Monosyllabic Verbs Research Articles

Development of a XLM-Encoded Machine-Readable Dictionary for Yoruba Word Sense Disambiguation

The development of the disambiguation component of a Yorùbá to English machine translation system is hindered by several factors. One of these is the lack of machine readable sense inventory for ambiguous Yorùbá words. This study addressed the problem by developing a machine readable dictionary for ambiguous Yoruba verbs. To achieve this, ambiguous Yorba verbs and their translations were collected from existing bilingual dictionaries. The collected lexicons were transformed into machine readable format using the Extensible Markup Language (XML) Format. The accuracy of translation of the machine readable dictionary was evaluated using mean opinion score, with a score of 4.37 over the scale of 5. This study covered the total number of ninety-three (93) monosyllabic verbs with two hundred and forty-one (241) senses, which gives a coverage of 69.5% of the ambiguous monosyllabic verbs in Yoruba Language. The sense inventory was also used as a component of a Yoruba Word Sense Disambiguation system, and an accuracy of 94.6% was achieved. This study concludes that the digitized data can increase the accuracy of Word Sense Disambiguation component of a Yorùbá to English machine translation system.

ON THE IRREGULARITY OF THE PRESENT TENSE SUFFIXES IN TURKISH

Türkçede geniş zaman ekleri, çok değişim göstermemiş eklerden olup Türkçenin tarihî dönemlerinden günümüze kadar hem işlev hem de biçim olarak korunabilmiştir. Ancak bazı geniş zaman eklerinin eylemlere gelişinde geçmişten günümüze bazı değişimler ve tutarsızlıklara sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Bu tutarsızlıklar çok derin olmasa da birtakım belirsizliklere neden olmaktadır. Bu açıdan, karışıklığı önlemek amacıyla, hangi eylemlere hangi eklerin geldiğine dair dilbilimsel bir çözüm üretmek gerekmektedir. Bu çözüm, eylemlere gelen eklerin geliş nedenlerinin belirlenme çabasıyla mümkün olabilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı bu çözümün ne olduğunu belirlemek üzerinedir. Çalışmada tarama yöntemiyle Türkçe Sözlük’te yer alan tüm eylemler listelenmiş ve eylemlerin aldığı geniş zaman ekleri belirlenmiştir. Tek heceli eylemlerde sonu ‘-l, -n, -r’ akıcı ünsüzlerle biten eylemlerde bir tutarsızlık olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Morfolojik değişimin fonetikle ilgili olduğu görülmüştür. Belirlenmiş bu eylemlerin aldıkları geniş zaman eklerinin belirlenmesiyle anadil konuşuru ile birlikte Türk dili öğretiminde de geniş zaman ekinin kullanımıyla ilgili belirsizlik giderilmiş olacaktır.

‘매매하다’류 동사들의 역사적 변천과정과 ‘賣’와 ‘買’의 본질적 속성 연구

This thesis is about the diachronic evolution of the verbs of “buy and sell”. There was “mai(卖)”、“mai(买)”、“gou(购)”、“xiao(销)”、“shou(售)”、“yu(鬻)”、“fan(贩)”。“mai(卖)” and “mai(买)” mianly used the dominant word for the concept of “buy and sell” among them from ancient times till modern times。This thisis focused on the research for verbs of “buy and sell” had semantic features, and found out the reason why there was no the historical replacement of “mai(卖)” and “mai(买)” with the any word in this semantic field.BR It also described the formation of various compound words, and how monosyllabic verb is developed various compound words. In addition, it showed the formation of verbs of “buy and sell” and “qu(取)”、“jin(进)”、“chu(出)”、“gei(给)” and the reason why the verbs for the concept of “buy and sell” frequently collocate with it.BR Finally, Recently, more and more attention had paid to typology. from the typology of view, it showed the reason why “mai(卖)” to be an ergative verb among “mai(卖)” and “mai(买)”.

