Monosodium Research Articles

Speciation studies of a Bisphosphonate Drug. New thermodynamic insights of Sodium Alendronate with Ca2+ and Mg2+ in NaCl aqueous solution (0.10 ≤ I/mol kg-1 ≤ 1.02)

The thermodynamics of interaction of a second-generation bisphosphonate drug, 4-amino-1-hydroxy-1-phosphonobutyl phosphonic acid mono sodium (sodium alendronate) with H+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ has been investigated. The protonation constants were determined in NaCl and (C2H5)4NI aqueous solutions at different ionic strengths (0.10 ≤ I/mol kg-1(H2O) ≤ 1.02) and temperatures (288.15 ≤ T/K ≤ 310.15) by using the ISE-[H+] potentiometry. The differences of the log KiH in the two ionic media were interpreted in terms of activity coefficient variations and formation of Na+ weak complexes. The interactions with Mg2+ and Ca2+ were studied in NaCl(aq) (0.10 ≤ I/ mol kg-1 (H2O) ≤ 1.02) and T = 298.15 K. Two different speciation models were obtained; Ca2+: CaH2L, CaHL, CaL. Mg2+: MgH3L, MgH2L, MgHL, MgL. The dependence of the thermodynamic parameters on the ionic strength and temperature was modelled by means of the Specific Ion Interaction Theory (SIT) and a modified Debye-Hückel equation including a term for the dependence on T/K. The first two protonation equilibria are exothermic, and the reactions are not favoured by an increase of the temperature whilst the last two are endothermic. The entropic contribution resulted to be the driving force of the reactions. The sequestering ability of alendronate towards the two metal cations was quantified by means of the pL0.5 parameter calculated at different pHs and ionic strengths. It resulted that alendronate has a higher sequestration toward Mg2+ with respect to Ca2+. A simulation of the alendronate behaviour in human blood plasma was carried out.

Comparative Study to Assess the Safety and Effectiveness of Allopurinol & Febuxostat in Patients Diagnosed with Gout

Introduction: Gout is placed under the umbrella term ‘arthritis’ - a wide variety of joint illness and joint pain. Some types of arthritis cause inflammation in the joints, while others do not. It is the most prevalent form of inflammatory arthritis which arises due to the elevated levels of Serum Uric acid (SUA), leading to the deposition of Mono Sodium Urate (MSU) crystals in and around joints. burden of gout has risen in recent decades with a prevalence rate of <1% to 6.8% and the patients with gout may have significant medical comorbidity load asociated with pain, disability and activity limitation which inturn affects the patients’ Health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Several drugs are used to treat acute attacks of gout which includes Colchicine, Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and Corticosteroids. Long term management of gout focuses on lowering SUA level to normal (<0.36mmol/L). There are two major classes of drugs used to reduce SUA levels, Urate-lowering therapy (ULT), specifically Uricosuric drugs and Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOIs). Hence, it is necessary to compare the safety and effectiveness of Allopurinol and Febuxostat used in the management of gout and there is a growing need to research the impact of gout on patients’ HRQOL inorder to improve productivity and QOL of patients. Objectives: The goal of the study was to compare the safety and effectiveness of Allopurinol and Febuxostat in patients diagnosed with Gout. The study also aimed to assess the effect of these on renal profile and the study further assessed the Health-related quality of life of the patients. Methodology: This was an observational study conducted in the selected Orthopedic clinics in T. Dasarahalli, Bengaluru District for a period of 6 months by enrolling 50 subjects, based on various inclusion and exclusion criteria. The subject’s demographic details, laboratory data and responses were collected with the help of a self-designed questionnaire. ...........

