Monolithic Matrix Research Articles

Failures of laminates under nonpenetrative impacts

Various failures of laminates under low-velocity impacts without penetration are simulated systematically with a limited number of inputs, all measurable following existing standards without any data calibration. No iteration is required to determine any of the failures investigated in this work. Any two adjacent lamina (primary) layers are inserted with a matrix (secondary) layer, whose stresses are modified through two modification coefficients (MCs). The MCs are determined through peak loads of double cantilever beam and end-notched flexure tests on unidirectional laminates, and their weak sensitivity to sample dimensions is shown. Delamination is reproduced by deleting failed secondary-layer elements. The homogenized stresses of fiber and matrix obtained by Bridging Model are converted into true values through the author’s true stress theory to estimate constituent-induced intralaminar failures, such as fiber breakage, matrix crack and interface debonding, against the monolithic fiber or matrix strengths measured independently. Primary- layer elements attaining a fatal failure (fiber breakage or matrix crack accompanied with a critical strain condition) are deleted before an impact termination corresponding to separation of the impactor from target. The predicted delamination areas and impact force, displacement and energy histories for the laminates of three lamination angles under different impact energies agree well with our measured counterparts, validating the efficiency of the simulation.

The Effects of Indium Additions on Tribological Behavior of Spark Plasma Sintering-Produced Graphene-Doped Alumina Matrix Composites for Self-Lubricating Applications

Alumina (Al2O3) ceramics are interesting for low-weight and mid-high temperature applications. The addition of indium (In) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) can be used to reduce the density and modify the functional properties and mechanical performance of the ceramic matrix. GNP and In-reinforced Al2O3 matrix composites were prepared by the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. Monolithic Al2O3 and Al2O3 matrix composites with either 5 or 10 wt.% of In and 2 wt.% of GNPs (Al2O3-5In-2GNPs and Al2O3-10In-2GNPs) were compacted into disc-shaped samples. The microstructure was studied and characterized with light-optical microscopy (LOM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Hardness was determined using the Vickers technique and tribological properties were studied by the ball-on-disk method. The coefficient of friction (COF) and specific wear rates were evaluated from tribological tests. Worn surfaces were studied by SEM and confocal microscopy. Interdiffusion transition regions were formed among individual microstructural constituents (Al2O3, In, GNPs) under high sintering temperatures, which were responsible for the balanced hardness and low porosity of the produced composites. The addition of In and graphene nanoplatelets resulted in smaller COF and wear rates indicating good improvement in the tribological behavior. The prepared Al2O3-5In-2GNP and Al2O3-10In-2GNP composites represent promising nanocomposites for self-lubricating applications.

Evaluation of Cassia fistula seed galactomannan as tablet-binder in formulation of diclofenac sodium-loaded monolithic matrix tablet

The present study aimed to evaluate Cassia fistula seed galactomannan (CFSG) as a tablet-binder in the formulation of a monolithic matrix tablet using diclofenac sodium as a model drug. Initially, CFSG was extracted and purified from the seeds of the Cassia fistula tree and then screened for phytochemicals. Native CFSG was characterized with polysaccharide content determination, monosaccharide composition analysis, elemental analysis, FTIR, solid-state 13C NMR, molecular weight, zeta potential, DSC, TGA-DTA, XRD, viscosity, pH and surface tension, rheology, SEM and acute oral toxicity study. Prior to formulation, the drug-CFSG compatibility was checked by FTIR, DSC, and XRD. Diclofenac sodium-loaded granules were prepared by the wet granulation method and evaluated for various granule properties. Finally, granules were compressed into tablets and evaluated for binding and other tablet properties. The granules showed to have optimum micromeritic properties. Tablet hardness and friability were found to be approximately 7 kg/m2 and 0.3 %, respectively, which substantiate the excellent binding capacity of CFSG. Other tablet properties were also found to be within the Pharmacopoeial compliance limit. The tablets with a minimum concentration of CFSG (2.5%w/w) as binder showed appreciable mechanical strength and faster drug release, which ratifies CFSG as an alternative tablet binder.

