Monochrome Color Research Articles

Влияние ориентационных характеристик изображения на распределение зрительных фиксаций при решении простых когнитивных задач

Optimization of the educational process, including distance learning, requires orderly arrangement of the information presented, which translates into the need to factor in oculomotor reactions accompanying the search for solutions to simple cognitive tasks. This need supports the relevance of the present study, which aimed to investigate the age-dependent parameters of the oculomotor reactions occurring in solving a simple cognitive task. The sample included 97 persons, 47 males and 50 females, ages 21 to 36. For the purpose of rating the oculomotor reactions, the sample was divided into age groups: 21–26 years (n = 34); 27–32 years (n = 29); 33–36 years (n = 34). The methodology that governed the rating procedures was developed by the authors of the study and relied on the Tobii EyeX eye tracking hardware and software solution (GazeControl software). The study revealed a significant correlation between orientation of the image (presentation angle) and distribution of the visual fixations: regardless of the image presentation angle and its properties (schematic monochrome or full color image), the fixations tend to fall predominantly into the top and left parts of the image (the first quadrant). Other findings include a) a significant dependence of the capability to solve simple cognitive tasks and recognize the contents of the image on the spatial orientation of the presented stimuli, and b) the number of errors made in image contents recognition increasing with age, this dependence being significant and observed for both the schematic monochrome image (p1 = 0.014; p2 = 0.016; p3 = 0.014) and the full-color image (p1 = 0.015; p2 = 0.015; p3 = 0.017). The researchers have also identified the significant angles of rotation of the presented face images that stably caused recognition errors.

THE EFFECT OF PACKAGING COLOR SCHEME ON PERCEPTIONS, PRODUCT PREFERENCES, PRODUCT TRIAL, AND PURCHASE INTENTION

This study aims to understand the effect of different color scheme in perceptions and food product preference, product trial, and purchase intention. Using quantitative approach, the questionnaires data were cross tested by chi square and one-way ANOVA. The study found there were no significant differences between the price perception, the perceived quality, product preferences, product trial and intense to buy in the different color schemes, except white dominant color in perceived quality aspect. Respondents assessed the use of monochrome color schemes tended to have higher price perceptions and higher quality than white, yellow, analog, and complementary color schemes. It is expected to be a reference to provide an understanding of packaging design strategy especially food products by using color scheme. Keywords: Color scheme, packaging, product preference, perception, SME.

Memorabilia: Old Photographic Processes Application on Functional Objects

Memorabilia: Old Photographic Process Application on Functional Objects. It is a concept of creating photographic artwork as a personal expression of memories that have passed for a long time, or have just been overlooked because they are triggered by an object or moment and are always ringing in the mind so that they bring back memories of the past. As one of several old photographic processes, Vandyke print is a photo printing technique in the nineteenth century with monochrome (sepia) color characters that fits perfectly with the old impression of representing memorabilia memories that are realized in visual form. In this creation, functional objects are used as photo print media. Material or objects used as media to express ideas are such as something impressive, penetrating into feeling, thought, or action. Generally the material is understood to be passive, but on this context, things become active because they can trigger someone's memory of memorabilia. The works aim to bring back the memory of the past by printing old photographic processes by responding to functional objects which have personal stories and leave an impression. Apart from provoking the memories of the past, the photographic works could also become a personal reference of how important those memorabilia were. Keywords: memorabilia, old photographic process, functional objects

A Block Based Reversible Data Hiding Scheme for Digital Images Using Optimal Value Computation

Recently, more importance is given to reversible data hiding (RDH) schemes because it restores original cover image without loss after the secret data is extracted and it is useful in authentication and integrity checking. In this paper, a novel RDH scheme for digital images is proposed that has high capacity with low distortion. The cover image is divided into blocks and all the pixels in the block are converted into odd value or even value by computing the optimal value of the block. The optimal value is mean, median, max histogram or min---max average which is very nearer to the pixels in the block. Secret data is directly embedded into blocks using odd even property. In the receiving end, after extracting secret data cover image can be recovered to its original form by computing the same optimal value. The proposed scheme is tested with several monochrome images and color images. The experimental results reveal that the proposed scheme has high hiding capacity with low distortion.