Chronic tophaceous gout – A case report

Gout is an inflammatory arthritis associated with functional impairment and impact on quality of life. It arises when the tissues are supersaturated with urate leading to the formation of mono sodium urate crystals in and around the joints. This causes an inflammatory cascade resulting in secretion of several proinflammatory cytokines and neutrophil recruitment into the joint.A 60 years old male patient presented with complaints of swelling in the posterior aspect of left elbow since 2 years and pain since 15 days. Examination revealed soft tissue swellings in multiple joints including metatarsophalangeal joint. Renal function tests show increased Uric acid (8.6mg/dl). On Gross examination, we received fibrofatty mass measuring 3.5x1.5x1 cm. Cut-section showed white flakes ? Calcifications. On microscopy, sections studied show fibrocollagenous tissue with several tophi made up of pink eosinophilic material surrounded by foreign body giant cell reaction and lymphocytes. There are several cystic spaces filled with calcareous debris.Hyperuricemia is the key risk factor for gout and is considered prerequisite for mono sodium urate crystal formation. Urate under excretion through kidney is the major mechanism for hyperuricemia. Tophus formation is the cardinal feature of advanced gout.

A systemic review on probable role of Pathya Apathya Aahar in Vaatrakta with special references to Gouty Arthritis

Pathya Aahar is a conducive diet which has beneficial effect over the body and mind without causing any untoward effect. Apathya Aahar is a deleterious diet which is harmful to physical and mental well being. In Ayurveda, Pathya has been described according to Dosha, Dushya, Deha Prakriti and Vyadhi.[1] When we choose a diet for a disease based on Pathya Kalpna that pacify vitiated Doshas, improve the action of the Aushadhi, fight against pathogens, and clear the Srotas. It is very much necessary for the patients to have the food which will keep their Dhatu in healthy state and will not let them get vitiated more from Doshas. Vatarakta is the disease which is caused by vitiation of Vata as well as Rakta. Aggravated Vata is blocked by vitiated Rakta, in turn leading to further aggravation of Vata. Gout[2] is a common form of inflammatory arthritis that is very painful. Gout[3] happens when urate, builds up and forms needle-shaped mono sodium urate crystals in the joints. Urate comes from purines, which are found in body’s tissues and many foods. Dietary adjustments based on nutrient composition should be an important component of routine care for gout. Wholesome Diet play a vital role in prevention and treatment of Vatrakta (Gout).

Does Monosodium Urate Crystal Vascular Deposition Exist? Review of the Evidence

Cardiovascular disease in gout is a central issue, but the underlying mechanisms linking the two are unclear. The existence of monosodium (MSU) crystal deposition directly inflaming vessel walls has been recurrently suggested and challenged since the 1950s and is again a matter of active debate since recent studies using dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) suggested a higher prevalence of plaques considered to be containing MSU crystals in patients with gout. The objective of this review is to critically cover the evidence gathered on MSU crystal deposition in the cardiovascular system. In patients affected with gout, histological evidence of MSU crystals in arteries lacks a biochemical characterization supporting the observation in polarized light microscopy, while current knowledge on vascular lesions identified in DECT as containing MSU crystals suggests that they may be only artifacts, including in cadaveric and phantom studies. In individuals without gout, MSU crystal deposition in vessel walls have not been demonstrated, despite higher urate local plaque concentrations and increased xanthine oxidase activity. Gout is associated with increased arterial calcification and atherosclerosis, both being potential confounders of suspected MSU crystal deposition for the analysis of DECT scans and histopathology, respectively. In summary, the reality of the presence of MSU crystals in vascular plaques has not been demonstrated so far, and needs further investigation as it represents a potential outcome for cardiovascular complications of gout.