‘팔다’류 동사의 역사적 고찰과 그 특징

This paper is about the diachronic evolution of the verbs of “sell”. There was “mai(卖)”、“fan(贩)”、“yu(鬻)”、“xiao(销)”、“shou(售)”. “mai(卖)” have been the dominant word for the concept of “sell” among them from ancient times till modern times. This paper focused on the research for verbs of “sell” has semantic features, and found out the reason why there was no the historical replacement of “mai(卖)” with the other word in this semantic field. It also described the formation of various compound words, and how monosyllabic verb is developed various compound words. In addition, it showed the formation of verbs of “sell” and “chu(出)”、“gei(给)” and the reason why the verbs for the concept of “sell” frequently collocate with it. Finally, Recently, more and more attention has been paid to typology. from the typology of view, it showed the reason why “mai(卖)” to be an ergative verb.

‘파다’류 동사들의 특징과 역사적 변천과정

This paper is about the diachronic evolution of the verbs of “dig”. There was “wa(挖)”、“jue(掘)”、“zao(凿)”、“wan(剜)”、“jue(抉)”. “jue(掘)” mainly used among them from ancient times to Ming Dynasty. “Wa(挖)” had turned into the dominant word for the concept of “dig” from Qing Dynasty till modern times. This paper focused on the research for the usage of members in the semantic field from ancient times to Qing Dynasty and analysis of the historical replacement of “jue(掘)” with “wa(挖)” as well as its causes.BR It also described the formation of compound words composed of synonyms, and how monosyllabic verb is developed a compounded words composed of synonyms. In addition, it showed the formation of verbs of “dig” and “chu(出)”、“qu(取)”、“cheng(成)” and the reason why the verbs for the concept of “dig” frequently collocate with it.BR Finally, from the typology of view, it showed the reason why the verbs of “dig” to be an ergative verb. The author studied verbs of “dig” has three semantic features, and found out the reason why the verb of “dig”, which has second semantic feature, can convert to ergative verb.

Word order variation in Chinese existential constructions with V-măn

AbstractUnderTalmy’s (2000a)framework of Figure and Ground segregation, this paper examines the word order variation between constructions [NPFigureV-mănNPGround] and [NPGroundV-mănNPFigure] regarding Chinese existential phenomenon, that is,Mìfēng fēi-măn le huāyuán. ‘Bees swarm in the garden.’ andHuāyuán fēi-măn le mìfēng.‘The garden swarms with bees.’In this data-driven study, 263 monosyllabic verbs are investigated and 1456 news texts are collected for a quantitative analysis. This study has successfully identified linguistic factors that can better account for the distributional patterns of the word order alternation in the corpora. Results of the VARBRUL analysis indicate that topicality of the post verbal NP and definiteness of Figure NP play a relatively crucial role in determining the word order choice, while semantic type of verb and animacy of Figure NP are less influential. This paper presents a variationist perspective on the motivations that trigger the use of Chinese existential construction [NPGroundV-mănNPFigure].

A Review of Toyin Falọla. Cultural Modernity in a Colonized World: The Writings of Chief Isaac Oluwole Delanọ. Pan-African University Press, 2020, 739 pages. Toyin Falọla and Michael O. Afọlayan eds. Isaac O. Delanọ A Dictionary of Yoruba Monosyllabic Verbs Edited with an Introduction. Pan-African University Press, 2020, 538 pages. Toyin Falọla and Michael O. Afọlayan eds. Selected Works of

Yes, the Yoruba Studies Review has asked me to write a “comprehensive review of the three books released on Chief Isaac Delanọ.” However, because Toyin Falọla had already committed 739 pages for an unsurpassed chronicle and review of the times, life, works, and classics of Doctor Isaac Oluwọle Delanọ, it would be pretentious of me to claim any attempt to do a comprehensive review of the three books. What I will do is to make a modest introduction Book Review 296 Bola Dauda of Delanọ’s long buried or an unheralded intellectual legacy. While Samuel Ajayi Crowther laid the foundation for the transition of Yoruba culture from oral to written literatures, Delanọ provided the guideline manuals, the methodological rubrics, and the compass and roadmaps for the studies and development of modern Yoruba orthography, linguistics, anthropological historiography, literatures, spirituality, and nation building. He was the first Administrative Secretary of the Ẹgbẹ Ọmọ Oduduwa, a cultural organization that became a political party in Nigeria at the dawn of Nigeria’s independence in the 1950s.