Исследование продуктов гидратации пенобетонов неавтоклавного твердения

The published work presents an X-ray phase analysis of non-autoclaved foam concrete. According to the results of X-ray phase analysis of non-autoclaved foam concrete, it was found that by 56 days of normal hardening, further reactions of cement hydration and binding of $Ca(OH)_2$ occur, reflections of tobermorite-like low-basic calcium hydrosilicates CSH (II) increase with d = (3.07; 2.10 ) Å, which are involved in the hardening process, which consists in the monolithic foam concrete matrix, the formation of a glossy porous layer, the healing of defects in the interpore partitions, which leads to a significant increase in the operational characteristics of the material.

A promising sensing platform for explosive markers: Zeolite-like metal-organic framework based monolithic composite as a case study

Preconcentration for on-site detection or subsequent determination is a promising technique for selective sensing explosive markers at low concentrations. Here, we report divinylbenzene monolithic polymer in its blank form (neat-DVB) and as a composite incorporated with sodalite topology zeolite-like metal-organic frameworks (3-ZMOF@DVB), as a sensitive, selective, and cost-effective porous preconcentrator for aliphatic nitroalkanes in the vapor phase as explosive markers at infinite dilution. The developed materials were fabricated as 18 cm gas chromatography (GC) monolithic capillary columns to study their separation performance of nitroalkane mixture and the subsequent physicochemical study of adsorption using the inverse gas chromatography (IGC) technique. A strong preconcentration effect was indicated by a specific retention volume adsorption/desorption ratio equal to 3 for nitromethane on the neat-DVB monolith host-guest interaction, and a 14% higher ratio was observed using the 3-ZMOF@DVB monolithic composite despite the low percentage of 0.7 wt.% of sod-ZMOF added. Furthermore, Incorporating ZMOF resulted in a higher percentage of micropores, increasing the degree of freedom more than bringing stronger adsorption and entropic-driven interaction more than enthalpic. The specific free energy of adsorption (ΔGS) values increased for polar probes and nitroalkanes, denoting that adding ZMOFs earned the DVB monolithic matrix a more specific character. Afterward, Lewis acid-base properties were calculated, estimating the electron acceptor (KA) and electron donor (KB) constants. The neat-DVB was found to have a Lewis basic character with KB/KA = 7.71, and the 3-ZMOF@DVB had a less Lewis basic character with KB/KA = 3.82. An increased electron-accepting nature can be directly related to incorporating sod-ZMOF into the DVB monolithic matrix. This work considers the initial step in presenting a portable explosives detector or preconcentrating explosive markers trace prior to more sophisticated analysis. Additionally, the IGC technique allows for understanding the factors that led to the superior adsorption of nitroalkanes for the developed materials.

Monolith matrix of calcium aluminate and gypsum—promising material for incorporating NaNO3-containing liquid radioactive waste

Monolith matrix of calcium aluminate and gypsum—promising material for incorporating NaNO3-containing liquid radioactive waste

Alumina dissolution process to fabricate bimodal pore architecture alumina with superior green and sintered properties

AbstractHerein, a straightforward, adaptable, and cost‐effective approach has been proposed to realize the concept of dissolution of alumina in acidic aqueous media to fabricate porous alumina showing exceptional green machining properties and exhibiting good thermomechanical properties through in situ generated blowing agents and thermo‐foaming process. The process involves dissolving alumina in concentrated sulfuric acid to generate aluminum hydroxide and aluminum sulfate, which act as blowing agents to produce pores in the final structure through a decomposition process at elevated temperatures. By varying the concentration of deionized water and acidification using sulfuric acid, different alumina slurries are prepared. Sintering shrinkage is well countered through simultaneous consolidation and decomposition process during the heat treatment, and a minimum shrinkage of 0.88% is achieved. In addition to its pore‐forming properties, aluminum sulfate also provides strong binding effects to green bodies, contributing to their exceptional green machining properties. The resulting porous alumina exhibits a green flexural strength of up to 17 MPa, making it capable of bearing loads and forces during green machining. The sintered porous alumina fabricated in the study has a porosity range of 34.43%–59.24% and a flexural strength of 27.84–53.21 MPa. The prepared porous alumina also exhibits satisfactory thermal resistivity, with a minimum thermal conductivity of 1.23 W/m K, and has intra/intergranular space in the nano range. The coexistence of a combination of bimodal pores in a single monolithic matrix makes it exceptionally porous and suitable for an extensive spectrum of applications.