Bilinçli Helal Gıda Tüketimi Kapsamında Katkı Maddeleri

People need food to survive. Today, population growth, technological developments and globalization are influencing and shaping the food sector in many ways, especially in terms of speed, convenience, and cheap production. The topic of "halal food," which arose in the setting of these reasons, raises Muslims' religious consciousness and sensitivity. In this context, to achieve halal and conscious consumption, it is very important to know the meaning of halal food terms and the criteria that influence the religious judgement of food. This study investigates the additives found in halal food intake. In addition to the halal concept, which serves as the study's foundation, the impacts of additives and the diseases they induce are investigated. Without a doubt, the fact that a food is halal does not imply that it is clean. The Holy Qur'an promotes the use of halal and clean foods from the earth. The additives investigated here in the context of halal and cleanliness have generated the halal food certificate that the Muslim population is particularly interested in and desires to see in the substances consumed. As a result, it is evident how critical it is to understand the content and effect of additives that may be antithetical to the concept of cleanliness due to their harmful effects on health, even if they are halal. This study helps to raise awareness about ingesting additives in the world of halal food through accurate information and Islamic consciousness. All of this is explored in the context of the definition of additives such as Mono Sodium Glutamate, which we regularly hear about in ingested foods, as well as why they are utilized and the impacts of these additions. The perspective of Islamic Law on these concerns is shown within the scope of the research by using current packaged food examples. In addition to traditional sources, theses, articles, and papers on halal food were examined during the preparation of this study. One noteworthy source in this regard is the work titled "Current Religious Issues Consultation Meeting-IV Halal Food Today" organized by the Turkish Presidency of Religious Affairs in Afyonkarahisar on November 26-28, 2011. Again, as an up-to-date approach, the fatwas of the Presidency of the Supreme Council of Religious Affairs on halal food are included in the study. There is a widespread belief in society that items with halal food certificates are prepared in line with Islamic criteria and that consuming these products is safe. For halal and conscious consumption, it is critical to understand the authorization processes of these substances in the international health market in terms of danger to health. As a result, E-coded additives derived from plants, microbes, or animals must be examined. In this context, it is critical to provide information that promotes halal awareness of food content as well as alternate solution options. In a process where sensitivity to halal food consumption is growing by the day, the issue of halal food will keep its current position and importance as a worldwide concern. As a result, it is critical to enhance the amount of studies on healthful, easy, and accessible foods with halal and clean content. This is expected to raise sensitivity and societal awareness about halal food consumption.

GOUTY TOPHUS MASQUERADING AS DIABETIC FOOT DIAGNOSED ON FNAC : A CASE REPORT

Nodular swelling around joints can be a dilemma in diagnosis for clinicians as well as pathologists. Any periarticular swelling has a wide range of differential diagnosis. We here present a case of 52 yr old male with uncontrolled diabetes presenting with nodular swelling at right lateral malleolus misdiagnosed as diabetic foot .FNAC revealed presence of Mono Sodium Urate crystals. In further investigation high serum uric levels were detected and diagnosis of gouty tophus was made. We here highlight the role of FNAC as a diagnostic tool for Gouty Tophus.

Determination of Monosodium Glutamate in Noodles Using a Simple Spectrofluorometric Method based on an Emission Turn-on Approach

A simple, fast, and ecofriendly spectrofluorometric method was developed and validated for determination of mono sodium glutamate (MSG). The method depended on the reaction between MSG and iron (III) salicylate based on ligand exchange mechanism. Addition of MSG turned-on the fluorescent response of iron (III) salicylate at λem 411 nm. Reaction conditions including reagent concentration, pH, and time were optimized. The method was validated regarding the ICH guidelines. The method determined MSG within the linearity range of 25—250 µM with a coefficient of determination of 0.9967 and a calculated limit of detection of 1.73 µM. Furthermore, the developed method was successfully applied for the determination of MSG in food preparation (instant noodles). The results were compared to those obtained by a published HPLC method using t-test and F-test at 95% confidence interval; no statistically significant difference was found. Based on the analytical Eco-scale and the green analytical procedure index (GAPI), the developed method was assessed to be greener than the published HPLC method. The developed method offered advantages over other spectrophotometric reported methods and was convenient for routine determination of MSG in foodstuffs.

XRD and FTIR of Ascorbic Acid and Monosodium Glutamate Food Additives

There are a numerous count of food additives consumed by human every day, in this research paper we focused on XRD and FTIR physical characterization of ascorbic acid and mono sodium glutamate as two of the most common used food additives, The structural analysis of ascorbic acid reveals that it has a monoclinic crystal structure with particle size in the nanoscale (41.496 ± 12.96 nm). While the structural analysis for monosodium glutamate reveals that it has a polycrystalline nature with particle size in the Nano scale (40.13 ± 12.6 nm).

Sodium Danshensu protects against oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced astrocytes injury through regulating NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and tuberous sclerosis complex-2 (TSC2)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways.