A closer look at IIsaac Oluwole Delano’s A Dictionary of Yoruba Monosyllabic Verbs

What follows is a revised version of our introductory segment to Isaac O. Delano’s A Dictionary of Yoruba Monosyllabic Verbs. In it, we provided a historical narrative of the emergence of the dictionary as the main tool for lexicographers. We also attempted to construct the historical assumptions of what could be construed as the value of a dictionary. We spoke to the utility of the dictionary and lamented over its obvious underutilization. We then went ahead to provide the various types of dictionaries and their value as a modern research tool. With the introduction, and having established the significance of a dictionary, we looked specifically at Delano’s pioneering work of the monosyllabic dictionary specifically.

‘摘下’류 동사들의 역사적 고찰

This paper investigates the diachronic evolution of the verbs of “摘下(zhaixia)”. The verbs of “摘下(zhaixia)” express the concept of “pick off/ take off”. To express the concept of “pick off”，There are “采”(cai)、“摘”(zhai)、“擷”(xie). To express the concept of “take off”，There are “摘”(zhai)、“释”(shi)、“免”(mian)、“解(jie)”、“除(chu)”. Among the verb to express the concept of “pick off”, “采”(cai) is the main used from ancient times to Tang Dynasty. Among the verb to express the concept of “take off”, “释”(shi) is the main used from ancient times to Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties. “摘”(zhai) has turned into the dominant word for the concept of “pick off/ take off ” from Song Dynasty till modern times. This paper investigates the usage of members in the semantic field from ancient times to Qing Dynasty and analyzes the historical replacement of “采”(cai)、“释”(shi) with “摘”(zhai) as well as its causes.<BR> This paper also with formation of synonymy coordinate disyllables as the object of the research, described that monosyllabic verb was how to develop a synonymy coordinate disyllables. In addition, this paper also with researched the relationship of verbs of “摘下 (zhaixia) ” and “取”(qu)、“去”(qu)、“下”(Xia) and found the reason why the verbs for the concept of “摘下(zhaixia)” often collocate with it.<BR> Final, This paper Showed the distribution of regional dialect of verbs of “摘下(zhaixia)”.

‘잠에서 깨다’류 동사의 역사적 변천과정

This paper investigates the diachronic evolution of the verbs of “wake up from sleep”. To express the concept of “wake up”, “醒”(xing), “覺”(jiao), “寤”(wu) is used from ancient times till modern times. “覺”(jiao) is the main used from ancient times to Tang Dynasty. “醒”(xing) took over “覺”(jiao) in Song Dynasty. This paper investigates the usage of members in the semantic field from ancient times to Tang Dynasty and analyzes the historical replacement of “覺”(jiao) with “醒”(xing) as well as its causes. This paper also described that monosyllabic verb was how to develop the various of disyllabic words. In addition, this paper also with researched the relationship of verbs of “wake up from sleep” and “過來”(guolai) and found the reason why the words for the concept of “wake up from sleep” often collocate with it. Final, This paper Showed the distribution of regional dialect of verbs of “wake up from sleep”.

First Appearance of Phrasal Verbs Consisting of “Monosyllabic Verb of French Origin + Preposition” in the Oxford English Dictionary

First Appearance of Phrasal Verbs Consisting of “Monosyllabic Verb of French Origin + Preposition” in the Oxford English Dictionary

중국어 ‘자다’류 의미장에 관한 역사적 소고

This paper investigates the diachronic evolution of the verbs of “Sleep”. To express the concept of “Sleep”，“寝”(qin), “眠”(mian), “寐”(mei), “卧”(wo), “睡”(shui) is used from ancient times till modern times. “寝”(qin) is the main used from ancient times. “卧”(wo) took over “寝”(qin) in XiHan Dynasties. “眠”(mian) took over “卧”(wo) in Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties. “睡”(shui) has turned into the dominant word for the concept of “Sleep” from Tang Dynasties till modern times. This paper investigates the usage of members in the semantic field from ancient times to Tang Dynasty and analyzes the historical replacement of “寝”(qin), “眠”(mian), “卧”(wo) with “睡”(shui) as well as its causes.BR This paper also with formation of synonymy coordinate disyllables as the object of the research, described that monosyllabic verb was how to develop a synonymy coordinate disyllables. In addition, this paper also with researched the relationship of verbs of “Sleep” and “着”(Zhao)，“下”(Xia)’ and found the reason why the words for the concept of “Sleep” often collocate with it.

