Monkey Bite Research Articles

Assessment of knowledge and attitude of healthcare professionals towards Mpox in a Nigerian hospital.

Mpox is a zoonotic viral disease that presents significant public health challenges. Despite the pivotal role of healthcare workers, research on their knowledge and attitudes towards mpox is limited. This study aimed to assess healthcare workers' knowledge, awareness and attitude regarding mpox as well as associated factors at Rivers State University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed, utilizing a 34-item semi-structured questionnaire. Knowledge levels were categorized as good (> 70% score), fair (50-69%), or poor (< 50%), while attitudes were classified as positive (> 70% score), moderate (50-69%), or negative (< 50%). Statistical analyses included independent sample T-test, One-way Analysis of Variance, and Chi-square tests. Among a total of 227 healthcare professionals, majority were females (59%) and singles (54.2%). Over 79% correctly identified mpox as a viral infection, while 59.9% recognized its potential transmission through a monkey bite. Overall, 22.5% demonstrated good knowledge. Majority (61.7%) acknowledged the potential of mpox as a worldwide pandemic, with 89% agreeing it could strain affected countries' healthcare systems. Healthcare workers exhibited moderate to positive attitudes towards mpox. Gender (Males, (p = 0.003), age (> 40 years (p = 0.008), years of experience (6-10 years; (p < 0.001), professional qualification (physicians, (p = 0.002), and previous mpox training (p < 0.001) significantly influenced knowledge levels, but no significant associations were found between demographic variables and attitudes. The study revealed a high level of awareness but low to fair knowledge among most participants. Healthcare professionals also demonstrated moderate to positive attitudes towards mpox. Factors such as gender, age, years of experience, professional qualification, and previous training on mpox influenced knowledge levels, but did not influence attitude in the study participants highlighting the importance of targeted educational interventions.

TREND OF ANIMAL BITE CASES REPORTED TO ANTI RABIES VACCINATION CLINIC AT A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL.

Introduction: Rabies is a fatal viral zoonosis and serious public health problem. Though 100% fatal ,it is a 100% preventable disease .Rabies is a global burden and a fatal disease of the central nervous system .WHO reports around 55,000 rabies deaths out of which 20000 deaths are estimated to occur in India alone with 17.4 million exposures to animal bite every year. Rabies is transmitted to humans through animal bites, mostly dogs. Objectives: 1. To study the trend of animal bite cases over a period of last 10 years. 2. To study the distribution of cases according to gender, season and type of animal bite. Materials and Methods: This record based cross sectional study was carried out at the anti-rabies vaccination (ARV) clinic. All the new cases of animal bites reported to ARV clinic during the last 10 years, from January 2011 to December2020 were assessed. Data is presented using percentages and proportions. Results: In our study the number of animal bite cases were continuously increasing since 2011 till 2019 with an exception in 2013 and 2020 in which there were slight decrease in cases. Month wise distribution of animal bite victims attending the ARV clinic having highest number of animal bite cases in December i.e. 2951 followed by November (2878) followed by January (2874). Out of total 31,677 animal bite cases 28,303(89%) were urban &amp; 3374(11%) were rural. The ratio of urban to rural is 8.3:1. Among the cases, 69% were males and 31% were females. Majority of the cases were of dog bite (88.75%) followed by cat bite (7.3%) and monkey bite (2.2%) and 1.75% of the cases were bitten by other animals. Conclusion: Thus, an increasing trend of animal bite cases is seen and this shall increase in the future also. So appropriate preventive &amp; control measures with intersectoral coordination should be enhanced in endemic areas in a developing country like India.

English

BACKGROUND Monkeys are responsible for 2-21% of all animal bite injuries. Monkey bites are second only to the dog bites as represented in India. Control of animal rabies is central to the prevention of human disease. Thus, prophylaxis (for domestic animals and selected humans) and PET remain essential to the prevention of clinical rabies. METHODS Patients presenting to the outpatient and emergency department with the complaint of monkey bite were enrolled in the study. All particulars of patients, history and examination findings were recorded in the clinical proforma after taking proper informed consent. Wounds were categorized based on WHO guide to postexposure prophylaxis. Local treatment consisted of two parts: first aid and wound management. ARV was administered in category II and III exposures in accordance to the intradermal schedule. Data was analysed for clinical information such as age, sex, socioeconomic status, timing &amp; site of bite, categories of contact and treatment given. RESULTS In our study of 68 patients, 24 (35.3%) were males and 44 (64.7%) were females. Majority of the patients belonged to the age group of 11-40 years in both male (n=20; 83.33%) and female (n=34; 77.27%) patients. Mean age group of patients in the study was 28.29 years. This generally reflects the greater exposure of young adults to the monkeys. Based on modified Kuppuswamy scale, most patients belonged to the class III (n=36; 52.9%) followed by class IV (n=16; 23.5%). All the patients sustaining bites from monkeys were vaccinated. Majority of the bites involved the lower extremities (n=31; 45.6%) followed by upper extremities (n=27; 39.7%). Based on WHO guidelines for wound categories, most patients belonged to category II (n=49; 72.1%) followed by category III (n=19; 27.9%). CONCLUSIONS In our study, we found that majority of patients sustaining monkey bites were young adults and belonged to lower middle &amp; upper lower class. There was no difference with respect to gender. Most common sites of monkey bite were upper &amp; lower extremities and belonged to WHO category II. No cases of rabies were observed in our study. KEY WORDS Almora, Monkey, Simian, Animal, Bite, Rabies, Immunization, Prophylaxis, Treatment