Cerebral ischemic stroke is a serious condition with high incidence, mortality, and associated disability. Currently, effective therapeutic options are available for ischemic stroke are limited. Accumulating evidence indicates that sodium Danshensu, mono sodium compound derived from Salvia miltiorrhiza, plays protective roles in ischemic stroke. However, the underlying protective mechanism of sodium Danshensu in cerebral ischemic stroke remains unknown. In the current study, we explored the role and mechanism of sodium Danshensu on astrocytes exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R), which mimics the process of ischemia-reperfusion. The impact of sodium Danshensu on cell viability and apoptosis after OGD/R were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dophenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot were used to detect the expression of target messenger RNA (mRNA) and proteins associated with apoptosis and autophagy. The release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was determined, and the production of proinflammatory cytokines were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. It was found that sodium Danshensu could significantly increase cell viability and decrease LDH release and apoptosis. Besides, it inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. Sodium Danshensu also dose-dependently decreased protein and mRNA levels of nucleotide binding oligomerization NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), which play a crucial role in promoting ischemic stroke-induced cell injury. Moreover, sodium Danshensu dose-dependently upregulated Beclin 1 expression, downregulated P62 protein expression, and further increased LC3B-II/LC3B-I ratio through inducing autophagy in astrocytes. Additionally, we noticed that sodium Danshensu dose-dependently increased tuberous sclerosis complex-2 (TSC2) protein expression, while significantly reduced the levels of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the presence of OGD/R insult. These findings suggest that sodium Danshensu protects against OGD/R-induced injury by modulating the NLRP3 inflammasome and TSC2/mTOR pathways.

Warm needling reduces oxidative damage and inflammation of cartilage in knee osteoarthritis rats

To observe the effect of warm needling on the expression of oxidative stress related factors and pro-inflammatory factors in cartilage of mono sodium iodoacetate (MIA) induced knee osteoarthritis (KOA) model rats, so as to explore its mechanisms underlying improvement of KOA. Sixty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: control, model, acupuncture, moxibustion,warm needling, with 12 rats in each group. Rats of the acupuncture, moxibustion,warm needling groups received manual acupuncture or moxibustion or both stimulation of "Zusanli" (ST36) for 15 minutes, once a day for 21 days beginning from the third day after modeling. The foot volume was measured by drainage method, and the plantar mechanical contraction reflex threshold (mechanical pain threshold, MPT) measured by using an electronic pain meter. After 21 days of treatment, the histopathological changes of knee joint were observed by HE staining, and Mankin score was calculated to evaluate the degree of cartilage destruction. The malondialdehyde (MDA) level was measured by colorimetry, and immunofluorescence staining was used to observe the expression of NOX2, SOD2 or IL-1β. Compared with the control group, the knee joint swelling volume from the 3rd day after modeling, Mankin score, MDA level, and the number of NOX2 and IL-1β positive cells were significantly increased (P<0.01, P<0.05), while the MPT from the 3rd day after modeling, and the number of SOD2 positive cells were considerably decreased (P<0.01) in the model group. After the interventions, the increased levels of the knee joint swelling volume from the 12th day after modeling, and the Mankin score, MDA level, NOX2 and IL-1β positive cells, and the levels of decreased MPT from the 9th day after modeling and SOD2 positive cell number were reversed in the acupuncture, moxibustion,warm needling groups (P<0.05, P<0.01), and the effects of warm needling were significantly superior to those of simple manual acupuncture and simple moxibustion in down-regulating knee joint volume, Mainkin score, MDA le-vel, and NOX2 and IL-1β positive cells, and in up-regulating MPT from the 12th day after modeling, and the number of SOD2 positive cells (P<0.05). No significant differences were found between the acupuncture and moxibustion groups in the levels of all the indexes mentioned above (P>0.05). HE staining showed rough and damaged articular surface, with subchondral neovascularization and moderate connective tissue hyperplasia, and abundant lymphocyte and monocyte infiltration in the model group, which was milder in the acupuncture, moxibustion groups particularly in the warm needling group after 21 days' interventions. Warm needling can relieve knee joint pain, swelling and inflammatory damage in KOA rats, which may be associated with its function in inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation in the cartilage of KOA. The therapeutic effect of warm needling is better than that of manual acupuncture and moxibustion alone.

Functional and technological characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Turkish dry-fermented sausage (sucuk).

