Monounsaturated Fat Diet Research Articles

Dietary Monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids are Comparable in their Effects on Hepatic Apolipoprotein mRNA Abundance and Liver Lipid Concentrations when Substituted for Saturated Fatty Acids in Cynomolgus Monkeys

Although studies have shown that saturated and polyunsaturated fats can mediate plasma lipid and apolipoprotein (apo) concentrations at the mRNA level, there is little data on the role of monounsaturated fats. We determined hepatic lipid and apo mRNA levels in 10 cynomolgus monkeys fed three diets that provided 30% of energy as fat with 0.1% cholesterol by weight and differed solely by the substitution of saturated, mono- and polyunsaturated fats as 60% of total fat energy. Total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol, as well as LDL apo B, HDL apo A-I and HDL total apo C concentrations, were reduced with the mono- and polyunsaturated fat diets relative to the saturated fat diet. Although fat saturation did not significantly affect hepatic apo A-I, B, C-II, or E mRNA abundance, hepatic apo C-III mRNA concentrations were uniformly lower (-23%, P < 0.01) with the mono- and polyunsaturated fat diets than with the saturated fat diet. Interestingly, liver triglycerides were significantly elevated with the monounsaturated fat diet relative to the saturated fat diet, but no other differences in hepatic lipids were noted among diets. Hepatic triglyceride composition was shown to reflect dietary fatty acid composition, with liver triglycerides enriched in myristic and palmitic fatty acids during the saturated fat diet, oleic acid during the monounsaturated fat diet and linoleic acid during the polyunsaturated fat diet. We conclude that dietary monounsaturated fats are comparable to polyunsaturated fats in their effects on hepatic lipid and apo mRNA levels in this species, with both unsaturated fats significantly reducing only hepatic apo C-III mRNA abundance relative to saturated fat.

Caloric and Lipid Profiles in the Spanish Population of North Africa.

This study introduces an analysis for determining factors of diet quality among the Spanish adult population in North Africa with the aim of promoting healthier eating habits to prevent the development of diabetes mellitus. It is a diagnostic, non-experimental, cross-sectional and observational study, with a descriptive correlational methodology, with 201 participants from Ceuta and Melilla. The information collection has been carried out through the 24 h diet recall. Various sociodemographic factors influencing the quality of the diet have been analyzed. People from Melilla adopt a carbohydrate-rich diet (p = 0.004), whereas people from Ceuta have a lipid-rich diet (p = 0.002), particularly a high- monounsaturated-fat diet (p = 0.007). Muslims consume more sugar (p = 0.001) compared with Christians. Those working consume less carbohydrates (p = 0.13) than those not working. The latter consuming more fats (p = 0.39), and those with a higher education level show higher consumption of proteins (p = 0.001). The results of this study suggest that diet quality, in general, does not follow healthy recommendations established for the Spanish population, where the sugar consumption-diabetes relationship justifies the need for further research on Muslim population.

A Randomized Trial with Two Hypocaloric Diets with Different Lipid Profiles and Effects on Serum Omentin-1 Levels in Obese Subjects

Background The effects of weight loss therapies on omentin-1 levels have been unclear, showing both elevations and decreases in circulating levels. The role of dietary fat might have an important role. The aim of our investigation was to evaluate the influence of weight decrease on omentin-1 levels after two different high-fat hypocaloric diets. Methods 319 Caucasian obese subjects were randomly allocated during 12 weeks (Diet M (high monounsaturated fat diet) vs. Diet P (high polyunsaturated fat diet)). The mean age was 47.2 ± 5.0 years (range: 26-64), and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 37.9 ± 4.1 kg/m2 (range: 30.6-39.8). Sex distribution was 237 females (74.7%) and 72 males (25.3%). Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were evaluated at basal and after both diets. SPSS 23.0 has been used to realize univariant and multivariant statistical analysis. Results After both diets, BMI, weight, fat mass, waist circumference, systolic blood, LDL-cholesterol, insulin levels, and HOMA-IR decreased in a statistical way from basal values. These improvements were similar in both diets. After Diet P, omentin-1 levels increase (21.2 ± 9.1 ng/ml: P = 0.02), and after Diet M, this adipokine increases (47.1 ± 11.2 ng/ml: P = 0.02), too. The increase of omentin-1 with Diet M was statistically significantly higher than that after Diet P (P = 0.01). A multiple regression analyses adjusted by age and sex reported a statistical relation between BMI (kg/m2) and insulin (UI/L) with omentin-1 levels. Conclusions Our study demonstrated a significant improvement on serum omentin-1 levels after weight loss secondary to both diets; in contrast, omentin-1 improvement was higher with Diet M than with Diet P.

