Monotonic Process Research Articles

Consistency-based semi-supervised learning for oriented object detection

Semi-Supervised Object Detection (SSOD) has emerged as a potent framework that leverages unlabeled data to reduce annotation costs while enhancing model performance. Nevertheless, existing SSOD methods primarily concentrate on the conventional localization of horizontal objects, overlooking the common arbitrary-oriented objects in aerial scenes. Extending semi-supervised learning to oriented object detection still encounters two major challenges: (1) There is an inconsistency between classification and localization in oriented object detectors, which means that pseudo-labels selected solely based on classification scores cannot properly represent the localization quality. (2) The static and monotonic pseudo-label selection process fails to dynamically filter pseudo-labels for different tasks and categories throughout the iteration process, inevitably introducing accumulated noise and bias into the supervisory signals for the student model. To mitigate this problems, we proposed a novel consistency-based semi-supervised oriented object detection framework, named CSLO-Det. Specifically, Task Alignment Learning (TAL) is proposed to improve the consistency in terms of both features and learning objectives, thereby facilitating a more robust selection of pseudo-labels. Noise-Resistant Pseudo-label Mining (NR-PM) is introduced to separately and dynamically exploits positives for the classification and localization task. Moreover, diverging from the conventional semi-supervised learning frameworks that utilize pseudo-boxes, our method applies pixel-level dense supervision during unsupervised training, which improves detection performance. Comprehensive experiment results reveal that the proposed CSLO-Det attains state-of-the-art performance under multiple semi-supervised datasets.

Interactive Learning Model to Improve Student Activities and Learning Outcomes of SMP Negeri 29 Makassar

The educational process in higher education institutions no longer only prioritizes the acquisition of information, but rather focuses more on the development of skills and information processing. Therefore, it is necessary to increase student activity through group exercises or assignments and expression of ideas to peers. This has attracted the attention of researchers to observe how students learn in class when given an interactive learning model that is different from conventional methods. Based on the results of observations in class IX.6 SMP 29 Makassar, a problem was found where the monotonous learning process by the teacher and the initial pretest showed several students with low (D) and failed (E) scores. It can be concluded that the low learning outcomes are also influenced by the lack of student learning activities. This type of research is Classroom Action Research (CAR) with subjects of class IX.6 SMP 29 Makassar students. The research was conducted for two cycles with four meetings. The results of the study indicate that the application of an interactive learning model can improve student learning activities in the Introduction to Education course in Biology B class, Patompo University. The average percentage of student learning activities in cycle I was 56.55%, increasing to 81.55% in cycle II. Therefore, there was an increase of 25.00% from cycle I to cycle II. In addition, the use of interactive learning models also had a positive impact on student learning outcomes. The average post-test score of students in cycle I was 70, increasing to 81.43 in cycle II. Thus, there was an increase in the average value of learning outcomes of 11.43% from cycle I to cycle II.

Microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior of pearlitic steel under multi-directional forging

The mechanical behavior and the microstructural evolution of a pearlitic SAE 1080 steel were analyzed along 12 Multi-Directional Forging (MDF) cycles at room temperature and strain amplitude Δε ≈ 0.30 (MDF0.30). The resulting cumulative strain flow curve is typical of metals undergoing extensive dynamic recovery, displaying appreciable work hardening up to a strain εt ≈ 0.9, followed by a very low work hardening, where flow stress rises from ≈1400 MPa to ≈1510 MPa. Similarly, the microhardness raises up to a total cumulative strain εt ≈ 1.8 and seems to stabilize for further straining, reaching ∼3626 MPa after εt ≈ 10.8. Conversely, yield strength initially rises and then falls remarkably after εt > 5.4. This behavior is related with directional cross effects that favor dynamic recovery as the total applied strain increases. These results differ remarkably from those connected to a monotonic deformation process such as axisymmetric drawing. In addition, directional cross effects decrease the material yield stress as the total applied strain increases. Microstructural results revealed that MDF0.30 leads to increasing shearing, bending and fragmentation of the cementite lamellae into particles <50 nm in diameter dispersed in the ferritic matrix as the total imposed strain rises. As a consequence, only limited alignment and changes in the cementite interlamellar spacing are observed, up to a total applied strain ≈10.8. It is considered that the work hardening of pearlitic steel deformed through MDF0.30 is dominated by the dynamic recovery of the interlamellar ferrite and a limited contribution from the cementite. Such results have never been reported in the literature and are of practical importance, since extensive cold working of eutectoid steel through MDF can be performed with standard presses and large specimens.

