Sodium Phosphate Research Articles

Unusual urinary discoloration: A case report of blue urine in a patient with advanced Prostate cancer

Here, we present a case of blue urine in an 89 -year-old male with advanced prostate cancer and difficult to control hypertension as well as comorbid type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hyperlipidemia and chronic urinary retention. The patient was newly diagnosed with COVID-19 and returned to our hospital after 30 days of first admission, this time in respiratory failure. Administration of Urogesic-Blue (methenamine, sodium phosphate, methylene blue and hyoscyamine) can cause this discolorization due to its content in part of methelyene blue as evidenced by the presence after analysis. These cases emphasize the importance of being aware that this is a potential harmless side effect to avoid unnecessary diagnostic procedures. Prostate Cancer, especially when it comes with bone metastasis, increases complexity and difficulty in managing the patient. Comorbidity in the patient and attendant polypharmacy made treatment planning difficult, given that one had to be very cautious about drug-drug interactions so as not only manage mental health effectively but also treat actively existing medical conditions. The situation escalated following the recent COVID-19 infection, which required hospitalization for final comprehensive monitoring and supportive care. High levels of proBNP suggest that the heart was under some stress, probably further increased by the presence of a virus making this case complex and certainly multidisciplinary. This case informs the need for a complete medication history and patient counseling in cases of strange clinical presentations. Recognition of Urogesic-Blue as the agent in bluish urine permits health care providers to reassure patients and avoid unnecessary diagnostic work-ups. This report gives an insight into avoidable handling of intricate past medical history and multi-morbidity and adds knowledge on the bedside approach regarding blue urine. Keywords:Blue Urine, Prostate Cancer, Methylene Blue, Urogesic-Blue, COVID-19 Complications

Fast and effective adsorption of Ce3+ by phosphate-functionalized ZIF-67-derived layered double hydroxides

In this experiment, phosphate (sodium hexametaphosphate) was used as an intercalation modifier and ZIF-67 as a precursor mixed with Al(NO3)3·9H2O Nanolayered double hydroxides P-Co-Al-LDH with hexametaphosphate group intercalation were prepared in a hydrothermal environment and characterized by SEM, FT-IR, XRD, TGA, SEM and XPS. The adsorption performance of P-Co-Al-LDH and control Co-Al-LDH on Ce3+ under different adsorption conditions was firstly investigated by optimization experiments. It was determined that the best adsorption effect of P-Co-Al-LDH was achieved at pH=6, and the fast equilibrium adsorption state was achieved within 30 min, with the adsorption amount reaching 220.98 mg/g and the adsorption efficiency reaching 72.66%. In addition, kinetic, isothermal adsorption and thermodynamic modeling explored the adsorption mechanism of Ce3 + by nanodiamond P-Co-Al-LDH mainly the complexation of functional groups in sodium hexametaphosphate with metal ions greatly improved the adsorption performance. Several regeneration experiments were carried out to evaluate the stability and reusability of the adsorbent. After three cycles of adsorption, the adsorption efficiency was still maintained at 83.26%.

Composite Shell Microcapsules With Room Temperature Phase‐Change Properties and High Thermal Storage Density

AbstractInorganic hydrated salts, noted for their high thermal storage density, excellent thermal conductivity, and non‐toxicity, are suitable candidate material for thermal management, particularly in enhancing human living environments when their phase transition points are near room temperature. Herein, we present an efficient and environmentally friendly microencapsulation method for inorganic hydrated salt through organic phase separation method. Eutectic hydrated salt (EHS) consisted of sodium carbonate decahydrate (SCD) and disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate (DHPD) was prepared as the core material while the mixture of ethyl cellulose (EC) and acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) as composite shell materials. Various characterization techniques were used to evaluate the micromorphology, chemical structure, thermal properties and thermal stability of the microcapsules. The resulting microcapsules exhibited a phase change temperature of 22.6 °C with a remarkable enthalpy of 131.4 J/g. Particularly, the enthalpy remained at 117.7 J/g even after 50 thermal cycles, indicating stable cycling thermal reliability. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the EHS was effectively encapsulated within the composite shell, and the microcapsules had a quasi‐spherical shape and core‐shell structure. More importantly, this method of microencapsulation could potentially be extended to other liquid hydrated salts at room temperature, offering a versatile approach for future applications.