Rapid and simple determination of organophosphorus pesticides in urine using polydopamine-modified monolithic spin column extraction combined with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

The determination of organophosphorus pesticides in urine is useful for evaluating human exposure. In this study, a simple micro-solid-phase extraction method based on a polydopamine-modified monolithic spin column combined with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was developed for the determination of six organophosphorus pesticides (dimethoate, dichlorvos, carbofuran, methidathion, phosalone, and chlorpyrifos) in urine samples. A methacrylate polymer monolithic support was prepared in situ in the spin column, and dopamine solution was repeatedly passed through the monolith matrix via centrifugation to generate a polydopamine layer in the polymeric network. All extraction steps were performed via centrifugation. The monolith exhibited good permeability, which enabled high-flow-rate sample loading and significantly reduced the sample pre-treatment time. The addition of polydopamine significantly improved the extraction efficiency of the monolithic spin column owing to the catechol and amine groups in dopamine, which can enhance hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking. Factors affecting the extraction, including the solution pH, centrifugation speed, and desorption solvent, were investigated to determine the optimal extraction conditions. Under the optimal conditions, the OPP detection limits were 0.02–1.32 µg/L. The relative standard deviations of the single column (n = 5) and column-to-column (n = 3) precision for the extraction method were <11%. The monolithic spin column exhibited high stability and could be used for more than 40 extraction cycles. The recoveries for spiked urine samples were 72.1–109.3% (RSDs: 1.6–7.9%). The developed method was successfully applied to the simple and rapid analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in urine samples.

Macroporous Epoxy-Based Monoliths Functionalized with Anti-CD63 Nanobodies for Effective Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles in Urine

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have enormous potential for the implementation of liquid biopsy and as effective drug delivery means, but the fulfilment of these expectations requires overcoming at least two bottlenecks relative to their purification, namely the finalization of reliable and affordable protocols for: (i) EV sub-population selective isolation and (ii) the scalability of their production/isolation from complex biological fluids. In this work, we demonstrated that these objectives can be achieved by a conceptually new affinity chromatography platform composed of a macroporous epoxy monolith matrix functionalized with anti-CD63 nanobodies with afflux of samples and buffers regulated through a pump. Such a system successfully captured and released integral EVs from urine samples and showed negligible unspecific binding for circulating proteins. Additionally, size discrimination of eluted EVs was achieved by different elution approaches (competitive versus pH-dependent). The physical characteristics of monolith material and the inexpensive production of recombinant nanobodies make scaling-up the capture unit feasible and affordable. Additionally, the availability of nanobodies for further specific EV biomarkers will allow for the preparation of monolithic affinity filters selective for different EV subclasses.

Monolithic parallel overlapping Schwarz methods in fully-coupled nonlinear chemo-mechanics problems

We consider the swelling of hydrogels as an example of a chemo-mechanical problem with strong coupling between the mechanical balance relations and the mass diffusion. The problem is cast into a minimization formulation using a time-explicit approach for the dependency of the dissipation potential on the deformation and the swelling volume fraction to obtain symmetric matrices, which are typically better suited for iterative solvers. The MPI-parallel implementation uses the software libraries deal.II, p4est and FROSch (Fast of Robust Overlapping Schwarz). FROSch is part of the Trilinos library and is used in fully algebraic mode, i.e., the preconditioner is constructed from the monolithic system matrix without making explicit use of the problem structure. Strong and weak parallel scalability is studied using up to 512 cores, considering the standard GDSW (Generalized Dryja-Smith-Widlund) coarse space and the newer coarse space with reduced dimension. The FROSch solver is applicable to the coupled problems within in the range of processor cores considered here, although numerical scalablity cannot be expected (and is not observed) for the fully algebraic mode. In our strong scalability study, the average number of Krylov iterations per Newton iteration is higher by a factor of up to six compared to a linear elasticity problem. However, making mild use of the problem structure in the preconditioner, this number can be reduced to a factor of two and, importantly, also numerical scalability can then be achieved experimentally. Nevertheless, the fully algebraic mode is still preferable since a faster time to solution is achieved.