Vowel unpredictability in Hijazi Arabic monosyllabic verbs

We study the distribution of vowels in the monosyllabic verbs of Urban Hijazi Arabic, showing that speakers use the presence of a root emphatic consonant to partially predict the quality of stem vowels. The effect of the emphatic is observed in the lexicon, and is productively extended to nonce verbs, showing that speakers generalize over lexical representations that include both vowels and consonants; the purely consonantal representations that are commonly assumed for Arabic are insufficient to capture speakers’ knowledge of consonant-vowel interactions. We propose a probabilistic analysis that learns lexical trends from surface forms and extends them productively to nonce words.

Glide formation is not motivated by onset requirement in Malawian Tonga, glide epenthesis is

This article discusses the distinct motivations for glide epenthesis and glide formation in hiatus contexts in Malawian Tonga. It argues that glide epenthesis is triggered by the need to create a canonical syllable structure, one that has a proper onset, while glide formation (and deletion where glide formation is disallowed) derives from an avoidance of vowel sequences. Furthermore, glide epenthesis seems to apply where the prefixes are affixed to the prosodified constituents, while glide formation is used when the prefix has been affixed to a morphological constituent. Empirical evidence has been derived from the realisation that the constituent whose onset is the epenthetic glide can also stand on its own as a phonological word/stem such as in citation or imperative form. In other words, glide insertion may occur where there is hiatus involving a prefix and a stem, but it also occurs before vowel-initial words/stems in situations where there is no hiatus. The second piece of evidence is based on optional insertion of featurally unspecified syllables between prefixes and monosyllabic verbs, which is an indication that certain prefixes optionally require that they be affixed to a proper prosodic constituent, one that has a proper onset or one that is minimally bisyllabic.

“取得”类单音节动词的双音节词化历程

“取得”类单音节动词的双音节词化历程

중국어 ‘마시다’류 동사들의 역사적 변천과정

This paper investigates the diachronic evolution of the verbs of “drink”. The verbs of “drink” are “喝(he)”, “吃(chi)”, “饮(yin)”, “啜(chuo)”, “歃(sha)”. “饮(yin)”, “啜(chuo)”, “歃 (sha)” was existed in ancient time. “饮(yin)” among them was the main used from ancient to Yuan Dynasty. The new word “吃(chi)”emerged in Tang Dynasty and took over “饮(yin)” from Ming Dynasty up to Qing Dynasty. “喝(he)”emerged in Yuan Dynasty and took over “吃(chi)” from Qing Dynasty up to Now. With research of regional divergence, “喝(he)” that mainly distributed in the north is common words in Morden time.BR This paper also with formation of synonymy coordinate disyllables as the object of the research, described that monosyllabic verb was how to develop a synonymy coordinate disyllables. In addition, this paper also with researched the relationship of verbs of “drink” and ‘幹(gan)’，‘光(guang)’，‘醉(zui)’ and found the reason why the words for the concept of “drink” often collocate with it.

Interactions between prosody and morphosyntax in Fuzhou VO phrases

Abstract This study examines how tone sandhi domains (TSDs) are determined in Fuzhou. The data include: (i) regular verb-object phrases (VOs) where the verb takes a direct bare noun object; and (ii) non-canonical VOs where the verb takes an adverbial expression as a surface object. Several observations are made. First, a three-way sandhi exists within every TSD. All antepenultimate syllables neutralize to low tones. A penultimate syllable’s sandhi tone is dependent on the final syllable’s citation tone, which remains unchanged. Second, in regular VOs, a monosyllabic verb consistently forms a single TSD with its direct bare noun object, but a disyllabic verb and its object are separated into two TSDs. Third, in non-canonical VOs, a monosyllabic verb never forms a single TSD with its adverbial object. Three questions are raised. First, what is the nature of each TSD? Second, why does the number of syllables in a verb determine the distinct TSDs formed in regular VOs? Third, how can we account for the different patterns of TSD formation in two types of VOs? We propose that each TSD equals to a prosodic word (PrWd). OT analyses are provided to show how PrWds are derived. The analysis of regular VOs relies on the ranking of a prosodic markedness constraint ft bin above the word-level interface correspondence constraints. The contrast between two types of VOs is explained by applying the model of Multiple Spell-Out and a cyclic interaction of morphosyntax and prosody. This approach is new in explaining the TSDs that are constrained by morphosyntax.