Effect of Iodide Ion Concentration on the Physicochemical Properties of Aqueous Sodium Phosphate Solutions as Fertilizer

Effect of Iodide Ion Concentration on the Physicochemical Properties of Aqueous Sodium Phosphate Solutions as Fertilizer

COLONOSCOPY-RELATED NEPHROPATHY

Colonoscopy is a widely used tool for the diagnosis and treatment of colon disease [1]. It is the gold standart to visualize the large bowel [2]. Acute phosphate nephropathy (APhN) is a clinical entity which causes acute and subsequent chronic renal failure after exposure to oral sodium phosphate (OSP) bowel purgatives. APhN is seen as a result of oral sodium phosphate use in patients undergoing bowel cleansing before colonoscopy [3]. Generally, patients who will undergo colonoscopy are given 45 ml of OSP twice, starting 12-24 hours before the procedure. After intestinal absorption, elevated urea and creatinine, transient hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, hypernatremia, hyponatremia, hypokalemia and high anion gap metabolic acidosis may also be observed [4]. Advanced age, ACEi/ARB use, acute or chronic kidney disese or the presence of a kidney transplant, retention of OSP resulting from poor bowel motility or colitis, female gender, volume depletion, hypertension, diabetes, and diuretic, lithium, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use are considered as risk factors [5]. This case report describes a patient who developed nephropathy and required urgent observation and treatment after phosphate administration before colonoscopy.

Long-Term Stability of Nicotinamide Cofactors in Common Aqueous Buffers: Implications for Cell-Free Biocatalysis.

The use of nicotinamide cofactors in cell-free biocatalytic systems is necessitated by the high specificity that these enzymes show for their natural redox mediators. Unfortunately, isolation and use of natural cofactors is costly, which suggests that enhancing their stability is key to enabling their use in industrial processes. This study details NAD+ and NADH stability in three buffer systems (sodium phosphate, HEPES, and Tris) at 19 °C and 25 °C and for up to 43 d. In Tris, both NADH and NAD+ were found to be highly stable. NADH degradation rates of 4 μM/d (19 °C) and 11 μM/d (25 °C) were observed in Tris buffer, corresponding to >90% and 75% remaining after 43 d, respectively. Higher degradation rates (up to 34 μM/d) were observed when sodium phosphate or HEPES buffers were used. The effect of a mild increase in temperature was determined to be significant for long-term stability, and it was shown that degradation under these conditions can be easily monitored via UV-Vis, because the degradation proceeds via the oxidation/de-aromatization of the dihydropyridine ring. Overall, this work emphasizes that the choice of buffer system is consequential for bioreactor systems employing natural nicotinamide cofactors for extended periods of time.

Substantive Dimethicone-Based Mucoadhesive Coatings.

It is challenging to deliver therapeutics in the oral environment due to the wet surfaces, the nature of the mucosa and the potential for saliva washout. In this study, the development of a mucoadhesive dimethicone-based oral carrier system for adhesion to the hard tissue and mucosa in the mouth was examined. This study reports the viscosity and mucoadhesion of dimethicone based polymer blends. The viscosity of the materials was measured using a rheometer. The mucoadhesion of these materials was determined as the work of adhesion and peak tack force using the tensile test method with a texture analyzer. Materials were prepared with either calcium and phosphate salts or sodium fluoride as potential therapeutics for promoting remineralization and treating dentin hypersensitivity by mechanical occlusion. Scanning electron microscopy was used to look at mineral deposition on the surface of dental hard tissue after the application of the dimethicone-based formulations. The results of this study confirm the potential for using these dimethicone-based materials as mucoadhesive therapeutic delivery systems in the oral environment.

The Effect of Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate on Surgical Third Molar Extraction using Pain, Trismus, Oedema, and Quality of Life as Parameters: A Comparative Study

The Effect of Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate on Surgical Third Molar Extraction using Pain, Trismus, Oedema, and Quality of Life as Parameters: A Comparative Study

A chemical and biological characterization of marine mucilage that generates electricity in microbial fuel cells

ABSTRACT The marine mucilage that emerged in the Marmara Sea in the spring of 2021 caused various environmental problems by affecting the sea surface and bottoms. In this study, a new approach for the electricity generation potential of marine mucilage and its remediation from the sea using microbial fuel cells was investigated for electricity generation, and chemical and biological characterization were demonstrated. The total carbohydrate amount, protein amount, optical density pH analyzes, and their removal before and after the operation were analyzed; In addition, the electrochemical and biochemical characterization of mucilage was indicated. Our results showed that electricity can be generated using marine mucilage in single-chamber microbial fuel cells. The highest current density was 0.0527 mA/cm2, the highest power density was 191.63 mW/m2, and the voltage was 394 mV. The total carbohydrate removal of the mucilage pretreated with sodium phosphate buffer was 20.57%. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum represented by 55.75% of the reads. Rhodobacteraceae, Alteromonas, and Nonlabens genera were the most dominant groups with 8.63%, 8.28%, and 8.08%, respectively, in the mucilage sample. In conclusion, electricity can be produced in microbial fuel cells using marine mucilage, and this novel technology could help reduce marine pollution.

