Monotonic Compressive Loading Research Articles

The influence of welding-induced 3D residual stress and distortion on the ultimate strength of multi-stiffened thin plate structures under cyclic load

Stiffened thin plates made of high-strength steel are widely employed in ship hull structures. Their strength capacity is highly sensitive to the welding imperfections and potential extreme cyclic loading from harsh sea state. In this work, a thermal elasto-plastic finite element analysis is conducted to simulate the 3D distribution of welding-induced residual stress and distortion of stiffened thin plate structures with triple spans and triple bays varying the plate thickness and heat input. Experimental results provided by other scholars are used to validate the welding simulation. Afterwards, the ultimate strength and collapse behaviour of the welded structures under different load patterns are dealt with, including monotonic compression load, cyclic compression-tension load and cyclic compression load. Observation from numerical results indicates that, in general, the compressive strength is reduced in each considered cycle by the residual stress as the amplitude of cyclic compression-tension load approximates to the ultimate compressive strain. When this parameter is much greater than the ultimate compressive strain or the stiffened plate is subjected to cyclic compression load, the reduction in ultimate strength is significant in the first cycle, whereas the reduction is ignorable in the later cycles. Besides, if the buckling mode of initial deflection with antisymmetric configuration is superposed to the symmetric out-of-plane welding distortion, impact of the residual stress will be diminished as the asymmetry becomes notable.

Hemp Fiber-Reinforced Polymers Composite Jacketing Technique for Sustainable and Environment-Friendly Concrete.

This research suggested natural hemp fiber-reinforced ropes (FRR) polymer usage to reinforce recycled aggregate square concrete columns that contain fired-clay solid brick aggregates in order to reduce the high costs associated with synthetic fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs). A total of 24 square columns of concrete were fabricated to conduct this study. The samples were tested under a monotonic axial compression load. The variables of interest were the strength of unconfined concrete and the number of FRR layers. According to the results, the strengthened specimens demonstrated an increased compressive strength and ductility. Notably, the specimens with the smallest unconfined strength demonstrated the largest improvement in compressive strength and ductility. Particularly, the compressive strength and strain were enhanced by up to 181% and 564%, respectively. In order to predict the ultimate confined compressive stress and strain, this study investigated a number of analytical stress-strain models. A comparison of experimental and theoretical findings deduced that only a limited number of strength models resulted in close predictions, whereas an even larger scatter was observed for strain prediction. Machine learning was employed by using neural networks to predict the compressive strength. A dataset comprising 142 specimens strengthened with hemp FRP was extracted from the literature. The neural network was trained on the extracted dataset, and its performance was evaluated for the experimental results of this study, which demonstrated a close agreement.

Monotonic testing of brace assemblies for piping systems and considerations for capacity design

Distributed nonstructural elements (NSEs), such as piping systems, are restrained against seismic actions using proprietary or, at times, custom-designed braces. The strengths of these elements are provided in the component brochures published by the manufacturers, with no information on their deformation capacities. Previous research on the seismic performance of NSEs provide several formulations to calculate possible reductions in design force by relying on ductility capacity of their seismic restraints. However, designers require a realistic estimate of the ductility capacity of the seismic restraints to use these formulations. This paper discusses the results of a test program on the behavior of brace assemblies under monotonic tensile and compression loading. The results are used to identify the potential failure modes of the tested brace assemblies and to quantify their ductility capacity. Further, design examples are presented to highlight the need for the use of capacity design principles in the design of brace assemblies and their anchors.

Effect of temperature on post-yield behavior of PVC foams

Experiments were conducted on Divinycell HCP30 foam to develop equations predicting its elastic and post-yield behavior from − 40 to + 60 °C. In these experiments, the foam was subjected to post-yield cyclic tension, compression and shear and monotonic biaxial tension and compression loading in the environmental chamber of an MTS servo-hydraulic machine. Elastic modulus and yield strength of the foam were found to decrease linearly with increasing temperature and could be expressed by a single equation in terms of room temperature properties. Post-yield behavior involved plasticity, viscoelasticity, and damage. An elastic–plastic viscoelastic damage model was used to predict post-yield behavior of the foam at different temperatures. Temperature dependent plastic hardening and viscoelastic damage functions were extracted from the experimental results and used to simulate elastic and post-yield stress–strain behavior in ABAQUS Explicit using a user-defined material subroutine. The ABAQUS user-defined material was validated with experiments on Divinycell HCP30 foam sheets at various temperatures. Good comparisons were found between ABAQUS and experimental results.