A review on natural polymer locust bean gum

Locust bean pods were utilized as cattle feed for a very long time but now its seed endosperm powder is utilized as locust bean gum in various industries such as food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, textile, paint, mining, oil drilling and construction industries for its thickening and stabilizing properties. In pharmaceutical industries, locust bean gum is used in the production of solid monolithic matrix systems, films, beads, micro-particles, nano-particles, inhalable and injectable systems, as well as in viscous liquid and gel formulations. Locust bean gum is used as an additive in food industry due to its thickening and stabilizing property. Its application for bakery purposes results in higher baked product yields; it improves the final texture and adds viscosity in dough. Addition of guar gum in cookies dough improves the machinability of the dough which helps in the better handling of dough with minimum requirement of energy and time.

Engineering of the surface of the dispersed phase and bulk metal composite to create promising materials

The main technological problems in the synthesis of metallic composites containing carbon nanotubes or carbide particles are the distribution of the hardening phase in the bulk composite, the strength of its adhesion to the matrix, as well as the chemical and structural stability of the dispersed phase within the composite. These tasks are solved in various ways, primarily at the stage of preparation of the dispersed phase and the monolithic composite matrix. In our work, to ensure good wettability of the dispersed phase and uniformity of its distribution in the bulk aluminum, carbon nanotubes and carbide were metallized with a thin layer of metallic nickel. In the course of work on the creation of aluminum matrix materials reinforced with carbon nanotubes, the necessary conditions were selected for the formation of a metal matrix composite material with improved mechanical properties.As a result, a technique for obtaining an aluminum matrix composite was developed, which makes it possible to prevent the carbon nanotubes agglomeration and suppress the chemical reactions between the dispersed reinforcing phase and the matrix. The method of obtaining composite aluminum matrix material includes multiple cold pressing, as well as alternating pressing and temperature treatment.As it has been shown, the reinforcing phases of different structures have different effects on the mechanical properties of the aluminum matrix composite.

HYDROGEN ACCUMULATOR IN AUTONOMOUS ENERGY DEVICES

The purpose of the research. One of the main difficulties into solving the issues of energy supply for autonomous consumers with heat and electricity in agricultural production is the inconsistency of supply schedules and energy consumption. The uneven nature of the operating modes of wind and solar power plants requires the creation of an energy storage system. In this connection, the task of creating autonomous power plants that use hydrogen and thermal energy storage systems arises. Results. A fundamentally new type of porous gas-reinforced materials − gazars, which are the basis of hydrogen batteries − have been investigated. They have unique properties that are very valuable for structural materials: strength and lightness, as well as a number of special properties. Consider the existing methods of hydrogen storage − in the form of hydrides, in liquid and compressed states, which have significant disadvantages for their use in energy devices. Thus, hydride batteries have a number of attractive aspects: comparative safety, soft storage mode and hydrogen yield. However, they have a low capacity and require expensive metals: La, Ni, Ti and rare earth metals, the reserves of which in the earth's crust are limited. The structure and properties of gas-reinforced metals, which have a monolithic matrix and a cellular structure of the porous space, have been investigated to determine the functional capabilities and prospective areas of their use. The dependence of the porosity on the relative size of the pores for various options for their placement in the sample was established. It is shown that in order to accelerate the processes of saturation and discharge of battery gases and to increase their capacity, battery cells with closed unidirectional cylindrical pores should be used. Hydrogen saturation is conducted when one of the ends of the battery is heated and the rest of the surface is cooled with a temperature difference of 573…773 K. Conclusions. Research in laboratory conditions showed that batteries based on porous metals, having a monolithic matrix and a cellular structure of the porous space, have advantages compared to the well-known ones: hydride, balloon, cryogenic. This is a relatively high hydrogen capacity; relative cheapness; possibility of multiple use; the possibility of using batteries as elements of power structures, as well as the use of unpurified technical hydrogen.