In this study, 10 lactic acid bacteria were isolated from Turkish fermented sausage (sucuk) and identified as 5 Lactobacillus plantarum, 1 Pediococcus acidilactici, 1 Weissella hellenica, 1 Lactobacillus pentosus, and 2 Lactobacillus sakei. PCR screening of genes encoding plantaricin A and pediocin showed the presence of plantaricin A gene in 9 and pediocin gene in 3 of strains. All isolates showed antibacterial and antifungal effect on most of the tested microorganisms. gad gene, encoding glutamic acid decarboxylase enzyme, was detected in all isolates except Weisella hellenica KS-24. Eight of isolates were determined as gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) producer in the presence of 53mM mono sodium glutamate (MSG) by HPLC and TLC analysis. DPPH scavenging activity was observed for all isolates. Additionally, isolates were able to produce exopolysaccharide in the presence of sucrose. The best exopolysaccharide (EPS) production was achieved with L. plantarum KS-11 and L. pentosus KS-27. As a result, this study characterized some techno-functional properties of LAB isolates from sucuk. It was concluded that the isolates studied have the potential to be used in obtaining functional products in meat industry, as well as strain selection may be effective in providing the desired properties in the product.

A comparison of mutagenic potential of Aji-no-Moto with a traditional chemical mutagen on microsporogenesis in barley (Hordeum vulagre L.)

Aji-no-Moto or Mono Sodium Glutamate (MSG) is a flavour enhancer being used extensively in South East Asian cuisine. The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology for the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has concluded that MSG is safe when "eaten at customary levels" but there is still great confusion regarding its toxicity at higher concentrations. Therefore, it was decided to assess the mutagenic efficacy of MSG on a plant system and present the findings as a model for probably similar effects in the animal model. For this, a traditionally popular genus for genetic studies, Hordeum vulgare L. or winter barley, was used as the model system. The studies of microsporogenesis were done in order to see the long term effect. The sets were compared with experimental sets of plants grown from seeds treated with a traditional chemical mutagen Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (EMS). The study revealed that MSG does not induce much genotoxic effects at lower doses and the chromosomal damages induced were very few. However, at higher doses, it almost equals the effects of EMS in terms of heritable genetic damage. The work is significant as MSG continues to be one of the most popular flavouring agents and does not face any challenge to its biosafe status. However, the clastogenic and chromotoxic effects of higher doses of MSG as observed in the study are in total contradiction to the popular belief.

Effect of Ocimum sanctum (Tulasi) Extract Inhibitors for Aluminum 8088 Alloy in a 1 M HCl Solution

Two environmental friendly Ocimum sanctum (Tulasi) inhibitors 6-diallylamino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4- dithiol monosodium (DAN) and 6-dibutylamino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithiol mono sodium (DBN) were synthesized and their corrosion inhibition for aluminum 8088 in a 1 M HCl solution was studied using weight loss methods, electrochemical measurements, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The inhibition efficiency of both DAN and DBN improved with increases in inhibitor concentration but decreased with increases in temperature. Results from potentiodynamic polarization and EIS showed that the corrosion inhibition efficiency of DAN and DBN was excellent. The adsorption of inhibitors on the aluminum 8088 surface followed Langmuir adsorption isotherms. Morphology observation revealed that the aluminum 8088 was greatly protected by these Ocimum sanctum (Tulasi) inhibitors.

Comparison of a flavor enhancer made with locally available ingredients against commercially available Mono Sodium Glutamate

Monosodium Glutamate, commonly known as MSG is one of the world's broadly utilized food added substance However, there is a perception among individuals that consuming MSG results many health issues. Consequently this research is looking to prepare a flavor enhancer using natural and locally available raw material as a substitute for MSG. A composite dried mixture of American oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), Carrot (Daucus carota) and Garlic (Allium sativum L.) was used. Garlic powder and salt were kept constant. After evaluating sensory results of eight different types of formulations, most preferred formulae was selected. The glutamic content of each ingredient as well as the most preferred product was measured using the ion exchange chromatography. Final product was then compared over commercially available monosodium glutamate (Ajinomoto) based on mouth feel, colour, taste, odour, after taste, and overall acceptability. Mann-Whitney test was run to analyse the data of the sensory evaluation at significance level of 0.005. The glutamic acid content of the final product was 67.1 mg/100 mg. Mann-Whitney analysis revealed that for the colour and after taste, commercially available MSG had the highest mean. However, the mean of preference for the taste was greater in the final product. Similarly for odour, mouth feel and overall acceptability, there were no significant differences. The results provides a clear understanding that the finally selected formulae has similar preference as the commercially available MSG. Therefore, it reduces the doubt of not accepting the product by the consumers.