The fluorescence Evaluation of composite resin by digital imaging device and monochrome color analysis software

The fluorescence Evaluation of composite resin by digital imaging device and monochrome color analysis software

Detection and recognition of text superimposed in images base on layered method

Detection and recognition of text superimposed in complex background has been considered as a challenging problem. Most of the existing methods first locate the text regions and then feed them into OCR package for recognition. However, these methods cannot achieve good recognition performance due to the complex background. For this purpose, this paper proposes a novel text detection and recognition method by using color clustering to divide images into multiple layers according to main color class. In the proposed method, we exploited a connected component analysis to obtain the candidate text regions from each color layer, and then a cascade Adaboost classifier is adopted to determine whether the candidate text regions is real text regions in the corresponding image layer. Because the monochrome color exists in each layer, the interference of the background can be effectively reduced, which can significantly improve the accuracy of text regions localization. Afterwards, an OCR package is used to recognize the text regions which have been located by the cascade Adaboost classifier. Since the text region has a monochrome color, it helps to greatly improve the recognition rate. Finally, the relationship between different layers is used to verify the recognition results by the text location. The experimental results show that the proposed approach significantly outperforms the existing methods.

A novel approach for detection of primary tooth caries based on the light influence foundation

Several techniques are used for detection of dental caries including a fiber-optic light (FOL), the method of optical coherence tomography (OCT), the method of fiber optic transillumination and the infrared tomography. For an assessment of light-induced fluorescence of hard dental tissues and primary dental caries diagnosis, we propose to use the domestic light-emitting-diode activator “LED active”, (MEDTORG +, Russia), with a wavelength of 530 nanometers and illumination of 10 000 meter-candle, and also wavelength of 625 nanometers at the 140 MWt/cm2 radiation power density. The activator’s principle action is based on application of light of powerful light-emitting diodes with the big intensity of a luminescence of monochrome color without a thermal component. The present study employed 150 18-45 years old subjects. For the diagnosis and severity of initial caries we used – light-induced fluorescence and electrometric diagnostic tools. Caries prevention was attempted by daily applications of remineralized preparation – Radogel-GAMK with amino acids and hyaluronic acid for the caries precaution at the early stages for 15 days. Under the influence of a Radogel-GAMK’s preparation parameters of electrometry at group of surveyed patients with initial caries have decreased by one third on hillocks, in fissures and on seal border. On fragment enamel and vestibular surfaces - in half, accordingly. Under the influence of green light (530 nm) on the demineralized enamel area, zone of increased opacity was identified and, confirmed by the presence of microbial contamination and degradation products. The extent of opacity of demineralized enamel correlated with the process of demineralization and the index of fluorescence signal (+). The use of red light (625 nm) allows identifying secondary caries on borders of abutment filling, which is manifested as a center of brown pigmentation of varying intensity. Reducing opacity of demineralized tooth enamel under the green light impact, allowed assessment of the remineralization effect of dental hard tissues and restoration of its organic and mineral components. As a result of research special parameters confirming the enamel changes after the impregnation by organic components that make up the protein matrix of the tooth have been identified. Remineralizing effect was proved by a reduction of electrometry parameters and opacity of demineralized tooth areas. Thus, studies of light-induced fluorescence can offer an actual and effective method of early detection of initial carious lesions.

Research on Ink's Dot Area Percentage's Prediction in Digital Printing Based on Spectrum Analyzing

Digital printing can print directly the information which will be printed on the package box by digital print machine and internet or computer, which removes the procession of color separation, makeup, plate-making in the traditional printing. The digital print can print any number package box at any time and at any place, which can realize the variable data printing, and which has a price advantage in the short version printing. Therefore, digital printing is a good method for personalized packaging printing.In digital printing, color control is important for print quality detection. In this paper the dot area percentage of cyan, magenta, yellow ink can be predicted by measuring the color’s spectral reflectance in order to control the ink’s amount in digital print and realize the color’s precise control of cyan, magenta, yellow. In the prediction model of three color ink’s dot percentage, the characteristic of spectral reflectance curves for the various color ink is analyzed, and each ink’s high reflectivity and low reflectivity which is high correlation with the dot percentage is chosen and is calculated by normalization method in order to get each ink’s dot area percentage’ prediction model. At last by measuring the paper’s spectral reflectance and the using normalization method, paper’s color can be described, and the effect of paper on monochrome color ink’s dot area percentage can be analyzed. The research has important significance for packing box’s digital printing’s color high-fidelity reproduction.