Performance of fibre-reinforced landfill mined soil like fraction as an environment friendly fill material

Landfill mining is emerging as an effective strategy towards mitigation of the problems associated with legacy landfills. About 40–80% of the landfill mined waste is soil-like fraction (landfill mined soil like fraction, LMSF) that is obtained after removing the combustibles and recyclables. However, due to its lower calorific value and presence of organic content, LMSF has not found many applications except landfill cover material and filling of low-lying areas. In this context, the present study explores the strength properties of LMSF with and without fibres (coir and polypropylene fibres) through unconfined compression, direct shear, UU triaxial, cyclic UU triaxial, indirect tension and bending strength tests. Overall, the shear strength properties of LMSF are similar to sand with some cohesion. Further, the performance of LMSF with optimum fibre proportion (2% for coir fibres and 1.5% for polypropylene fibres) is quite superior under monotonic and cyclic compressive loading conditions, as well as indirect tension and flexural loading conditions. An assessment of 1 m replacement of soft soil with LMSF with/without fibre reinforcement infers substantial increase in the allowable bearing pressure of LMSF. Overall, though LMSF may need assessment/pre-treatment (as required) due to presence of organic content and any possible heavy metal concentration, utilization of LMSF would encourage the adoption of landfill mining process. The current research insights contribute in the direction of achieving sustainable infrastructure development by reduction in the landfill area that would reduce the depletion of conventionally utilized natural resources for fill applications such as sand and gravel, and contribute positively towards environment.

Evaluating quasi-static and fatigue performance of IN718 gyroid lattice structures fabricated via LPBF: Exploring relative densities

Additive manufacturing (AM) technology has unlocked the possibilities of fabricating complex structures of components such as lattice structures. Based on the literature review, the significance of the thickness effect on lattice structures has not been completely investigated yet. Therefore, this research aims to study the wall thickness effect on the mechanical performance of sheet-based lattice structures under quasi-static compression and fatigue loading conditions. For this aim, four geometries of lattice structures with designed relative densities of 12.5%, 25.0%, 37.5%, and 50.0% were fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) process using Inconel alloy 718. The specimens were heat-treated to eliminate residual stresses and then tested under monotonic and cyclic compressive loading conditions to obtain the mechanical responses for each respective relative density. The experimental results from the quasi-static and fatigue compression tests on different geometries were compared and analyzed with the use of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to observe the fatigue failure locations and their dependency on the surface morphology of those failure locations. In addition, the actual relative densities were also calculated to evaluate the geometrical deviations and correct the experimental results. Overall, the experimental data revealed that there are strong associations between the lattices with various wall thicknesses and corresponding quasi-static and fatigue performance.

Influence of GFRP Confining Tube Parameters in Double-Skin Tubular Short Columns under Axial Loading

Abstract Composite construction with steel and concrete has become a widespread solution in modern construction practices because of its inherent properties such as high strength-to-weight ratio, good corrosion resistance, and high stiffness. Concrete-filled fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) steel double-skin tubular compression members as vertical load–carrying members in buildings helps in optimizing the advantages of three materials: steel, concrete, and FRP. This study investigates the axial compressive behavior of short, concrete-filled glass fiber–reinforced polymer (GFRP) steel double-skin tubular (GSDST) columns and concrete-filled GFRP tubular (CFFT) columns. Parameters such as the number of FRP layers, hollow section ratio (HSR), variation of diameter of the inner steel tube, and the angle of orientation of the fibers have been examined in this investigation. The experimental study was carried out by performing a monotonic axial compressive loading condition. Three different angles of fiber orientation, 0° along the hoop direction, 45°, and 0°/90° with respect to the axis of the column, were adopted in this study. The ultimate load-carrying capacity, axial displacement, axial and horizontal strains, and failure modes were observed. The experimental results indicate that the structural performance of GSDST columns is significantly influenced by GFRP tube thickness, inner steel-tube diameter, and fiber-orientation angle. Maximum displacement was observed in the specimens with high HSR, thus showing a ductile characteristic in the axial load-displacement behavior. The load-carrying ability of the specimens decreased as the HSR increased. The load-carrying capacity of the specimens increased with the increase in outer GFRP tube thickness. This study demonstrates that GFRP tubes can be used efficiently in the construction field as vertical load–carrying components by enhancing the axial behavior of FRP steel double-skin tubular columns.