Ameliorative Effect of Graviola (Annona muricata) on Mono Sodium Glutamate-Induced Hepatic Injury in Rats: Antioxidant, Apoptotic, Anti-inflammatory, Lipogenesis Markers, and Histopathological Studies.

Simple SummaryFood additives, especially monosodium glutamate (MSG), induces serious liver disorders. This study premeditated to investigate the effect of Graviola extract (GE) on hepatic and cellular alterations induced by MSG. Our result revealed that GE administration normalized the oxidative stress markers, as well as the proinflammatory cytokines, in addition to downregulation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and FAS, hepatic fatty acid synthase, and led to the upregulation of the silent information regulator protein one (SIRT1) gene. This is the first report investigating the intracellular pathway and mechanism of Graviola extract’s action in alleviating the MSG supplementation injuries.Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a widely used food additive, and there is a trepidation that MSG plays a critical role in multiple hepatic disorders. This study was planned to investigate Graviola extract (GE) effects on hepatic and cellular alterations induced by MSG. Fifty Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five groups: control (received normal saline), Graviola (received 200 mg/kg body weight), MSG (received 2.4 gm MSG/kg, 15% of Lethal dose (LD50) of MSG), Graviola + monosodium glutamate (MSG + GE; received GE, 200 mg/kg/day and MSG 2.4 gm/kg body weight (BW) for the next four weeks), and monosodium glutamate + Graviola (received MSG only (2.4 gm/kg BW) daily for four weeks, then concomitant with Graviola (200 mg/kg BW) daily for the next four weeks. MSG and GR were administered orally for eight weeks. Our results showed that MSG caused a significant increase in oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6) level, a tumor protein (P53), hepatic cellular damage, as well as proapoptotic markers caspase-3, and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2)-like protein 4 (Bax). A significant decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH), and an antiapoptotic agent B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCl-2) was observed. The detected MSG effects were normalized by Graviola administration, either a prophylactic or protecting dose. Besides, Graviola reduced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and hepatic fatty acid synthase (FAS) and led to the upregulation of the silent information regulator protein one gene expression gene (SIRT1).In conclusion, the results suggest that Gaviola’s interrelated antiapoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties are potential mechanisms to enhance hepatic deficits and protect the liver. Graviola can, therefore, be considered a promising hepatoprotective supplement. Additionally, further human clinical trials are also necessary to validate the present research.

TEKNIK PEMATAHAN DORMANSI BENIH 2 JENIS ROTAN ANDALAN SULAWESI TENGAH (Daemonorops robusta Warb.ex Beccari DAN Calamus inops Beccari ex Heyne)

Noko rattan ( Daemonorops robusta ) and tohiti rattan ( Calamus inops ) are the Sulawesi local rattans that are not yet cultivated due to obstacles in its cultivation techniques, especially in seed germination . The purpose of this study was to determine the breaking of dormancy of rattan noko and tohiti seeds. The treatments used are: control, scarification, soaked in the water for 24 hours, soaked in the mono sodium glutamat solution for 24 hours , and soaked in coconut water for 24 hours. The experimental design was completely randomized design. The parameters observed were the initial moisture content of the seed, the first day of germination, germination capacity, germination rate and germination value. The results show that both rattan s seeds are recalcitrant. Noko rattan is easier to germinate than Tohiti rattan and the best treatment of dormancy breaking was used immersion with coconut water. In n oko rattan, broken dormancy of the 13 th day with germination capacity of 91 . 98 % , mean germination time of 32 . 92 days and a germination value of 0 . 001. Tohiti rattan was able to break dormancy in the 29 th day with 88 . 67 % of germination capacity , 58 . 63 days of mean germination time and 0 . 001 of germination value .