Regularization in space–time topology optimization for additive manufacturing

In additive manufacturing, the fabrication sequence has a large influence on the quality of manufactured components. While planning of the fabrication sequence is typically performed after the component has been designed, recent developments have demonstrated the possibility and benefits of simultaneous optimization of both the structural layout and the corresponding fabrication sequence. This is particularly relevant in multi-axis additive manufacturing, where rotational motion offers enhanced flexibility compared to planar fabrication. The simultaneous optimization approach, called space–time topology optimization, introduces a pseudo-time field to encode the manufacturing process order, alongside a pseudo-density field representing the structural layout. To comply with manufacturing principles, the pseudo-time field needs to be monotonic, i.e., free of local minima. However, explicitly formulated constraints proposed in prior work are not always effective, particularly for complex structural layouts that commonly result from topology optimization.In this paper, we introduce a novel method to regularize the pseudo-time field in space–time topology optimization. We conceptualize the monotonic additive manufacturing process as a virtual heat conduction process starting from the surface upon which a component is constructed layer by layer. The virtual temperature field, which shall not be confused with the actual temperature field during manufacturing, serves as an analogy for encoding the fabrication sequence. In this new formulation, we use local virtual heat conductivity coefficients as optimization variables to steer the temperature field and, consequently, the fabrication sequence. The virtual temperature field is inherently free of local minima due to the physics it resembles. We numerically validate the effectiveness of this regularization in space–time topology optimization under process-dependent loads, including gravity and thermomechanical loads.

An Efficient FEniCS implementation for coupling lithium-ion battery charge/discharge processes with fatigue phase-field fracture

Accurately predicting the fatigue failure of lithium-ion battery electrode particles during charge–discharge cycles is essential for enhancing their structural reliability and lifespan. The fatigue failure of lithium-ion battery electrode particles during charge–discharge cycles poses a significant challenge in maintaining structural reliability and lifespan. To address this critical issue, this study presents a mathematical formulation for fatigue failure in lithium-ion batteries, utilizing the phase-field approach to fracture modeling. This approach, widely employed for fracture failure analysis, offers a comprehensive framework for capturing the complex interplay between mechanical deformation, chemical lithium concentration, and crack formation. Specifically, an additive decomposition of the strain tensor is employed to account for the swelling and shrinkage effects induced by lithium diffusion. Moreover, open-source code (https://github.com/noiiG) is provided, constituting a convenient platform for future developments, e.g., multi-field coupled problems. The developed chemo-mechanical model undergoes fatigue failure package is written in FEniCS as a popular free open-source computing platform for solving partial differential equations in which simplifies the implementation of parallel FEM simulations. Several numerical simulations with two different case studies corresponding to monotonic charge process and fatigue charge/discharge process are performed to demonstrate the correctness of our algorithmic developments.