Effects of Replacing Dietary Monounsaturated Fat With Carbohydrate on HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Protein Metabolism and Proteome Composition in Humans

Clinical evidence has linked low HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels with high cardiovascular disease risk; however, its significance as a therapeutic target remains unestablished. We hypothesize that HDLs functional heterogeneity is comprised of metabolically distinct proteins, each on distinct HDL sizes and that are affected by diet. Approach and Results: Twelve participants were placed on 2 healthful diets high in monounsaturated fat or carbohydrate. After 4 weeks on each diet, participants completed a metabolic tracer study. HDL was isolated by Apo (apolipoprotein) A1 immunopurification and separated into 5 sizes. Tracer enrichment and metabolic rates for 8 HDL proteins-ApoA1, ApoA2, ApoC3, ApoE, ApoJ, ApoL1, ApoM, and LCAT (lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase)-were determined by parallel reaction monitoring and compartmental modeling, respectively. Each protein had a unique, size-specific distribution that was not altered by diet. However, carbohydrate, when replacing fat, increased the fractional catabolic rate of ApoA1 and ApoA2 on alpha3 HDL; ApoE on alpha3 and alpha1 HDL; and ApoM on alpha2 HDL. Additionally, carbohydrate increased the production of ApoC3 on alpha3 HDL and ApoJ and ApoL1 on the largest alpha0 HDL. LCAT was the only protein studied that diet did not affect. Finally, global proteomics showed that diet did not alter the distribution of the HDL proteome across HDL sizes. This study demonstrates that HDL in humans is composed of a complex system of proteins, each with its own unique size distribution, metabolism, and diet regulation. The carbohydrate-induced hypercatabolic state of HDL proteins may represent mechanisms by which carbohydrate alters the cardioprotective properties of HDL.

Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in diet among subjects with abnormal glucose metabolism: a randomized clinical trial

Previous studies demonstrated that changes in lifestyle slow the progression of impaired glucose tolerance to overt diabetes but few trials examined the effect of diet alone without weight loss on the prevention of diabetes. We investigated the efficacy of two types of diet with different macronutrients, on preventing or delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes in subjects with either impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance. Three hundred and twenty-two subjects with prediabetes were randomly assigned to a high monounsaturated fat diet, normal fat diet, or control groups and followed for 2 years. For calculating the daily energy requirement in subjects with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, the weight was adjusted with the use of 110% of the ideal body weight with no attempt for losing body weight. There was no difference in body weight decrease among the three groups after 2 years. The cumulative incidence of diabetes was 9.3% (95% CI, 3.6–14%) in the high monounsaturated fat diet (HMD) group, 13.2% (95% CI, 6.4–19%) in the normal fat diet (NFD) group, and 18.3% (95% CI, 10–25%) in the control group. The cumulative incidence of diabetes was 57% lower in the HMD group than that in the control group (95% CI, 0.1–0.9%; P = 0.03). This value was not significant in the NFD group (RR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.2–1.2%; P = 0.1). Type 2 diabetes can be prevented by a high-monounsaturated fat, low-carbohydrate diet and receiving energy based on the adjusted ideal body weight without a weight loss program. Trial registration number: NCT02250066