The constructionalization and constructional change of noncanonical V-NP expressions in Mandarin Chinese

AbstractThis paper investigates the process of constructionalization and constructional change of apparently noncanonical yet highly frequent V-NP expressions in Mandarin Chinese, which exist in other languages as well (e.g., Southeast Asian languages and African languages). A corpus-based survey of 20 frequently used monosyllabic verbs shows that both the token and the type frequency of the noncanonical V-NP expressions have on the whole been increasing throughout the history of the Chinese language. From a constructional perspective, it is proposed that the noncanonical V-NP structure has gone through a process of grammatical constructionalization and constructional change (Traugott &amp; Trousdale 2013), which involves diachronic changes in productivity, schematicity and compositionality and which is manifested in the increasing number of the semantic types of postverbal NPs.

The morphosyntactic status of zamu- and ku- in Malawian Tonga

Tonga is a language that is spoken in many Bantu communities. This paper, however, focuses on the Malawian Tonga, a southern Bantu language spoken mainly in Nkhata Bay, a lakeshore district in northern Malawi. The paper investigates the morphosyntactic status of the morpheme zamu- (commonly viewed as a future tense marker), and the morpheme ku- which is found only between zamu- and monosyllabic verb stems or vowel-initial verb stems or object markers in the distant future and not in any other verb tense/aspect (e.g. the simple past, the present perfect and the distant past verb formations) within the verbal morphosyntax. This type of ku- has been analysed previously as an epenthetic syllable [ku]. This paper makes three fresh suggestions: (1) that the distant future morpheme zamu- is an auxiliary verb, rather than a tense marker; (2) that the morpheme ku- is an infinitive marker, rather than an epenthetic syllable; and (3) that zamu- subcategorises for an infinitival complement, rather than it being selected for by ku-. The fact that ku- is an infinitive marker is supported by a number of factors. The suggested analysis also solves the problem of what appears to be bidirectional dependencies by ku-, which is untypical of affixes.

Phonetic structure of Intonational prominence in 3 Dene/Athabasakn (ISO den) languages

In this paper, we examine the prosodic structure of Y/N Q’s and focus constructions in three related Dene/Athabaskan tone languages spoken in North American: Navajo, Dene Sųline, and North Slavey (Deline), known for their complex polysynthesis, representing a geographically widespread language family, from the American Southwest (Navajo), to northern Alberta (Dene Sųline) to the arctic (North Slavey). These languages share a strikingly similar phonetic inventory and morphological structure. One interesting feature is the phonotactic structure of the morphology—the monosyllabic verb stem is the location of phonemic contrasts: outside the stem the contrasts are severely reduced, making the stems phonemically and phonetically prominent. The stems are the rightmost elements in the verbal complex and in a sentence (verb final). Navajo has been argued to lack any kind of intonational prominence, but the northern languages show more typical prominence marking. In this study we lay out the difference associated to the demarcation of boundaries and prominence: duration and the acoustic correlates of pitch accent events associated with focus and YN/Q’s and boundary marking. Data is taken from conversation games models on map tasks. Findings indicate while phonetically and morphologically similar great variety is found in the prosody.In this paper, we examine the prosodic structure of Y/N Q’s and focus constructions in three related Dene/Athabaskan tone languages spoken in North American: Navajo, Dene Sųline, and North Slavey (Deline), known for their complex polysynthesis, representing a geographically widespread language family, from the American Southwest (Navajo), to northern Alberta (Dene Sųline) to the arctic (North Slavey). These languages share a strikingly similar phonetic inventory and morphological structure. One interesting feature is the phonotactic structure of the morphology—the monosyllabic verb stem is the location of phonemic contrasts: outside the stem the contrasts are severely reduced, making the stems phonemically and phonetically prominent. The stems are the rightmost elements in the verbal complex and in a sentence (verb final). Navajo has been argued to lack any kind of intonational prominence, but the northern languages show more typical prominence marking. In this study we lay out the difference associated ...