Effect of cyclic loading on the mobilization of unit base resistance of model piles jacked in sand

This paper reports the results of a series of monotonic compressive and cyclic load tests performed on a closed-ended jacked model pile installed in a half-cylindrical calibration chamber with image analysis capabilities. The monotonic compressive load tests were carried out before and after performing a displacement-controlled cyclic load test to determine the impact of cycling on unit base resistance. Digital images of the sand and the model pile were taken during cyclic loading and processed using the digital image correlation (DIC) technique to obtain the cumulative displacement and strain fields in the sand domain. The results show that the ultimate unit base resistance can drop significantly after cycling. The magnitude of the drop in ultimate unit base resistance depends on both the magnitude of the cyclic displacement amplitude and the number of cycles. However, the unit base resistance at plunging increases after large-displacement half-amplitude cycling. The increase in unit base resistance at plunging after cycling is linked to the flow of sand particles to the zone below the conical base, the occurrence of sand particle crushing, and the dilative behavior of the sand outside a bulb of crushed particles formed during cyclic loading. The processed DIC data show that for cyclic displacement half-amplitudes ∆wcyclic less than or equal to 0.25 mm (0.0007B), the cumulative radial and vertical displacements in the soil domain normalized by ∆wcyclic are negligible. Values of ∆wcyclic greater than 0.25 mm produce normalized displacements in the soil domain that increase as the cyclic displacement amplitude increases.

Experimental study on the axial compressive behaviour of steel reinforced concrete composite columns with stay-in-place ECC jacket

Steel Reinforced Concrete (SRC) column made with high strength materials features excellent load-carrying capacity and energy dissipation capacity, but the compromised ductility issue hinders the widespread application in seismic-prone areas. To overcome this weakness, this paper proposes a novel type of steel-concrete composite column by employing Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) as the permanent formwork of conventional SRC column. An experimental program was conducted by subjecting seven stub columns to monotonic axial compressive loading. The test variables in this study include the presence of ECC jacket, the presence of embedded structural steel, stirrup spacing and stirrup configuration. The axial performance were carefully analyzed in terms of load-carrying capacity, initial stiffness, post-peak ductility, damage pattern, as well as the full range load-deformation response. The physical tests confirm the potential of ECC jacket to be used as the permanent formwork of SRC columns as to improve both the construction efficiency and structural performance, and the comparison between the test results and analytical predictions demonstrates the applicability of design equation in EN 1994-1-1 and JGJ 138–2016 to predict the axial capacity of ECC-SRC columns.

Axial compressive and seismic performance of GFRP wrapped square RC columns with different scales

The seismic and axial compression behavior of columns wrapped with FRP sheets has been studied experimentally and theoretically over the last two decades. However, most tests and models focused on small-scale columns with/without steel reinforcement. To get better understanding of this strengthening technique and to achieve reliable design approaches for practical applications, further studies should be carried out on full-scale columns with FRP wraps considering the influence of internal steel and column size. Due to such knowledge gaps, this study exhibits experimental results of 17 GFRP wrapped square RC column specimens with side lengths of 350 mm, 495 mm, and 700 mm tested under both monotonic axial compressive load and cyclic lateral load combined with constant axial compression. The results indicate that the FRP confinement effect is highly affected by column size in both axial compression and cyclic loading. Moreover, provisions of three design codes GB50367–2013, GB50608-2020, and ACI440.2R-17 on the axial loading capacity of FRP confined concrete columns are reviewed and verified with the test data. It is suggested that the influence of column size should be further considered in the codes to widen the application range of the present provisions. • 17 column specimens with different scales were tested under two loading conditions. • Failure modes and load-strain relationship were obtained and seismic parameters and strain were analyzed. • Influence of size effect on the performance of FRP enhanced columns were discussed. • Calculation method from three design codes were reviewed and verified.