Effect of Fat-based versus Carbohydrate-based Enteral Feeding on Glycemic Control in Critically Ill Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background and Aims:The aim of this study was to evaluate the preventive effects of high-fat enteral feeding on glycemic control and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients: a randomized clinical trial.Materials and Methods:This study was done on 42 normoglycemic patients admitted to Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Patients were randomly classified into three groups of 14 each. Control group (A) received carbohydrate-based diet (protein: 20%, fat: 30%, and carbohydrate: 50%), study groups received two types of high-fat diet; Group B (protein: 20%, fat: 45% including half of olive oil and half sunflower oil, and carbohydrate: 35%); and Group C (protein: 20%, fat: 45% including sunflower oil, and carbohydrate: 35%) in the first 48 h of admission.Results:Basal characteristics of participants were the same. After the feeding trial, there was no difference between the groups in mean plasma and capillary glucose levels and insulin requirements. Serum high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol level was increased significantly in Group B on day 10 compared to admission level (40.75 ± 5.58 vs. 43.56 ± 2.25, P = 0.05). We did not find any difference in organ failure involvement and mortality rate between groups. The number of ICU free days was significantly more in Group B compared to the control group (P = 0.04).Conclusion:High-fat diets have no preventive effect on stress hyperglycemia. High monounsaturated fat diet may increase serum HDL-cholesterol level and decrease the length of stay in ICU.

Iron Overload Effect on Serum Levels of Glucose, Insulin and HOMA-IR was Ifluenced by the Type of Fat in Female Sprague-Dawley Rats Fed High-Fat-Diets

Objective: This study was conducted to examine the effect of iron supplementation on serum levels of glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR, and to examine the histological iron deposition in tissue in female Sprague-Dawley rats fed high-fat-diets (HFDs). Methods: Rats were divided into three main groups: normal fat diet (NFD), high saturated fat diet (HSFD) and high monounsaturated fat diet (HMUSFD). After 6 weeks, rats were sub-divided into three sub-groups for intraperitonial injection of iron (control group, dose1 group (Do1); 15 mg/kg body weight (BW) and dose 2(Do2); (75 mg/kg BW). Serum glucose and insulin were measured. Also, the histological examination of iron deposition after Perl’s Prussian staining was examined. Results: We indicated that a high dose of iron supplementation decreased total weight gain significantly by 3 folds in rats that were fed the NFD and 2.5 folds in rats that were fed the HMUFD as compared to control sub-groups (p<0.05). Moreover, mean HOMA-IR levels increased significantly in rats received a high dose of iron as compared to controls in the NFD and the HSFD groups (p<0.05) but not in HUSFD. However, liver iron accumulation was increased in HFDs groups compared to NFD. Conclusion: The findings showed that iron overload complications could be influenced by the degree of saturation of dietary fat. However, the high dose of iron supplementation decreased total weight gain and increased liver weight, accompanied by insulin resistance. It is noteworthy that the diet rich in olive oil could have a protective effect against insulin resistance and adipose tissue iron accumulation.

Factors Related to Urinary Incontinence among the Malaysian Elderly.

Urinary incontinence is a prevalent condition in the elderly that is the spontaneous leakage of urine. It is an age-related problem and increases especially in people aged above 65 years. It can cause many psychological, behavioral, biological, economic and social effects. The treatment of urinary incontinence can reduce morbidity and mortality. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effects of variables including age, ethnicity, gender, education, marital status, body weight, blood elements and nutritional parameters on urinary incontinence among the Malaysian elderly. The study was on 2322 non-institutionalized Malaysian elderly. The hierarchy logistic regression analysis was applied to estimate the risk of independent variables for urinary incontinence among respondents. The findings indicated that approximately 3.80% of subjects had urinary incontinence. In addition, constipation was found a significant factor that increased the risk of urinary incontinence in samples (p=0.006; OR=3.77). The increase in dietary monounsaturated fat (p=0.038; OR=0.59) and plasma triglyceride levels (p=0.029; OR=0.56) significantly reduced the risk of incontinence in subjects. Many of suspected variables including socio-demographic factors, diseases, nutritional minerals, blood components and body weight were non-relevant factors to urinary incontinence in respondents. Constipation increased the risk of urinary incontinence in subjects, and increase in dietary monounsaturated fat and plasma triglyceride levels decreased the risk.

High-Density Lipoprotein Proteomic Composition, and not Efflux Capacity, Reflects Differential Modulation of Reverse Cholesterol Transport by Saturated and Monounsaturated Fat Diets.