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Binary Phosphate Glass Using the ReaxFF Potential.

Due to the importance of the understanding of dissolution behavior of phosphate-based bioglasses (PBGs) in different biomedical applications, binary sodium and calcium phosphate glasses have been simulated for the first time using a newly developed ReaxFF force field and a standard melt-quench method with the LAMMPS classical molecular dynamics software. The partial radial distribution function of P-O within the first coordination shell indicated two distinct peaks corresponding to phosphorus bonding to NBO and BO, respectively, at distances consistent with those observed experimentally and a P-O coordination number of 4.0. Angular distribution functions were consistent with the experimental data. The calculated network connectivities are in good agreement with experimental data, and the detailed Qn distributions are broader than would be expected.

Consumer Acceptance of Protein Beverage Ingredients: Less is More

An array of ingredients are added to protein beverage formulations. These ingredients may not be desirable to consumers. Our objective was to determine consumer perception of ingredients in protein beverages. An online survey was conducted with protein beverage consumers (n = 405). Maximum difference scaling and projective mapping were applied to determine the relative acceptance of ingredients based on their functional role (protein source, sweetener, stabilizer, thickener). Subsequently, 4 120-min focus groups were conducted (n = 25 consumers). Survey data were evaluated by univariate and multivariate statistics. Consumer sentiment from focus groups was compiled and grouped based on themes that emerged across multiple focus groups. Consumers placed the highest importance on the amount of protein followed by protein type in protein beverages. Plant protein, whey protein, and milk protein were most appealing, while soy protein, collagen, and casein/caseinates were less appealing (P < 0.05). Natural sweeteners (agave, monk fruit, cane sugar) were the most appealing sweeteners (P < 0.05). Fibers and starches were more appealing than gums (carrageenan, gellan gum) (P < 0.05). Stabilizers were the least desirable class of beverage ingredients, with sodium and potassium phosphates the least desirable (P < 0.05). In regard to the package of a protein beverage, consumers placed the greatest importance on recognizable ingredients and plain language (P < 0.05). Consistent with survey results, consumers in focus groups expressed skepticism and feeling overwhelmed by all of the ingredients on the label of protein beverages. Protein was their primary desire and the presence of sweeteners was acceptable, but they did not desire additional ingredients. There is an opportunity to increase the acceptance and competitiveness of dairy protein beverages by reformulating beverages to include fewer and more familiar ingredients. Functional proteins, such as those derived from dairy, may have opportunities to exclude undesirable ingredients (stabilizers, thickeners) from the label.

Effect of Exchange Dynamics on the NMR Relaxation of Water in Porous Silica.

The interaction of molecules, in particular, water, with solid interfaces has been studied by a multitude of methods, among them nuclear magnetic resonance spin relaxation. The frequency dependence of the relaxation times follows patterns that have been interpreted in terms of the molecular orientation and dynamics. Several different model approaches could successfully explain limiting cases of 1H relaxation dispersion in systems with rigid surfaces such as silica gel or glass, but none of them can reproduce the relaxation of both 1H and 2H nuclei, which differ in their respective relaxation mechanisms, dipolar vs quadrupolar. From detailed studies of the dynamics of hydration of water in biological materials, the importance of hydrogen and molecular exchange to the longitudinal relaxation time of T1 was demonstrated. In this work, exchange times of both H2O and D2O in hydrophilic silica gel are varied in a controlled fashion in a wide range using disodium hydrogen phosphate, and the effect of physical exchange on spin relaxation is quantified for the first time in such systems using the exchange-mediated reorientation model.