Nano‐Confined Growth of Perovskite Quantum Dots in Transparent Nanoporous Glass for Luminescent Chemical Sensing

AbstractPrior nano‐confined matrices for perovskite quantum dots (QDs) dealt only with powders or thin films, which usually suffer from poor handling properties and high transparency limitations for integrating into optical devices. Here, the nano‐confined growth of perovskite QDs in an optically transparent, robust, and monolithic matrix by using nanoporous glass (NG) as a nano‐reactor is demonstrated. Owing to quantum confinement effects in the inherent nanoporous network, rapid nanoconfined low‐temperature solution‐processed perovskite QDs could synthesize spontaneously. The binding energy of CsPbBr3 QDs in NG has been enhanced to ≈177.2 meV due to the confinement effect. The nano‐channels enable the tunable mono/multi‐color emission in full visible range via pore size tailoring or post‐halide exchange. Considering the fast diffusion of nanoporous channels and enhanced stability in this processable monolithic composite, a rapid‐response and reusable red‐green switching light‐emitting diode (LED) sensor for halomethanes is demonstrated. The rational design of perovskite NG via this efficient nano‐confined route results in a new optoelectronic device‐relevant material platform.

High strength and toughness of in-situ TiC/In718 functionally gradient material by using Ti3AlC2 as a precursor

In this work, the Inconel 718 functionally gradient material(In718 FGM) with different TiC contents was fabricated successfully by in situ hot-press reaction. Its microstructural characteristics, phase evolution and room temperature mechanical performance were analyzed. The paper considers the effects of microstructure on crack propagation and toughening mechanism. The results show that the fabricated gradient material was compact and had no such defects as cracks and delamination. The metal matrix presented a streamlined and equiaxed structure, due to the uniform distribution of in situ ultrafine TiC transformed from Ti3AlC2 in the matrix. The overall performance of In718 FGM was thus improved. The Vicker’s hardness presented linear distribution along gradient direction, and the surface hardness reached 591HV1, approximately two times greater than that of the monolithic In718 matrix. Meanwhile, the overall fracture toughness and the flexural strength of FGM reached 60.44 MPa·m1/2 and 2141 ± 46 MPa, increased by 15% and 10%, respectively. With high hardness, high strength and toughness, therefore, the fabricated FGM formed a structure of hard outside and tough inside.

Dry sliding, slurry abrasion and cavitation erosion of composite layers reinforced by TiC fabricated in situ in cast steel and gray cast iron

To improve the wear resistance of low-carbon steel and gray cast iron, TiC/Fe-type composite layers were fabricated using reactive casting coatings. The in situ synthesis reaction of titanium carbide (TiC) was initiated by the high temperature of the liquid alloy (SHS – self-propagating high-temperature synthesis). The structure, microstructure, hardness, and wear properties of the composite layers were investigated. Wear examinations were carried out in various environments: dry sliding, slurry abrasion, and cavitation erosion in slurry. An observation of the microstructure revealed the presence of TiC particles that were well-bonded with both types of matrices. The mechanical properties showed an almost three-fold increase in the hardness within the area of the composite layer as compared to the base alloy (1000HV1). These results were reflected in a slurry abrasion test that indicated less than half of the weight loss as compared to the monolithic matrix of the composite castings. The cavitation erosion wear mechanism of the composite layers was examined for the first time taking the surface of the sample into consideration (after polishing and as cast – casting skin). The polished surfaces were characterized by higher resistance to cavitation erosion than the as-cast samples. On the other hand, the casting skin acted beneficially as an extra coating that prevented the castings’ cores from cavitation erosion damage. • Composite layers were fabricated in situ in cast steel and cast iron. • Hardness within area of composite zones reached more than 850 HV1. • Composite layers were testes by ball on disc method, Miller test and cavity erosion. • Composite layers were tested in as – cast state and after polishing process.

A robust and accurate adaptive approximation method for a diffuse-interface model of binary-fluid flows

We present an adaptive simulation framework for binary-fluid flows, based on the Abels–Garcke–Grün Navier–Stokes–Cahn–Hilliard (AGG NSCH) diffuse-interface model. The adaptive-refinement procedure is guided by a two-level hierarchical a-posteriori error estimate, and it effectively resolves the spatial multiscale behavior of the diffuse-interface model. To improve the robustness of the solution procedure and avoid severe time-step restrictions for small-interface thicknesses, we introduce an ɛ-continuation procedure, in which the diffuse interface thickness (ɛ) are enlarged on coarse meshes, and the mobility is scaled accordingly. To further accelerate the computations and improve robustness, we apply a modified Backward Euler scheme in the initial stages of the adaptive-refinement procedure in each time step, and a Crank–Nicolson scheme in the final stages of the refinement procedure. To enhance the robustness of the nonlinear solution procedure, we introduce a partitioned solution procedure for the linear tangent problems in Newton’s method, based on a decomposition of the NSCH system into its NS and CH subsystems. We conduct a systematic investigation of the conditioning of the monolithic NSCH tangent matrix and of its NS and CH subsystems for a representative 2D model problem. To illustrate the properties of the presented adaptive simulation framework, we present numerical results for a 2D oscillating water droplet suspended in air, and we validate the obtained results versus those of a corresponding sharp-interface model.