Acute inflammation impairs reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and reduces high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function in vivo. This study hypothesized that obesity-induced inflammation impedes RCT and alters HDL composition, and investigated if dietary replacement of saturated (SFA) for monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acids modulates RCT. Macrophage-to-feces RCT, HDL efflux capacity, and HDL proteomic profiling was determined in C57BL/6j mice following 24 weeks on SFA- or MUFA-enriched high-fat diets (HFDs) or low-fat diet. The impact of dietary SFA consumption and insulin resistance on HDL efflux function was also assessed in humans. Both HFDs increased plasma (3)H-cholesterol counts during RCT in vivo and ATP-binding cassette, subfamily A, member 1-independent efflux to plasma ex vivo, effects that were attributable to elevated HDL cholesterol. By contrast, ATP-binding cassette, subfamily A, member 1-dependent efflux was reduced after both HFDs, an effect that was also observed with insulin resistance and high SFA consumption in humans. SFA-HFD impaired liver-to-feces RCT, increased hepatic inflammation, and reduced ABC subfamily G member 5/8 and ABC subfamily B member 11 transporter expression in comparison with low-fat diet, whereas liver-to-feces RCT was preserved after MUFA-HFD. HDL particles were enriched with acute-phase proteins (serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, and hemopexin) and depleted of paraoxonase-1 after SFA-HFD in comparison with MUFA-HFD. Ex vivo efflux assays validated increased macrophage-to-plasma RCT in vivo after both HFDs but failed to capture differential modulation of hepatic cholesterol trafficking. By contrast, proteomics revealed the association of hepatic-derived inflammatory proteins on HDL after SFA-HFD in comparison with MUFA-HFD, which reflected differential hepatic cholesterol trafficking between groups. Acute-phase protein levels on HDL may serve as novel biomarkers of impaired liver-to-feces RCT in vivo.

HDL proteomic quality, and not efflux capacity, reflects differential modulation of reverse cholesterol transport by saturated and monounsaturated fat diets

HDL proteomic quality, and not efflux capacity, reflects differential modulation of reverse cholesterol transport by saturated and monounsaturated fat diets

MicroRNA-410 regulated lipoprotein lipase variant rs13702 is associated with stroke incidence and modulated by diet in the randomized controlled PREDIMED trial

MicroRNAs have emerged as important epigenetic regulators in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Using an observational meta-analysis design, we previously characterized a gain-of-function microRNA-410 target site polymorphism (rs13702T>C) in the 3'untranslated region of the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene. The C allele was associated with lower triglycerides, and this association was modulated by fat intake. We aimed to extend our findings by assessing the interaction between the rs13702 polymorphism and fat intake on triglycerides at baseline and longitudinally by using a dietary intervention design. We also examined as a primary outcome the association of this variant with CVD incidence and its modulation by the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet). We studied 7187 participants in the PREDIMED (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea) randomized trial that tested a MedDiet intervention compared with a control diet, with a median 4.8-y follow-up. LPL polymorphisms and triglycerides were determined and CVD assessed. Gene-diet interactions for triglycerides were analyzed at baseline (n = 6880) and after a 3-y intervention (n = 4131). Oxidative stress parameters were investigated in a subsample. The rs13702T>C polymorphism was strongly associated with lower triglycerides in C allele carriers and interacted synergistically with dietary monounsaturated (P = 0.038) and unsaturated fat intake (P = 0.037), decreasing triglycerides at baseline. By 3 y, we observed a gene-diet interaction (P = 0.025) in which the C allele was associated with a greater reduction in triglycerides after intervention with MedDiet, high in unsaturated fat. Although the polymorphism was associated with lower stroke risk (HR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.97; P = 0.029 per C allele), this association reached statistical significance only in the MedDiet intervention (HR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.91; P = 0.019 in C compared with TT carriers), not in the control group (HR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.55, 1.59; P = 0.805). We report a novel association between a microRNA target site variant and stroke incidence, which is modulated by diet in terms of decreasing triglycerides and possibly stroke risk in rs13702 C allele carriers after a high-unsaturated fat MedDiet intervention.

Appetitive, dietary and health effects of almonds consumed with meals or as snacks: a randomized, controlled trial.