Evaluation of different electrolytic solution composition on the microstructure and corrosion study on AZ31 magnesium alloy using PEO method

Abstract Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys are widely used in orthopedic implants due to their mechanical compatibility with bone tissue. However, their susceptibility to corrosion can compromise mechanical strength over time. The present study aims to enhance the corrosion resistance of AZ31 Mg alloy through Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) coatings incorporating Hydroxyapatite (HAP). The effects of 5g of HAP in different electrolytic solutions—Sodium Silicate (Na2SiO39H2O) + Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) and Sodium Phosphate (Na3PO4) + Triethanolamine (C6H15NO3)—on the microstructure and corrosion characteristics were evaluated. The phase composition was analyzed using x-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), while the surface morphology and cross-section of the coatings were assessed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). Corrosion studies were performed using Potentiodynamic Polarization (PDP) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) under Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) conditions. The results showed that the sample with the solution containing 5 g of HAP + Na3PO4 + C6H15NO3 (PS-2) exhibited superior anti-corrosion properties compared to the sample with 5 g of HAP + Na2SiO3·9H2O + KOH (PS-1). Notably, the cross-sectional analysis revealed significantly smaller pores in the PS-2 coatings. Among the two coated samples, the highest polarization resistance of 3.06 × 106 Ω·cm2 was observed for PS-1, while PS-2 showed a lower resistance of 2.9 × 106 Ω·cm2, correlating with their morphological characteristics. These findings suggest that sodium phosphate and triethanolamine improve biocompatibility when combined with pure AZ31 Mg alloy and HAP coatings.

General health and social outcomes 50 years after exposure to antenatal betamethasone: follow-up of a randomised controlled trial

BackgroundAntenatal corticosteroids are recommended for women at risk of preterm birth from 24 to 34 weeks’ gestation as they reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality, but evidence regarding their long-term effects on offspring is limited. This study assessed general health and social outcomes 50 years after antenatal exposure to corticosteroids.MethodsWe assessed 424 adult offspring of women who participated in the first randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of antenatal betamethasone for the prevention of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. The first 717 mothers received two intramuscular injections of betamethasone (6 mg betamethasone sodium phosphate and 6 mg betamethasone acetate) or placebo given 24 h apart and the subsequent 398 received two injections of double dose betamethasone (12 mg betamethasone sodium phosphate and 12 mg betamethasone acetate) or equivalent volume of placebo. Follow-up included a health questionnaire and consent for access to administrative data sources. Outcome categories included mental health (depression, anxiety, bipolar affective disorder, schizophrenia and treatment or hospital admission for any mental health disorder), general health (chronic kidney disease, cancer diagnosis, bone fracture, oral health, allergies, functional difficulties and physical activity) and social outcomes (educational attainment, employment and criminal convictions). Investigators remained blinded to treatment allocation. Analyses were adjusted for gestational age at entry, sex and clustering.ResultsWe assessed 424 adult offspring (46% of survivors; mean [SD] age 49.3 [1.0] years; 212 [50%] female). There was no difference in mental health, general health and social outcomes between those exposed to betamethasone and those exposed to placebo, with the exception that osteoporotic site fracture in adulthood was more likely to have occurred in the betamethasone group compared with placebo (adjusted relative risk 1.57, 95% CI 1.00, 2.48, p = 0.05). No dose–effect relationship was evident and there was no difference in the proportion with at least one fracture. Follow-up rate and lack of in-person assessments were the main limitations.ConclusionsThere is no evidence that antenatal corticosteroids have clinically important effects on general health and social outcomes up to 50 years of age.

Preparation of chiral metal organic framework modified silica monolithic capillary column and its application in enantioseparations of chiral drugs

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline compounds composed of metal ions (or metal clusters) and organic ligands. Chiral MOFs have been successfully utilized as novel materials for the separation of chiral enantiomers by chromatography, demonstrating excellent chiral separation performance. In this study, a chiral MOF-modified silica monolithic capillary column was used for pressurized capillary electrochromatography. First, a chiral MOF (Co-glycyl-L-glutamic acid, Co-L-GG) was synthesized. This MOF was then used to prepare a chiral capillary monolithic column via a one-step in situ polymerization method. The optimal conditions for preparing the chiral capillary monolithic column were determined as follows: Co-L-GG amount, 5 mg; polyethylene glycol amount, 0.96 mg; tetramethoxysilane dosage, 3.6 mL; trimethoxymethylsilane dosage, 0.4 mL. Next, the effects of the separation conditions on the separation of chiral drugs were investigated. Under the conditions of an applied voltage of -20 kV and a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 20 mmol/L disodium hydrogen phosphate (80∶20, v/v), six chiral drugs were separated within 3 min, with baseline separation achieved for amlodipine, fluvastatin, and tryptophan. Moreover, the prepared chiral capillary monolithic column exhibited good reproducibility and stability. Finally, molecular docking studies were conducted using AutoDock to explore the chiral recognition mechanism, and the results were analyzed using Discovery Studio. The results indicated that larger differences in binding free energy between Co-L-GG and the enantiomers of the chiral drugs were correlated with higher enantioselectivity factors. However, this correlation did not necessarily lead to an increase in resolution. Co-L-GG, which is enriched with primary amines, secondary amines, and carbonyl groups, demonstrated enantiomeric recognition capability. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that chiral MOFs can be effectively used as chiral functional monomers to prepare chiral monolithic capillary columns, highlighting their significant potential for the separation and analysis of chiral compounds. The comprehensive exploration of the synthesis, characterization, and applications of these MOFs will help provide valuable insights into the development of advanced separation technologies.