Entropy-Based Fade Modeling and Detection

Accurate shot boundary detection techniques have been an important research topic in the last decade. Such interest is motivated by the fact that segmenting a video stream is the first step towards video content analysis and content-based video browsing and retrieval. In this paper, we present a new algorithm mainly focused on the detection of fades by using of a non-common feature in previous work: entropy, a scalar representation of the amount of information of each video frame. A survey of the properties of this feature is first provided where authors show that the pattern this series exhibits when fades occur is clear and consistent. It does not depend on the monochrome color used to fade and, besides, it is able to deal with on-screen texts remaining in the monochrome stage of them. A statistical model based algorithm to detect fades is proposed. Due to the clear pattern shown by fades in the entropy series and the accurate mathematical model used, motion and illumination changes do not severely affect precision as it normally happens with algorithms dealing with the detection of gradual transitions.

LCD-based color filter films fabricated by a pigment-based colorant photo resist inks and printing technology

Inkjet printing technology has been applied to the fabrication of monochrome color filter films and has afforded an efficient and economic production process for flat panel displays. We demonstrate the preparation and physical characterization of the red and/or green monochrome films on glass substrates by inkjet printing technology with pigment-based colorant resist inks. For the green films, a thickness of 1.45 μm and the color coordinate value of x = 0.309, y = 0.588 and the brightness of Y = 58.90 in CIE 1931 diagram are attained at the optimal ink amounts of 1400 pl for green droplets. For the red colorant films, an appropriate film thickness of 1.20 μm and the coordinate value of x = 0.572, y = 0.320 and the brightness of Y = 27.1 in chromaticity diagram at the red droplets amounts of 900 pl are obtained. The experimental results exhibit the percentages of optical transmittance of the as-printed green films achieve greater than 85.0% in the spectral range of 515.0 nm and those of the as-printed red films in the subpixel cell can achieve 98.0% in the range of 640.0 nm.

Digital Red Eye Removal

The current paper provides methods to correct the artifact known as “red eye” by means of digital color image processing. This artifact is typically formed in amateur photographs taken with a built-in camera flash. To correct red eye artifacts, an image mask is computed by calculating a colorimetric distance between a prototypical reference “red eye” color and each pixel of the image containing the red eye. Various image processing algorithms such as thresholding, blob analysis, and morphological filtering, are applied to the mask, in order to eliminate noise, reduce errors, and facilitate a more natural looking result. The mask serves to identify pixels in the color image needing correction, and further serves to identify the amount of correction needed. Pixels identified as having red eye artifacts are modified to a substantially monochrome color, while the bright specular reflection of the eye is preserved.

Low-cost ground-based digital infra-red photography

The paper describes how many types of inexpensive digital camera can be used to take monochrome and false colour infra-red photographs. The method avoids many of the limitations of infra-red sensitive film and produces excellent results rapidly and at low cost.

Predicting Monochrome Color Transmittance Spectra of Electrophotographic Prints

Predicting Monochrome Color Transmittance Spectra of Electrophotographic Prints

Improvement of tactical situation awareness with colour-coded horizontal-situation displays in combat aircraft

In the multi-role combat aircraft Gripen, the monochrome head-down displays in the cockpit are to be upgraded in colour. In the present study, the effects of colour-coded displays on visual search and situation awareness (SA) were studied in a real-time simulation of an air-to-air mission with test pilots as subjects. Gripen's monochrome colour scheme was compared to two chromatic (dichrome, polychrome) colour schemes. A 3×2×2 factorial within subjects design was used; the three colour schemes each with two different background conditions (simple and complex) and two different symbol configurations. The pilot had two tasks during the simulation: (1) to track a manoeuvring aircraft within specified limits by using the head-up display (HUD), and (2) to detect the appearance of a priority target on the head-down horizontal-situation display (HSD). Deviations in flight path angle and reaction times for target detection were recorded. After the test runs, the pilot answered questions and ranked the colour schemes in different respects. The pilot also rated them for SA using a subjective rating technique on cognitive compatibility (CC-SART). The results show that colour is advantageous in comparison to the monochrome display: The ranks on situation awareness and preference ratings were higher for the chromatic schemes, and with the complex background, the reaction times were significantly lower for the polychrome colour code. In summary, the results indicate that colour can improve tactical SA in combat aircraft.

Theory of the effect of light scattering from dispersed pigment particles on hard copy monochrome color

Theory of the effect of light scattering from dispersed pigment particles on hard copy monochrome color

Visual Appearance and Its Fidelity Evaluation of Computer-Displayed Still Images.