Background/Objectives:Snacks contribute toward a significant proportion of human total daily energy intake. This study investigated the effects of almonds, a satiating and nutrient-rich, common snack, on postprandial glycemia, appetite, short-term body weight and fasting blood parameters when consumed with meals or alone as a snack.Methods:This was a 4-week randomized, parallel-arm study that entailed consuming almonds (43 g/day) with breakfast (BF) or lunch (LN), alone as a morning (MS) or afternoon (AS) snack or no almonds (CL). Participants (N=137) with increased risk for type 2 diabetes completed an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and acute-feeding session at baseline, followed by almond consumption for 4 weeks before repeating the OGTT and acute-feeding trials. Anthropometric, biochemical and appetite responses were assessed.Results:Almonds lowered serum glucose responses postprandially. Effects were most prominent in the snack groups. Almonds, consumed as snacks, also reduced hunger and desire to eat during the acute-feeding session. After 4 weeks, anthropometric measurements and fasting blood biochemistries did not differ from the control group or across intervention groups. Without specific guidance, daily energy intake was reduced to compensate for energy from the provided almonds. Dietary monounsaturated fat and α-tocopherol intakes were significantly increased in all almond groups.Conclusion:Almonds provide post-ingestive metabolic and appetitive benefits and did not increase the risk for weight gain. This suggests that almonds may be a healthful snack option.

Fatty acid-binding protein 2 Ala54Thr genotype is associated with insulin resistance and leptin levels changes after a high monounsaturated fat diet in obese non-diabetic patients

It has been found that the expression of fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP2) mRNA is under dietary control. This polymorphism was associated with high insulin resistance, and fasting insulin concentrations. The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of Thr54 polymorphism in the FABP2 gene on metabolic response, weight loss and serum adipokine levels secondary to a high monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet. A sample of 122 obese patients was analyzed in a prospective way. The hypocaloric diet had 1342 kcal, 46.6% of carbohydrates, 34.1% of lipids and 19.2% of proteins, with a 67.5% of monounsaturated fats, and lasted 3 months. Fifty-five patients (45.1%) had the genotype Ala54/Ala54 (wild group) and 67 (64.9%) patients a mutant genotype, Ala54/Thr54 (54 patients, 44.3%) or Thr54/Thr54 (13 patients, 10.7%). In wild group, body mass index (-1.5±1.2 kg/m2), weight (-4.1±3.6 kg), fat mass (-3.6±3.3 kg), waist circumference (-4.9±2.9 cm), insulin (-1.7±3.6 mUI/l), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (-0.6±1.8 units) and leptin levels decreased (-7.6±7.1 ng/ml). In mutant group, anthropometric parameters improved, without changes in biochemical parameters. Carriers of Thr54 allele have a different response than wild type obese, with a lack of decrease of insulin levels, leptin levels and HOMA-IR.

Substituting dietary monounsaturated fat for saturated fat is associated with increased daily physical activity and resting energy expenditure and with changes in mood

The Western diet increases risk of metabolic disease. We determined whether lowering the ratio of saturated fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids in the Western diet would affect physical activity and energy expenditure. With the use of a balanced design, 2 cohorts of 18 and 14 young adults were enrolled in separate randomized, double-masked, crossover trials that compared a 3-wk high-palmitic acid diet (HPA; similar to the Western diet fat composition) to a low-palmitic acid and high-oleic acid diet (HOA; similar to the Mediterranean diet fat composition). All foods were provided by the investigators, and the palmitic acid (PA):oleic acid (OA) ratio was manipulated by adding different oil blends to the same foods. In both cohorts, we assessed physical activity (monitored continuously by using accelerometry) and resting energy expenditure (REE). To gain insight into a possible mood disturbance that might explain changes in physical activity, the Profile of Mood States (POMS) was administered in cohort 2. Physical activity was higher during the HOA than during the HPA in 15 of 17 subjects in cohort 1 (P = 0.008) (mean: 12% higher; P = 0.003) and in 12 of 12 subjects in the second, confirmatory cohort (P = 0.005) (mean: 15% higher; P = 0.003). When the HOA was compared with the HPA, REE measured during the fed state was 3% higher for cohort 1 (P < 0.01), and REE was 4.5% higher in the fasted state for cohort 2 (P = 0.04). POMS testing showed that the anger-hostility score was significantly higher during the HPA (P = 0.007). The replacement of dietary PA with OA was associated with increased physical activity and REE and less anger. Besides presumed effects on mitochondrial function (increased REE), the dietary PA:OA ratio appears to affect behavior. The second cohort was derived from a study that was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as R01DK082803.