Processable amidoxime functionalized porous hyper-crosslinked polymer with highly efficient regeneration for uranium extraction

Uranium is not only toxic and radioactive, even more an important resource to ensure the nuclear energy development. This work reported an amidoxime-based hyper-crosslinked polymeric resin adsorbent (HWB-AO) to extract uranium from ocean. The monolithic matrix was prepared by suspension polymerization using styrene (St) and divinylbenzene (DVB), followed by post-polymerization modification to graft diaminomaleonitrile (DAMN) and conduct amidoximation to introduce amidoxime groups (AO) in its interior and surface. AO can enhance the affinity to uranium and hydrophilicity to accelerate the uranium adsorption. The monolithic structure overcome the problem that powder adsorbent is easy to drain in real seawater, so the monolithic is easier to apply. The batch adsorption experiments results showed that HWB-AO has an magnificent uranium removal rate (85%) and the maximum adsorption capacity (qe,max) is 256.4 mg g−1. In addition, HWB-AO still maintains a giant adsorption efficiency after eight times adsorption–desorption cycles and is environmentally friendly. Concurrently, HWB-AO exhibits excellent selectivity and removal rate (greater than88%) in modified seawater. Therefore, HWB-AO is considered as a potential adsorbent to perform uranium extraction from natural seawater.

In situ formation of a nickel-iron-sulfur bifunctional catalyst within a porous polythiophene coating for water electrolysis

Developing readily scalable synthesis techniques for electrocatalysts is highly desirable for large-scale high-efficiency energy storage by water electrolysis. In this work, a coupled procedure of direct electrodeposition and in situ chemical transformation is presented to synthesize a nickel-iron-sulfur (Ni–Fe–S) composite catalyst. A polythiophene (PTh) coating with abundant micro/nano holes is directly deposited on graphite electrode at a constant potential. Two precursor solutions were injected onto and completely absorbed by the porous PTh coating, within which they spontaneously combine to form active species for catalysis. The PTh coating functions as a monolithic conductive matrix that well captures and disperses the catalyst species and thus decreases the contact resistance across the phase interfaces. The prepared catalyst shows a high catalytic performance for both hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. It requires a full cell voltage of about 2.0 V to afford a current density of 100 mA cm−2 in 1.0 M KOH, with no activity degradation at least for 24 h. The active species for the cathodic and anodic catalysis are different and discussed separately. This work indicates that in situ chemical synthesis within a porous conductive polymer coating is a promising approach for preparing high efficiency electrocatalysts.

Influence of the residual oxygen amount in reduced graphene nanoplatelets on microstructure and mechanical properties of ZK60 matrix composites

Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) are commonly regarded as an ideal reinforcement for metal matrix composites because of their excellent mechanical properties. However, these excellent properties cannot be fully exploited due to GNPs aggregation and poor bonding interface. In the present investigation, GNPs with different residual oxygen amount were prepared by adjusting the amount of KMnO4 oxidant using the modified Hummers method as well as thermal reduction. The GNPs-reinforced ZK60 matrix composites (GNPs/ZK60) were prepared through stir casting. Structure characterization indicates there are C–O, C–O–C and C–CO oxygen-containing functional groups on the synthesized GNPs, among which all C–CO and parts of C–O groups are broken and react with Mg to form MgO particles. The formed interfaces in terms of MgO in the GNPs/ZK60 composites are MgO/Mg, having a semi-coherent interface structure, and MgO/GNPs, having an incoherent interface structure. The sandwich interface structure of Mg/MgO/GNPs improves the interface bonding, in which the ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the 0.05 wt.%GNPs-4/ZK60 composite reached 261 MPa and 12.1%, increasing 37.4% and 128.3%, respectively, compared with those of the monolithic matrix. It is suggested the present work might offer a design guideline for graphene reinforced metal matrix composites.