It seems that the visual appearance of a still image displayed in quasi-color is psychovisually different from that of in monochrome color. The visual impressions of computer-displayed images or reconstructed images are much affected by the various factors such as the size of image, pixel resolution, the number of gray level etc. It is pointed out that there is more or less a distinctive difference between the result of visual or subjective evaluations and the fidelity measure necessary for quantitatively estimating image quality. The purpose of this paper is to quantitatively evaluate the difference between two images by means of some fidelity measures in connection with the visual appearance of computer-displayed still images. Moreover, a difference image representation is extensively used in order to carry out the intuitive discrimination between an original image and a reconstructed image, on condition that the size of block pixel is specified as constant in advance.

Software Reviews : MacroBytesPublisher: Worth Publishers, Inc., 33 Irving Place, New York, NY 10003; 212-475-6000; FAX 212-505-9570 Year of Publication: 1992 Version Reviewed: 1.1 Materials: 3.5" or 5.25" diskette and 43-page guide Price: $12.95 single user, $125 site license Machine Specificity: The program and accompanying overlay and data files are distributed for IBM Pcs and true compatibles only System Requirements:

The MacroBytes software package is a computer-assisted instructional (CAI) tool designed to accompany the intermediate macroeconomics textbook Macroeconomics, by N. Gregory Mankiw. Its intent is to reinforce the concepts presented in the textbook while at the same time being comprehensive and self-contained. Use of the program does not require the student to have immediate access to the textbook, yet the program does refer the student to appropriate sections of the text for further reading at a later time.

Real Color Cathodoluminescence (CL) in the SEM: Physics, Color Display and Applications

This paper is concerned with a novel technique of investigating the CL of solids in SEM by means of spectral topographical analysis (use of real color contrast determined by the local CL spectrum).The present-day black-and-white visualizing systems allow images with the number of brightness gradations more than 100. The observer is capable of distinguishing no more than 16 levels of monochrome color (grey levels) at a time. The situation differs when color contrast is used. In the color image, the elements of the same brightness can be discriminated by color contrast. Generally, color image elements can be discriminated both by brightness contrast and by color contrast. For example, only three primary colors (red, green and blue) are employed in commercial television, and the total number of hues approaches 16. If white is used as the reference color, the number of hues amounts to 12000, of which only one third can be displayed by the standard color monitor. The knowledge of color discrimination thresholds allows one to determine the number of colors discernable by eye, this number being about 1300. Thus, color contrast in SEM increases the information content of the image by about two orders, as compared with its black-and-white counterpart. This method of information representation does not practically allow any loss of information in forming the CL image in the visible region. SEM allows the formation of the image in real colors determined by the local CL spectra of the object. The color of the point is determined by the total power of all the detected spectral bands and lines. Thus, the color CL image represents spectral topographical information about the object surface. The signal forming this image for one color channel can be presented as.

A multilayer address vector quantization technique

A new vector quantization scheme for encoding monochrome and RGB color images is presented. The technique, called multilayer address vector quantization, is based upon using vector quantization in a multilayer fashion. In the first layer, a standard vector quantization is performed on each block of the image. In the second layer, the resulting vector quantization addresses of the neighboring blocks are merged together to form a new vector which is said to be address vector quantized if this address combination vector can be found in an address codebook. This process of merging four nodes (neighboring addresses) is repeated recursively in a bottom-up hierarchical manner in the subsequent higher layers using the corresponding address codebook in each layer. The address codebook in each layer consists of the most probable address combinations. A three-layer coding system is simulated where the codebook in the first layer is a standard VQ codebook, and the codebooks in the other two layers are address codebooks with codevectors consisting of the addresses of the previous layer codebook. Simulation results demonstrate good quality reproduction at bit rates above 0.23 b/pixel for monochrome images and 0.35 b/pixel for RGB color images. >

Laser Color Recording Directly on Nine-Inch Color Film

A Laser Color Recorder is described which yields Landsat or similar high-resolution images directly on photographic color film. This development, sponsored by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, provides the capability for transferring computer-formatted magnetic tape data directly to positive or negative color imagery. Designed to circumvent the current task of reconstructing color images by combining individual (monochrome) color separation negatives, this recorder yields Landsat pictures, directly, with growth potential for the recording of advanced, high-resolution color image sensor data. Three individual laser beams, representing the three primary colors, are modulated separately, then combined precisely to form a single beam of light. This synthesized beam, in which the instantaneous hue and intensity are determined by the modulating signals, is focused on the recording film through a rotating scanning mirror. The entire scanner assembly is translated across the format length to form a raster image directly on the photographic color film.