Substituting dietary monounsaturated fat for saturated fat is associated with increased daily physical activity and resting energy expenditure and with changes in mood

The Western Diet has been linked to obesity, an imbalance of energy intake and expenditure. Studies have emphasized how dietary composition affects energy intake. However, we investigated if lowering the palmitic acid (PA)/oleic acid (OA) ratio of this diet would impact physical activity (PHYS ACTIV) and resting energy expenditure (REE) in 2 cohorts of 18 and 12 young adults, enrolled in separate randomized, double‐masked, cross‐over trials comparing 3‐week diets: high PA (HPA) and low PA/high OA (HOA). Since mood might alter executive functions, affecting PHYS ACTIV, the Profile of Mood States (POMS) was administered (Cohort 2). During HOA, PHYS ACTIV increased in 15/17 in Cohort 1 (P = 0.01) (mean 12% higher; P = 0.01) and 12/12 in Cohort 2 (mean 15% higher; P = 0.003), and REE was 3% higher for Cohort 1 (fed state) (P &lt; 0.01) and 4.5% higher for Cohort 2 (fasted) (P = 0.04). During HOA, the mean Anger‐ Hostility score was lower (P = 0.007) (10/12 lower, P = 0.005), and the Total Mood Disturbance score trended lower in 8/12 (P = 0.06). Replacing dietary PA with OA was associated with increased PHYS ACTIV and REE and less anger and may affect behavior and cognition. (Support: NIDDK).

Substituting dietary monounsaturated fat for saturated fat lowers inflammasome activation observed on a high saturated fat diet

Altered lipid homeostasis (obesity) is linked to inflammation and defective insulin signaling. In the presence of palmitic acid (PA), but not oleic acid (OA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated macrophages activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, secreting augmented levels of Interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐18 (Nat Immunol12:408). We hypothesized that lowering the PA/OA ratio of the PA‐rich, Western Diet would alter cytokine secretion from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) harvested from 14 fasted, young adults (8 men/6 women), enrolled in a randomized, double‐masked, cross‐over trial comparing two 3‐week diets: (1) high PA (HPA), with a fatty acid pattern resembling their habitual diet; (2) low PA/high OA (HOA). Immediately after collection, PBMC were stimulated with 1 ng/ml LPS for 24 hr, and cytokines were measured. Log (base 10) transformed data, corrected for baseline values on a low fat diet, revealed that IL‐1β (P = 0.029), IL‐18 (P = 0.037), IL‐10 (P = 0.02), and Tumor Necrosis Factor‐1α, (P = 0.039) were higher during HPA, compared to HOA. These data suggest that, in healthy adults, the higher than recommended PA intake of the Western Diet facilitates augmented secretion of several cytokines, including those regulated by inflammasome activation. (Support: NIDDK: R01‐DK 082803).

Lys656Asn Polymorphism of Leptin Receptor Gene Is Related With Leptin Changes After a High Monounsaturated Fat Diet in Obese Patients

BackgroundHuman obesity is characterized by high levels of leptin, and it has been suggested that obese patients may be leptin resistant. The aim of our study was to investigate the...