Study on Mechanical Properties and Constitutive Relationship of Concrete Corroded by Hydrochloric Acid under Cyclic Load

Most of the existing studies on acid corrosion of concrete have focused on the mechanical behavior of concrete structures under monotonic load or without load. To investigate the mechanical properties of in-service concrete components under cyclic load in an acid corrosion environment, six groups of concrete prism specimens with different acid corrosion degrees (corrosion duration) were designed and prepared by the accelerated corrosion test method. The monotonic and cyclic axial compression load tests on these specimens were conducted to investigate the effects of corrosion degree on the mechanical properties of concrete specimens. The experimental results indicated that hydrochloric acid corrosion has obvious effects on the failure characteristics and mechanical properties of concrete. The surface of corroded concrete was easier to crack and spall under load, and the concrete spalling area enlarged as the acid corrosion duration increased. The compressive capacity of concrete specimens reduced rapidly with the increase in corrosion duration. The stress–strain envelope curves for concrete with different corrosion duration under cyclic load were essentially similar to that of concrete under monotonic load. The degradation rate of the descending section for the stress–strain curves of corroded concrete under cyclic load was much larger than that under the monotonic load due to the accumulation of internal damage in concrete. The peak strain and ultimate strain of corroded concrete increased significantly with the increase in corrosion duration and enhanced by 55.7% and 77.9%, respectively, compared with the uncorroded concrete, whereas the peak stress and elastic modulus rapidly decreased and reduced by 53.3% and 74.1%, respectively. Moreover, based on the strength degradation depth, the concept of effective bearing cross-sectional area ratio was proposed to characterize the corrosion degree of concrete, and the correction coefficient of descending section for the effective bearing cross-sectional area ratio was introduced to establish the constitutive model of corroded concrete under cyclic load, and the results calculated by this model matched well with the experimental values. The research in this paper can provide the experimental and theoretical basis for seismic life cycle and fatigue redesign of concrete structures in acid corrosion environments or coastal areas.

Comprehensive analysis of the microstructure, properties and environmental performance of Al2O3-ZrO2 composites obtained via centrifugal slip casting

This research investigates the possibility of preparing Al2O3-ZrO2 composites with different proportions of the Al2O3 and ZrO2 phases by centrifugal slip casting (CSC) method and the effect of the solid phase content (50 vol%, 45 vol%, 40 vol%) on the microstructure and selected properties of the produced materials. The hardness results showed that all the series produced were characterised by high hardness, in the range of 16–19 GPa. The results of the static compression test demonstrated that increasing the solid phase content of the slip in the samples promotes the formation of fewer cracks during the monotonic compression loading of the composites. The LCA results demonstrated that as the content of ZrO2 in the composites increase, their environmental footprint increases.

Behavior of pre-damaged normal-strength concrete prisms repaired with basalt FRP sheets under axial compressive monotonic and repeated loading

The damaged concrete columns under earthquake can be retrofitted with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) and the axial mechanical properties of the strengthened columns can be greatly enhanced. In the present study, monotonic and repeated axial compressive behavior of damaged concrete prisms repaired by basalt FRP (BFRP) was investigated. Pre-damage tests were performed on plain concrete prismatic specimens under three axial compressive loading levels. Then, the damaged specimens were repaired with 1-, 2-, 4-, and 6-layer BFRP composites, followed by monotonic or repeated compression tests. The test results showed that the compressive strength and axial deformation capacities of the damaged prismatic specimens under monotonic compressive loading were improved remarkably after repairing. However, in the stress–strain curves of BFRP-repaired specimens, the initial elastic modulus, and the strength at the turning and ultimate states decreased with the increase of initial damage. Based on the test results of this study and existing literature, the strength and strain at the turning and ultimate states were estimated, and a monotonic stress–strain relationship was proposed for BFRP-repaired concrete prisms considering the adverse effect of pre-damage level. Further, a modified repeated compressive stress–strain model was proposed for BFRP-repaired damaged concrete prisms. The proposed models predicted well the test results.