Production sustained release dosage forms from deliquescent substances by solid dispersion systems

Introduction. The production of solid dosage forms from hygroscopic substances is a complex technological task. The addition of hygroscopic substances into a polymer matrix allows to reduce their moisture absorption capacity.Aim. Reducing the hygroscopicity of deliquescent substances and obtaining sustained release solid dosage forms by using solid dispersion systems.Materials and methods. Substance: DEAE; excipients: Kollidon® VA 64, Soluplus®, PEG 1500, PEG 6000, PEG 8000, Poloxamer Kolliphor® P 188 and Kolliphor® P 407; reagents: hydrochloric acid, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate. The melt of the components was obtained on a twin-screw laboratory extruder and cast into silicone molds. The resulting solid dosage forms were studied for disintegration in three environments corresponding to the sections of the human gastrointestinal tract.Results and discussion. The active pharmaceutical substance DEAE is characterized as deliquescent substance. The introduction of DEAE into PEG-polymer matrices made it possible to reduce the hygroscopicity of solid dosage forms in the form of bars. The introduction of solubilizers into the melt made it possible to obtain bars with the appropriate organoleptic properties. The release of DEAE from bear- or toroid-shaped bars occurs on average 29–47 % faster than from heart-shaped bars.Conclusion. Compositions based on Soluplus® and Kolliphor® P 407 have proven promising for further development of tiles containing DEAE. In order to create tiles with a slow release, it is recommended to use heart-shaped forms, as they have a smaller surface area.

Stability indicating RP-HPLC method development and validation for quantification of impurities in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Elagolix): Robustness study by quality by design.

The purpose of this research was to establish and validate a reverse phase HPLC method for the determination of Elagolix impurities in pharmaceutical dosage form. Mobile phase A, consisting of 10mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate (pH6.0) and acetonitrile in a 95:5v/v ratio, and mobile phase B, containing 85:10:5v/v/v of acetonitrile, Milli-Q water, and methanol, were used to achieve the method's specificity in the analytical column Kromasil 100-C18 (250 mm × 4.6mm, 5μm). The gradient program includes (%B/Time [min]: 36/0, 36/10, 38/15, 85/55, 85/65, 36/67, and 36/75). The flow rate is 0.8mL/min. The overall run duration is 75.0min, the injection volume is 10.0μL, and the detection is at 210 nm in UV. The samples were subjected to hydrolysis, oxidation, and heat conditions in order to facilitate their forced degradation. The procedure was validated and determined with the standards of ICH guidelines. From the LOQ to a concentration level of 200%, the linearity of the technique was ascertained. An accuracy range of LOQ to 150% was established for the method, and the average recovery was acceptable. Design of experiments, part of the quality by design idea, was used to prove the method's reliability.

Bioadhesive supramolecular polymer/hyaluronic acid hydrogel with zinc ion and dexamethasone slow release for diabetic wound healing

Diabetic patients often struggle with wound healing and are at higher risk of infections, necessitating the development of a stretchable, adhesive hydrogel dressing with antibacterial and angiogenesis-promoting properties. In this study, we synthesized a series of adhesive, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory hydrogels using free radical polymerization with materials including methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HAMA), N-[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]acrylamide (THMA), and 3-(bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino)propyl methacrylate (DPAMA). By leveraging the strong affinity of zinc(II)-dipicolylamine coordination complexes for the phosphorylated groups in dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DMSP), Zn2+ and DMSP were successfully incorporated into the hydrogel. The results demonstrated that the hydrogels possessed excellent adhesiveness and mechanical properties, enabling them to adhere closely to the skin while remaining easily removable without causing trauma. Antibacterial tests demonstrated significant inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), attributed to the slow release of Zn2+, which effectively suppressed bacterial growth. Additionally, the slow release of DMSP provided strong anti-inflammatory effects. The DHTDZ2 hydrogel, containing 1.5 mg/mL Zn2+ and 4 mg/mL DMSP, significantly accelerated the healing of full-thickness skin wounds. In vitro angiogenesis, immunofluorescence, and immuno-histochemical results further confirmed that the DHTDZ2 hydrogel promoted angiogenesis and reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory factors. In summary, the hydrogel is an effective wound healing dressing that can reduce wound infections and inflammation.