The Histological Alteration of Proximal Part of Aorta Exposed to (MSG) and Protective Effect of an a Lipoic Acid (ALA) in Male Rabbits

Background. Monosodium Glutamate is one of the most world’s most widely used food additives. Its toxic effect have been shown in numerous animal studies, in which study MSG effects on cardiovascular system, therefore, This study was aimed to investigate the effect of alpha lipoic acid(ALA) on the damage in the large blood vessels induce by Mono sodium glutamate. Thirty two male rabbits was divided equally and randomly into four groups as following. Control group in which rabbits where fed with normal diet without supplementation, second group was gived MSG orally (8mg/kg.BW), While animals of third group were given ALA orally (60mg/kg.BW) while animal in fourth group were given orally (MSG 8mg/kg.bw and ALA 60mg/kg.bw), all treatment are extended to 8 weeks. The outcomes of research revealed a significant increased (p&lt;0.05) in aortic medial layer thickness in animals administration of MSG in a comparesion with control and groups treated and distortion structure of laminar fibers, endothelial cells lost normal squamous. In addition, there is a significant decreased (p&lt;0.05) in medial tunica thicken in animals used ALA combination with MSG, so we noted return the disarranged of architecture tissue near.

Monosodium Glutamate Level in Kid’s Food and Its Dietary Effects on Liver and Kidney Functions in Adult Rats

Youngsters are inclined to pleasing flavor and express a preference for sweetly, salty, and tasty food items than others. That's why monosodium glutamate (MSG) or tasting salt is using enormously in kid’s food items to increase palatability known as umami taste though it has adverse impacts on health. The purposes of this study were to determine of MSG level in kid’s items such as chips and noodles spices that are randomly taken by them and also its dietary consequences on liver and kidney functions in albino adult rats. The quantitative analysis was done by using the UHPLC system and 36 adult albino rats were used in this study for dietary intervention. The results showed that the overall mean value of MSG in imported chips was about doubled than the local brand. The MSG levels of the noodles spice varied from local to import and brand to brand which extended from 3.87±0.21-7.33±1.62 g/kg. Bodyweight of rats was significantly raised after the oral intervention of about 45.68%, 56.19% substantial in treatment 1(0.5 mg/g body weight of MSG) and treatment 2(1.5 mg/g body weight of MSG) respectively confronted with of about 22.59% in the control group. On regard to liver functions, the level of serum Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was significantly (p < 0.05) increased but on the contrary, Albumin and Bilirubin were decreased with an uplift of MSG in treated rats compared to the control. MSG had antagonistic impacts on kidney functions as serum creatinine was significantly increased (35.48, 77.42%) inT1 and T2 group rats and serum urea was also increased in treated animals contrasted with the control group. The results unveiled that MSG at a low dose may causes an adverse outcomes on the hepatic and renal functions.

Amelioration Effects of Aphanizomenon Flos-aqua (AFA) on Hazardous Effects of Mixture (Sodium Benzoate, Mono Sodium glutamate and Chlorophyllin) Intake in Male Albino Rats

Background: Food additives are products added to the basic foodstuffs with an aim of improving its aspect, flavor, taste, color, texture, food value and conservation. Aim of the work: This study aimed to determine the effects of AFA against the hazardous effects of sodium benzoate, chlorophyllin and monosodium glutamate. Materials and methods: This study was done on thirty male albino rats with an average body weight 120-140 g. The animals were divided into three groups (10 rats/each) as follows: Group 1: control, Group 2: rats treated with food additives mixture (sodium benzoate, chlorophyllin, and monosodium glutamate) and Group 3: rats treated with mixture, in addition to AFA (blue green algae). Blood samples were collected, and the separated sera were used for estimation of some biochemical parameters (liver enzymes, kidney function tests, glucose, HOMA-IR, protein profile and lipid profile) and hormonal levels [testosterone, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)]. Results: The study showed an increase in levels of fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, activities of AST and ALT, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), LDL-C, VLDL, ratios of TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDLC (risk factors) in mixture group. This was accompanied by a significant decrease in protein profile (total protein, albumin and globulin), HDL-and testosterone hormone levels as compared to the control rats. On the other hand, these results turned back nearly to the normal values after receiving the AFA (blue green algae). Conclusion: the present study clearly revealed the therapeutic capability of AFA to fight the grievous effects of food additives mixture on major physiological parameters.