Genetic variation in the cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) (G1359A polymorphism) and their influence on anthropometric parameters and metabolic parameters under a high monounsaturated vs. high polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diets

An intragenic polymorphism (1359 G/A) of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) gene was reported as a common polymorphism in Caucasian populations (rs1049353). Intervention studies with this polymorphism have yield contradictories results. We decide to investigate the role of polymorphism (G1359A) of (CNR1) gene on metabolic parameters and weight loss secondary to a high monounsaturated fat and high polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diets in obese subjects. A population of 258 obese subjects was analyzed in a randomized trial. A nutritional evaluation was performed at the beginning and at the end of a 3-month period in which subjects received 1 of 2 diets (diet M: high monounsaturated fat diet vs diet P: high polyunsaturated fat diet). One hundred and sixty five patients (63.9%) had the genotype G1359G and 93 (36.1%) patients (A allele carriers) had G1359A (78 patients,30.3%) or A1359A (15 patients,5.8%) genotypes. In subjects with both genotypes, body mass index, weight, fat mass, waist circumference and systolic blood pressures decreased with both diets. With the diet-type M and in both genotype groups, biochemical parameters remained unchanged. After the diet type P and in subjects with both genotypes, glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, insulin and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels decreased. In G1359G genotype subjects after both diets, leptin levels decreased. The finding of this study is the association of the A allele with a lack of improvement on leptin levels. Subjects with both genotypes and after a high polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diet showed a significant improvement of LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, HOMA-IR and insulin levels.

Consumption of a High Monounsaturated Fat Diet Reduces Oxidative Phosphorylation Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Abdominally Overweight Men and Women1–4

The Mediterranean (MED) diet is often considered health-promoting due to its high content of MUFA and polyphenols. These bioactive compounds can affect gene expression and accordingly may regulate pathways and proteins related to cardiovascular disease prevention. This study aimed to identify the effects of a MED-type diet, and the replacement of SFA with MUFA in a Western-type diet, on peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) gene expression and plasma proteins. Abdominally overweight men and women (waist: women ≥80 cm, men ≥94 cm) were allocated to an 8-wk, completely controlled SFA diet (19% daily energy as SFA), a MUFA diet (20% daily energy MUFA), or a MED diet (21% daily energy MUFA). Concentrations of 124 plasma proteins and PBMC whole-genome transcriptional profiles were assessed. Consumption of the MUFA and MED diets, compared with the SFA diet, decreased the expression of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) genes, plasma connective tissue growth factor, and apoB concentrations. Compared with the MED and SFA diets, the MUFA diet changed the expression of genes involved in B-cell receptor signaling and endocytosis signaling. Participants who consumed the MED diet had lower concentrations of proinflammatory proteins at 8 wk compared with baseline. We hypothesize that replacement of SFA with MUFA may improve health, thereby reducing metabolic stress and OXPHOS activity in PBMC. The MED diet may have additional antiatherogenic effects by lowering proinflammatory plasma proteins.

Adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase protein expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue is decreased after an isoenergetic low-fat high-complex carbohydrate diet in the metabolic syndrome

The objective was to determine the contribution of dietary fat quantity and composition to lipolysis and lipolytic gene expression in humans in relation to obesity, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Men and women with the MetS were randomly assigned to one of four isoenergetic diets: a high-fat saturated fat diet (n=10), a high-fat monounsaturated fat diet (n=7), and two low-fat high-complex carbohydrate (LFHCC) diets, one supplemented with 1.24g/day long-chain n-3 PUFA (LFHCC: n=7, LFHCCn-3: n=8). Subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were taken before and after the 12-week dietary intervention period. ATGL and HSL mRNA and protein expression was determined. Whole body rate of appearance of free fatty acids (RaFFA) was determined by intravenous infusion of [2H2]-palmitate in a subgroup of men (n=20). Adipose tissue ATGL and HSL mRNA and protein expression was not affected by alterations in dietary fat composition. Pooled analysis comparing the low- and high-fat diets showed that ATGL and HSL protein expression was significantly reduced after the LFHCC diets (P=.04), irrespective of long-chain n-3 PUFA. Moreover, LFHCC diets lowered fasting insulin, HOMAIR, and (LDL)-cholesterol concentrations (P≤.05). Changes in ATGL and HSL protein expression was positively associated with changes in whole body RaFFA (P<.03). The low-fat high-complex carbohydrate diets reduced ATGL and HSL protein expression and significantly improved circulating lipids and insulin sensitivity. Under isoenergetic conditions, dietary fat quantity, rather than composition, may be most important for modulating subcutaneous adipose tissue ATGL and HSL protein expression.