A five-parameter hydrodynamic-plastic model for crushable sand

Sand tends to dilate when sheared under small confining stresses, and compact under high stresses. This has been attributed to grain crushing, and associated with the development of a non-unique critical state in a stress-density space. This paper tackles a wide scope of crushable granular material phenomena that arise due to this interplay between crushing and dilation, by extending the recently proposed hydrodynamic-plastic formulation. The thermodynamic evolution of the state variables are defined by combining the mathematical frameworks of breakage mechanics, hypoplasticity and bounding surface plasticity. Accordingly, the model is distinguished from previous breakage models in that its stress–strain response is incrementally nonlinear, with possible plastic strain developing at any stress level. The model relies on only five mechanical constants which can be determined from typical geotechnical experiments. The predictions of the model are qualitatively compared against experimental tests under monotonic and cyclic compression and shear loading conditions, where it captures a broad range of sand phenomena.

Sustainable and Low-Cost Hemp FRP Composite Confinement of B-Waste Concrete

Each year, massive amount of construction waste is generated that needs proper attention in terms of its disposal without deteriorating surrounding environment. A significant portion of this waste comprises bricks. Besides, large number of new construction works are resulting in the depletion of natural resources rapidly. Intuitively, a sustainable solution demands to consume this construction waste in the best way possible. This study targeted brick waste as a potential material to be used as a partial replacement of natural aggregates in structural concrete. It has been known that the concrete constructed with recycled brick aggregates possesses substandard mechanical properties. Traditionally, synthetic FRPs are known to strengthen recycled aggregate concrete. However, recognizing high costs associated with them, this study proposed the use of natural hemp fiber ropes to strengthen recycled aggregate concrete constructed with brick aggregates. To assess the efficacy of hemp ropes in strengthening mechanical properties of the concrete with coarse aggregates partially replaced with recycled brick aggregates (B-waste), an experimental framework was conducted. Sixteen cylindrical specimens were tested in two groups depending upon the concrete strength. Within each group, 2 specimens each were strengthened with 1, 2, and 3 layers of hemp fiber ropes. Axial monotonic compressive loading was applied to each specimen. Results revealed that hemp fiber ropes significantly improved ultimate compressive strength and the corresponding strain. A substantial improvement in axial ductility was observed. For the sake of performance-based non-linear modelling, accurate constitutive modelling at material level is necessary. For this purpose, several existing analytical stress-strain models were tested in this study to predict ultimate confined compressive strength and strain. It was found that several models predicted confined compressive strengths with reasonable accuracy. However, very few models were able to predict confined peak strain with good accuracy.

Analytical model for CFRP confined masonry columns subjected to monotonic and cyclic compression

Confinement of masonry columns using fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have displayed to enhance the axial capacity and ductility. Although, mechanisms of FRP confined masonry column (CMC) subjected to monotonic compression loading with various configurations have been investigated and rational design rules were developed, the response of FRP-CMC under cyclic compression is not widely researched. Therefore, this paper presents an analytical stress–strain model for FRP-CMC subjected to cyclic compression based on the experimental data generated through a testing program. The experimental program has been executed in this research by testing twelve masonry columns confined with discontinuous FRP sheets subjected to monotonic and cyclic compression. The masonry columns were assembled with two varieties of masonry bricks and mortars. The data from the testing of discontinuously CMCs and previous experimental program involving twenty-four continuously CMCs were employed to analytically predict the cyclic compression characteristics. The testing results of discontinuously CMCs subjected to axial monotonic and cyclic compression have shown that they are quite different in terms of their strength and deformability compared to continuously CMCs. The discontinuous FRP strengthening columns resulted in strength and ductility increments in the range of 100–150% and 60–80%, respectively. For the analytical model, the envelop curve, plastic strain, stress deteriorations in cycles, unloading and reloading segments of the proposed stress–strain model have been verified against the experimental data. It has been shown that the suggested analytical model is capable of describing the cyclic axial stress–strain characteristics of FRP-CMCs.

Effect of single and double hemitenotomy on equine deep digital flexor tendon length and strength in experimental load challenges.