Interactive Learning Multimedia Articulate Storyline as an Alternative Media to Improve Elementary Students’ Critical Thinking Skills

Due to the lack of use of learning media in the mathematics learning process, students become passive and uninterested in participating in the learning process. The monotonous learning process causes students' critical thinking abilities to be weak and underdeveloped. Therefore this research aims to analyze the influence of learning activities using Articulate Storyline interactive learning multimedia on analytical and critical thinking skills in sixth-grade elementary school students. This research employed a quantitative approach with experimental research methods (Quasi-Experimental). The type of sampling used was the purposive sampling technique. The research instrument utilized nine HOTS-type description test questions. Data were analyzed through several tests, including normality, homogeneity, and hypothesis tests. In hypothesis testing, the Independent Sample T-Test was used, and a Sig (2-tailed) value of (0.033 &lt; 0.05) was attained, so it was inferred that there was a difference between students who were taught using Articulate Storyline interactive learning multimedia and students who were taught using conventional learning media. The Paired Sample T-test in the experimental class also obtained a significance value of 0.000 &lt; 0.05, suggesting a significant difference in the average test scores before and after treatment. It could be concluded that using Articulate Storyline interactive learning multimedia influenced sixth-grade elementary school students' analytical and critical thinking skills. This research implies that teachers can use Articulate Storyline interactive learning multimedia to improve students' critical thinking analysis and evaluation skills in mathematics learning.

Strategy of teacher in Improving the Learning Outcomes of Public Junior High School Students

One of the factors influencing learning outcomes is the ability of teachers to implement teaching strategies effectively. A monotonous teaching process can lead to decreased student motivation and lower learning outcomes. This study aims to investigate the teaching strategies used by Catholic Education teachers to enhance student learning outcomes at SMP Negeri 2 Namorambe. The research adopts a qualitative approach, where data obtained is analyzed through data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The findings reveal that teachers utilize various strategies to improve student learning outcomes, such as employing instructional models involving syntax, principles of social system response, supportive systems, and instructional impact. Following the implementation of these strategies, student learning outcomes in Catholic Education subjects show improvement across cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects. The effective classroom management skills of teachers also positively impact student learning outcomes. Therefore, the participation and support of the school community, particularly the school principal, are crucial in facilitating the enhancement of teaching quality and mastery of instructional models among teachers

The PENERAPAN MODEL TGT BERBANTUAN MEDIA GAULL (GAME EDUKASI WORDWALL) UNTUK MEMPENGARUHI HASIL BELAJAR MATEMATIKA

Mathematics is a core subject in elementary school which is considered difficult for most children. This research is motivated by low mathematics learning outcomes due to the monotonous and conventional learning process. The TGT model is a cooperative learning model so that students are more active. GAULL Media (Wordwall Educational Game) is an interesting technology-based media. So this research aims to determine the effect of implementing the TGT model with the help of GAULL media (Wordwall Educational Game) on the mathematics learning outcomes of class IV students. This research is a pre-experimental quantitative research with a one group pretest posttest design conducted on class IV students at SD 3 Karangbener. The independent variable in this research is the TGT model with GAULL media (Wordwall Educational Game) while the dependent variable is mathematics learning outcomes. The population of this study was all students in class IV of SD 3 Karangbener who also served as a sample of 15 students. The data collection technique in this research uses a test technique in the form of essay questions. Data analysis used the paired sample t test. The results of the paired sample t-test show that the Stg (2-tailed) value is 0.000 &lt; 0.05, so Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. This means that the application of the TGT model assisted by GAULL media (Wordwall Educational Game) influences the mathematics learning outcomes of class IV students.

A latent class linear mixed model for monotonic continuous processes measured with error.

Motivated by measurement errors in radiographic diagnosis of osteoarthritis, we propose a Bayesian approach to identify latent classes in a model with continuous response subject to a monotonic, that is, non-decreasing or non-increasing, process with measurement error. A latent class linear mixed model has been introduced to consider measurement error while the monotonic process is accounted for via truncated normal distributions. The main purpose is to classify the response trajectories through the latent classes to better describe the disease progression within homogeneous subpopulations.

Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik Menggunakan Model Student Team Achievement Division (STAD) Pada Pembelajaran Tematik Terpadu di Kelas V

This research is motivated by the low learning outcomes of students, where more than half of the students get lower learning outcomes than the Minimum Learning Completeness (KBM) that has been set. Low learning outcomes are caused by a monotonous learning process, lack of innovation in learning media and models, and teacher-centered learning. To get more optimal learning outcomes, a cooperative learning model of Student Team Achievement Division type is used which is group-based, student-centered and trains students' critical thinking. This study aims to describe the use of cooperative learning model type Student Team Achievement Division in improving the learning outcomes of fifth grade students. This research is a class action research consisting of two cycles. Cycle I consisted of 2 meetings and cycle II consisted of 1 meeting. The data obtained were analyzed by quantitative and qualitative analysis. In the lesson plan assessment, there was an increase from 82.95% in cycle I to 93.18% in cycle II. In teacher activities and learner activities in cycle I, the results were 82.82% and 81.25% respectively and became 93.75% and 93.75% in cycle II. In cycle I, students' learning outcomes in integrated thematic learning obtained a score of 72.82 and became 83.22 in cycle II.

Comparison of Transcription Elongation Rates of Three RNA Polymerases in Real Time.

RNA polymerases (RNAPs) across the bacterial kingdom have retained a conserved structure and function. In spite of the remarkable similarity of the enzyme in different bacteria, a wide variation is found in the promoter-polymerase interaction, transcription initiation, and termination. However, the transcription elongation was considered to be a monotonic process, although the rate of elongation could vary in different bacteria. Such variations in RNAP elongation rates could be important to fine-tune the transcription, which in turn would influence cellular metabolism and growth rates. Here, we describe a quantitative study to measure the transcription rates for the RNAPs from three bacteria, namely, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and Escherichia coli, which exhibit different growth kinetics. The RNA synthesis rates of the RNAPs were calculated from the real-time elongation kinetic profile using surface plasmon resonance through a computational flux flow model. The computational model revealed the modular process of elongation, with different rate profiles for the three RNAPs. Notably, the transcription elongation rates of these RNAPs followed the trend in the growth rates of these bacteria.

PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN WORDWALL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEAKTIFAN BELAJAR PESERTA DIDIK PADA MATA PELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN PANCASILA KELAS IV SDN TLOGOSARI WETAN 01 SEMARANG

Boredom becomes common in the monotonous learning process. Especially in teacher-centered learning alone without any interesting innovations. Therefore, creativity and innovation are needed in driving away boredom and fostering interest in learning in students. With the existence of interesting learning media, it will certainly encourage students to be more enthusiastic in the learning process. The purpose of this study is to determine how much influence the use of wordwall media has on increasing student learning activity in grade IV pancasila education subjects SDN Tlogosari Wetan 01. The research method used in this study is quantitative experiment. This research was carried out during two meetings where in the first meeting it became a control class where in the first meeting researchers still used conventional learning and only used learning videos while in the second meeting became an experimental class, namely researchers using wordwall learning media. The results of research that have been conducted show an increase in student activeness by 55.56%. From these results, it indicates that the use of wordwall-based interactive media can increase student learning motivation effectively and significantly.

Two Monotone Processes of a Replacement Policy for a Repairable System with its Repairman Having Multiple Vacations.

For the maintenance of repairable system with a repairman having multiple vacations using two monotone processes. If the system fails and the repairman is on vacation, it will wait for repair until the repairman is available. Assume the damaged system cannot be repaired “as good as new” and the repairman can be repaired immediately with a probability of p, we optimize replacement policy using increasing alpha series and decreasing partial sum processes. The explicit expression for the expected profit under replacement policy N is derived analytically. And we also a numerical example is given to illustrate the theoretical results of the model mentioned in this paper.

Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik Pada Pembelajaran Tematik Terpadu Menggunakan Model Cooperative Learning Tipe Team Game Tournament (Tgt) Di Kelas V

More than half of students get learning outcomes under the Minimum Learning Mastery that has been set, this is due to the monotonous learning process, the lack of teacher innovation in developing learning models, and teacher-centered learning. To get optimal learning results, the cooperative learning model of the Team Game Tournament type is used which is student center, educative and fun. This study aims to describe the use of the Team Game Tournament (TGT) cooperative learning model in improving the learning outcomes of fifth grade students. This research is a Classroom Action Research consisting of two cycles. Cycle I consisted of 2 meetings and cycle II consisted of 1 meeting. The data obtained were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative analysis. There was an increase in the lesson plan assessment, namely 87.45% in cycle I and 95.4% in cycle II. The activities of teachers and students in cycle I obtained a score of 80.3% and 73.2% respectively and scored 92.8% and 89.2% in cycle II. In integrated thematic learning, students' learning outcomes obtained a score of 72.52 in the first cycle and obtained a score of 83.19 in the cycle II.

Research on Enhanced Situation Awareness Model with DMI Visualization Cues for High-Speed Train Driving

With the rapid increase of high-speed train driving automation, the human-computer interaction of high-speed train driving is changing. It is a major dilemma to maintain a well-interactive process between the driver and the driving system for the intelligent train operation. Nevertheless, the enhancement of the driver’s situation awareness (SA) is an effective way to promote the process of driver-driving system interaction. To achieve this purpose, we proposed an enhanced SA model based on the perceptual cycle model (PCM). The model helps to identify the high-speed train DMI interface elements that affect the different SA level of drivers and provides theoretical support for describing the SA change pattern of driving tasks. We proposed a new display mode (ESA mode) for enhancing driver SA according to this model, and conducted driving simulator experiments to explore the differences of SA change patterns between the ESA mode and the normal mode (NSA mode) for 16 subjects. The experimental results showed that the ESA mode successfully overcame the subjects’ SA recession in the NSA mode. The interaction with enhanced SA can help the driver remain vigilant and further improve the general driving performance during monotonous process of automated high-speed train driving.

Application of Remap-STAD Learning Model to Improve Student Cognitive Learning Outcomes in Teaching and Learning Strategy Course

Monotonous learning process in this case the use of conventional methods that continuously have a significant enough effect on learning outcomes, therefore innovation is needed in carrying out the learning process in the classroom. regards, one innovation is using a new learning model, namely by using Remap-STAD learning model. This study aims to see the improvement of student cognitive learning outcomes who are taught using the Remap-STAD learning model. This research was conducted at Sembilanbelas November Kolaka University. The sample of this study was students of class 2018 offering B who program the Teaching and Learning Strategy course with a total of 27 students. This study used a qualitative approach to the type of classroom action research combined with Lesson Study. Data on cognitive learning outcomes are obtained through essay tests that are supported by observations. The results of this study indicate an increase in the cognitive learning outcomes of students who are taught with the Remap-STAD learning model.

A COMPLEX APPROACH IN ASSESSING RELIABILITY INDICATORS OF ELEMENTS OF TECHNICAL SYSTEMS WHEN DEGRADATION FAILURES OCCUR

The construction and practical use of complexes of mechanical reliability models creates real prerequisites for the transition to resource design of assembly units and aggregates of mobile machines. Therefore, the article solves the tasks of building complexes of inverted stochastic models, which provide the possibility of joint statistical analysis of heterogeneous information about reliability in cases of types of destruction typical for machine elements: during wear and fatigue. A fairly complete and convenient method for solving many problems of mechanical reliability is given for describing a non-stationary monotonic degradation process, which consists in the task of the type of its function or the density of distribution in time segments with parameters that are deterministic monotonic functions of time or working time in load cycles. Such functions should be perceived as parametric. Schemes of models of two main types of degradation processes in machine elements are also given: monotonically increasing, associated with wear and monotonically decreasing, due to fatigue failure. At the same time, the process corresponding to wear is formed by random realizations of a change in the failure parameter over time, and the process characterizing fatigue failure is formed by a set of random individual fatigue curves that depend on cyclic durability. The considered theoretical analysis of the main degradation processes that determine the mechanical reliability of machine elements made it possible to develop a universal approach to building complexes of stochastic reliability models, which provides the possibility of joint statistical evaluation of model parameters for processes caused by wear and tear and fatigue destruction. The practical use of the proposed complexes of mechanical reliability models is expedient both for accelerated assessment and for predicting reliability at the stage of resource design of elements of mobile machines.

