat.

Monounsaturated Fat Intake Was Associated with Lower Abdominal Obesity but Poor Dietary Quality Remains in Elementary School Children from Northwest Mexico

ABSTRACT Overweight and obesity in Mexican elementary school children increased ten percentage points in the last 30 years; one of the factors attributed is inadequate dietary quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of monounsaturated fat intake with abdominal obesity and nutrient intake and obesity and overweight with dietary quality of elementary school children from Northwest Mexico. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 218 first grade elementary school children. A socioeconomic survey and two nonconsecutive 24-HR were applied, and anthropometric measurements were taken. Dietary quality was evaluated and classified as: healthy, medium and poor. Children consumed fewer servings of fruits, vegetables, legumes, dairy products and water than recommended by the Mexican food guidelines. A negative association was found among monounsaturated fat intake and abdominal obesity (p = .032). Only 1.4% of the children presented healthy dietary quality, 44.5% showed a medium dietary quality, and 54.1% had poor dietary quality. Poor dietary quality was associated with a lower intake of fiber (p = .002), protein (p = .002), potassium (p = .001) and vitamin E (p = .002). Elementary school children from Northwest Mexico have inadequate dietary quality that compromises their nutritional and health status, while monounsaturated fat intake could be a protective factor for abdominal obesity.

Differential Deleterious Impact of Highly Saturated Versus Monounsaturated Fat Intake on Vascular Function, Structure, and Mechanics in Mice.

Vegetable oils such as palm oil (enriched in saturated fatty acids, SFA) and high-oleic-acid sunflower oil (HOSO, containing mainly monounsaturated fatty acids, MUFA) have emerged as the most common replacements for trans-fats in the food industry. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of SFA and MUFA-enriched high-fat (HF) diets on endothelial function, vascular remodeling, and arterial stiffness compared to commercial HF diets. Five-week-old male C57BL6J mice were fed a standard (SD), a HF diet enriched with SFA (saturated oil-enriched Food, SOLF), a HF diet enriched with MUFA (unsaturated oil-enriched Food, UOLF), or a commercial HF diet for 8 weeks. Vascular function was analyzed in the thoracic aorta. Structural and mechanical parameters were assessed in mesenteric arteries by pressure myography. SOLF, UOLF, and HF diet reduced contractile responses to phenylephrine and induced endothelial dysfunction in the thoracic aorta. A significant increase in the β-index, and thus in arterial stiffness, was also detected in mesenteric arteries from the three HF groups, due to enhanced deposition of collagen in the vascular wall. SOLF also induced hypotrophic inward remodeling. In conclusion, these data demonstrate a deleterious effect of HF feeding on obesity-related vascular alterations that is exacerbated by SFA.