To evaluate a double hemitenotomy (DHT) technique as an alternative to complete deep digital flexor (DDFT) tenotomy. Experimental ex vivo study. Isolated DDFTs (n=30) and cadaveric forelimbs (n=16). In part 1, 15 isolated DDFT pairs were used. Two hemitenotomies were created in 1 DDFT while the other served as reference. Monotonic tensile load was applied. Tendon lengthening, load reduction, and load at failure were recorded. In part 2, 16 cadaveric forelimb pairs were subjected to DHT followed by complete tenotomy (CT) under monotonic compressive load. Differences between DHT and controls were assessed with Wilcoxon signed rank tests or Friedman tests. In isolated tendons and cadaveric forelimbs, DHT resulted in DDFT lengthening (median, +1.9 mm and + 3.05 mm) and load reduction (median, -16.7 and -11.2kg). Less lengthening was achieved with DHT compared to CT (P=.008). Load reduction did not occur between DHT and CT was observed during compressive testing (P=1). Load reduction following the first hemitenotomy incision was smaller when compared to the second (P=.022). Isolated DHT tendons failed at a tensile load of 195 kg, while no intact tendons failed (P=.0001). Double hemitenotomy was comparable to CT in load reduction. It reduced tensile strength, but load at failure was similar or exceeded the estimated DDFT load at stance. Hemitenotomy may be a useful alternative for surgical management of horses with laminitis, but in vivo studies are needed to confirm these findings.

In-Plane Behavior of Adobe Masonry Wallets Strengthened through Inorganic Matrix-Grid Composites

Adobe masonry (AM) dwellings are a considerable portion of existing buildings stock worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Several earthquakes occurred during last decades dramatically showed a high seismic vulnerability of such constructions, which are not generally engineered. Therefore, several research groups have been involved in the investigation about effective and viable retrofitting solutions for AM buildings. Currently, most of studies available in literature addressed the issue by means of experimental programs consisting of dynamic or static tests on reduced- or full-scale specimens, representing partial or complete AM dwellings. Nevertheless, in those works, limited or no attention was generally paid to the crucial issue of the spatial variability of material properties within AM, which can produce critical forms of mechanical response and premature failure. In this study, three series of seven AM wallets were tested under monotonic diagonal compression load: one series consisted of unreinforced specimens (used as benchmark) and the remaining series were strengthened with two textile reinforced matrix (TRM) systems, made of either hemp or glass meshes. Masonry joints and matrix were produced using the same mud mortar, which is a typical mortar of existing Italian AM buildings. Experimental outcomes of tests in terms of observed damage and response curves are presented, along with a comprehensive characterization of mortar and bricks. Then, with the aim to draw out general and robust trends about TRM effectiveness as strengthening solution in the improvement of shear strength and ductility capacity, the response variability was quantitatively investigated via statistical analysis of recorded stress–strain samples.

Liquefaction Susceptibility of Cohesionless Soils Under Monotonic Compression and Cyclic Simple Shear Loading at Drained/Undrained/Partially Drained Modes

Liquefaction Susceptibility of Cohesionless Soils Under Monotonic Compression and Cyclic Simple Shear Loading at Drained/Undrained/Partially Drained Modes

Effect of temperature on stress strain behavior of high calcium fly ash and alccofine blended high strength concrete

In present study, the effect of temperature on stress–strain response under monotonic compressive loading is studied for two blended high strength concrete (HSC, viz., high calcium fly ash blended HSC (FC-HSC) and alccofine blended HSC (AL-HSC)) mixes. The experimental studies have been carried out with a 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm cube specimen and tested at 28 day of curing. For each mix, four sets of specimens, including control specimen and those exposed to elevated temperatures of 80 °C, 140 °C and 160 °C for 6 h were considered for the study. The stress–strain behavior of HSC mixes at elevated temperatures exhibits a distinct effect of material composition. The increasing exposure temperature increases peak stress for AL-HSC, whereas it initially decreases and then increases for FC-HSC. The results from the study confirm that elevated temperature contributes to stiffening of the pre-peak region, but the effect on peak stress is influenced by the material composition. The effect of elevated temperature on microstructural change is evaluated through thermo gravimetric analysis and the results are compared for FC-HSC and AL-HSC. The weight loss (30–160 °C) representing calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) degradation decreases with increasing exposure temperature for FC-HSC, whereas it remains range bound for AL-HSC. On the other hand, weight loss (400–500 °C) representing degradation of calcium hydroxide (CH) remains range bound for FC-HSC while it increases with increasing exposure temperature for AL-HSC. The observed results suggest that increasing exposure temperature contributes to CSH degradation in FC-HSC, whereas it enhances CH formation for AL-HSC. The study results provide useful insight on the effect of elevated temperature on the stress–strain behavior of blended HSC with flyash and alccofine.