Distinguishing between different percolation regimes in noisy dynamic networks with an application to epileptic seizures.

In clinical neuroscience, epileptic seizures have been associated with the sudden emergence of coupled activity across the brain. The resulting functional networks-in which edges indicate strong enough coupling between brain regions-are consistent with the notion of percolation, which is a phenomenon in complex networks corresponding to the sudden emergence of a giant connected component. Traditionally, work has concentrated on noise-free percolation with a monotonic process of network growth, but real-world networks are more complex. We develop a class of random graph hidden Markov models (RG-HMMs) for characterizing percolation regimes in noisy, dynamically evolving networks in the presence of edge birth and edge death. This class is used to understand the type of phase transitions undergone in a seizure, and in particular, distinguishing between different percolation regimes in epileptic seizures. We develop a hypothesis testing framework for inferring putative percolation mechanisms. As a necessary precursor, we present an EM algorithm for estimating parameters from a sequence of noisy networks only observed at a longitudinal subsampling of time points. Our results suggest that different types of percolation can occur in human seizures. The type inferred may suggest tailored treatment strategies and provide new insights into the fundamental science of epilepsy.

Analisis Media Permainan Ular Tangga untuk Meningkatkan Keaktifan Siswa

Many students have not been able to master the learning material. The students do not fully understand the material even though the teacher has explained. Students quickly feel bored with the material taught because of the monotonous learning process, this is what does not give an impression and increase student activeness, so that their learning outcomes are not satisfactory. This is known by researchers when researchers conducted observations at MI Raden Fatah 02 Grobog Wetan, Therefore, researchers have examined using snakes and ladders learning media in an effort to increase student learning activeness in Al-Quran Hadith subjects. And the research objectives in this study are to increase student activeness in learning. The research method used is Classroom Action Research (PTK), which is research intended to provide input on how to take the right action to increase student activeness in learning Al-Quran Hadith. This class action research will be carried out through four stages, namely planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. Then the research subjects in this study were all 6th grade students of MI Raden Fatah 02 consisting of 8 male students and 12 female students. With the application of snakes and ladders learning media, students actively participate in learning activities, students no longer sit still and the results of learning activeness obtained by students in Al-Quran Hadith subjects are in the very good category. This can be proven from the results of observer observations during the research process that students are very active during the learning process. This study concludes that the application of snakes and ladders learning media can increase student learning activeness in the subject of Al-Quran Hadith QS. Al-Qadr.

Heterogeneity dependent cryogenic thermal cycling behavior of metallic glasses: A potential energy landscape perspective

Even though cryogenic thermal cycling (CTC) was well documented to be an effective and non-destructive way to plasticity and toughness of metallic glasses (MGs), non-monotonic (rejuvenation to relaxation and vice versa) and even monotonic relaxation processes were reported frequently and the underlying mechanism is remain unsolved until now. By systematically alter the heterogeneity of a La-based MG via annealing treatment, in the present study, the effect of heterogeneity on CTC induced behavior of the MG were evaluated and analyzed. A typical non-monotonic process, i.e., rejuvenation first and then relaxation, was captured and the cycling number and heterogeneity dependent relaxation enthalpy and hardness were evaluated and extended discussion. The rejuvenation-relaxation process along with other non-monotonic and monotonic processes gathered from previous studies could be interpreted by the perspective of energy potential landscape. Specifically, the location where the corresponding energy state correlated to the specific heterogeneity of the MG located in the energy landscape determined whether rejuvenation or relaxation occurs upon CTC treatment.