A novel RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous quantification of azithromycin and dexamethasone in marketed ophthalmic drops

A straightforward, precise, accurate, specific, and sensitive RP-HPLC technique has been established for the quantification of Azithromycin Dihydrate and Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate in their commercial formulation. The wavelength maxima for Azithromycin and Dexamethasone were considered to be 215 nm for estimation. In RP-HPLC separations were carried out on a Zorbax SB C18 column (250mm X 4.6mm, 5 μm) and mobile phase consisting of Acetonitrile: Monobasic Potassium Phosphate (KH2PO4) buffer in the proportion of 75:25 v/v and pH of the buffer was adjusted to 5.5 with OPA. The estimation was carried out at 215 nm using UV detector keeping the flow rate of 1.2 ml/min and injection volume of 50 μl. The current method demonstrates good linearity over the range of 20 - 120 μg/ml and 2 - 12 μg/ml for Azithromycin and Dexamethasone respectively. No interference of excipients was found during estimation. The recommended techniques were verified and determined to be specific, accurate, and exact. The approaches were effectively used for the concurrent quantification of both medicines in pharmaceutical formulations, making them suitable for regular quality control examination.

Role of vitamin K2 and vitamin K cycle enzymes in aortic valvular interstitial cell calcification

Abstract Introduction Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common valve disease. Currently, there is no medical treatment available for CAVD. Vitamin K antagonists promote CAVD while population-based studies suggest that dietary intake of vitamin K reduces the incidence of CAVD in adults. However, randomized trials have so far not proven a clear benefit of vitamin K supplementation on the progression of AVS. Consequently, there is a need for a deeper understanding of the role of vitamin K in valvular calcification. This study aims to further investigate mechanisms of action of vitamin K during valvular calcification. Methods and Results Aortic valve samples were obtained from patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement for CAVD and valvular interstitial cells (VIC) were isolated by collagenase II digestion (Fig. 1). VIC expressed typical markers like Vimentin and α-SMA and were cultured in a control medium (CM) or further calcified in a pro-calcifying medium (PCM) containing sodium dihydrogen phosphate and ascorbic acid. PCM led to upregulation of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression, and ALP-activity after 7 and 21 days of culture. Moreover, alizarin red staining visualized significant calcium mineral deposition after 21 days of culture (Fig. 2). The addition of the most potent vitamin K2 derivative (Menaquinone-7, MK-7) improved cell viability under both control and calcifying conditions (Fig. 3). Moreover, MK-7 protected VIC from ferroptotic cell death (Fig. 4) and increased expression of the vitamin K-dependent Matrix-Gla-protein (MGP), a major inhibitor of ectopic calcification (Fig. 5). To fulfill its function as an activator of vitamin K-dependent proteins like MGP, vitamin K needs to be reduced to vitamin K hydroquinone by the vitamin K epoxide reductase enzymes VKORC1 and VKORC1L1. In VIC, using our calcification protocol, treatment with PCM led to the downregulation of VKORC1, but not of VKORC1L1, an enzyme with known anti-oxidative properties (Fig. 6). We next performed siRNA-mediated knockdown of VKORC1 and VKORC1L1 in VIC and observed calcification after 7 and 21 days of culture by measuring expression of ALP, RUNX2, quantifying ALP activity, and staining for calcium minerals (alizarin red). Intriguingly, VKORC1L1-knockdown sharply increased the expression of ALP. To further elucidate these findings, we will perform overexpression experiments to analyze, if VKORC1L1 can alleviate PCM-induced calcification Conclusion: Vitamin K2 inhibits in vitro calcification of valvular interstitial cells and upregulates the calcification inhibitor Matrix-Gla-Protein. Our results suggest the involvement of the vitamin K cycle enzyme VKORC1L1, which is known to exhibit anti-oxidative and cytoprotective effects. Further studies are warranted to shed light on the regulation of the enzymes to improve our understanding.