Outcome of human amniotic membrane wrap around neurorrhaphy in high radial nerve injury - a case report following monkey bite

IntroductionPeripheral nerve injury due to animal bite is a rare phenomenon. Most animal bites are from dogs. Monkey bites constitute a common risk, second only to dog bites, among travelers. Peripheral nerve injuries may occur due to a combination of monkey's strong jaws and sharp long teeth penetrating deep into the soft tissues. Such injuries are associated with increased perineural fibrosis. Human amniotic membrane (HAM) wrap around the nerve repair site reduces fibrotic response, prevents adhesions and scar formation thereby improving outcome. We report a case of “High Radial nerve palsy due to monkey bite, treated by neurorrhaphy with HAM wrap”. MethodA 3-year old boy presented with wrist drop, and inability to extend the fingers and thumb of his right dominant hand, following a monkey bite over the distal arm. The diagnosis of high radial nerve injury was corroborated by high frequency ultrasound and electrodiagnostic studies. On exploration the radial nerve was found to be transected. An end to end repair was performed, with HAM wrap around the neurorrhaphy. ResultsWrist dorsiflexion recovered at 2.5 months followed by active finger and thumb extension at 4 months with no infection or immune rejection. ConclusionNerve regeneration in our patient occurred at a faster rate as compared to the conventional 1 mm/day. This could be attributed to decreased perineural fibrosis, improved neurotropism due to the HAM wrap and neuronal plasticity in young brain in addition, the patient being a small child having better regenerative ability in comparison to an adult.

Necrotising fasciitis following a monkey bite

Abstract Necrotising fasciitis (NF) is rapidly spreading bacterial infection of a facial plane. It has a higher mortality rate in patients with diabetes and immunocompromised state. The initial presentation mimics cellulitis and most of the cases are misdiagnosed. Delayed diagnosis and treatment increase mortality by nearly 100%. Our patient had developed NF with septic shock following a monkey bite. The patient underwent prompt fasciotomy along with extensive wound debridement. Later patient underwent secondary suturing with a skin graft for wound cover. NF following money bite is not reported in the literature till now. Hence, early diagnosis and prompt surgical debridement in monkey bites will reduce the incidence of mortality due to NF.

Demographic Profiles of Animal Bite Cases at a Dedicated Anti-Rabies Hospital in Dhaka City of Bangladesh

Background: Animal bite management are very crucial part in the post prophylaxis treatment.&#x0D; Objective: The purpose of the present study was to see the demographic profile of animal bite cases at a dedicated anti-rabies hospital.&#x0D; Methodology: This retrospective chart review based on secondary data received from animal bite register was conducted in the Department of Microbiology at National Institute of Neurosciences &amp; Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2014 to December 2015 for a period of two years. All relevant data were noted from the registered record.&#x0D; Result: A total number of 17688 cases were collected from the register log book of animal bite. The mean age with standard deviation was 24.42±17.22 with the range of 1 to 99 years. The ratio between male and female was 2.33:1. The most common animal bite was dog bite which was 13574(76.7%) cases followed by cat, monkey, fox and weasel bite which were 3667(20.7%) cases, 163(0.9%) cases, 39(0.2%) cases and 22(0.1%) cases respectively. Lower extremity was the most site of bite by the animals which was 12936(73.1%) cases followed by upper extremity, waist, head &amp; neck, face and trunk which were 3592(20.3%) cases, 428(2.4%) cases, 155(0.9%) cases, 116(0.7%) and 114(0.6%) cases respectively. The most common category of bite was category II which was 11800(66.7%) cases.&#x0D; Conclusion: In conclusion male young adult person bite by dog with category II are the most common victims of animal bites seeking for treatment.&#x0D; Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh, 2020;6(2): 135-139

Notes from the Field: Monkey Bite in a Public Park and Possible Exposure to Herpes B Virus — Thailand, 2018

<i>Notes from the Field:</i> Monkey Bite in a Public Park and Possible Exposure to Herpes B Virus — Thailand, 2018

Traveller exposures to animals: a GeoSentinel analysis.

Human coexistence with other animals can result in both intentional and unintentional contact with a variety of mammalian and non-mammalian species. International travellers are at risk for such encounters; travellers risk injury, infection and possibly death from domestic and wild animal bites, scratches, licks and other exposures. The aim of the present analysis was to understand the diversity and distribution of animal-related exposures among international travellers. Data from January 2007 through December 2018 from the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network were reviewed. Records were included if the exposure was non-migration travel with a diagnosis of an animal (dog, cat, monkey, snake or other) bite or other exposure (non-bite); records were excluded if the region of exposure was not ascertainable or if another, unrelated acute diagnosis was reported. A total of 6470 animal exposures (bite or non-bite) were included. The majority (71%) occurred in Asia. Travellers to 167 countries had at least one report of an animal bite or non-bite exposure. The majority (76%) involved dogs, monkeys and cats, although a wide range of wild and domestic species were involved. Almost two-thirds (62.6%) of 4395 travellers with information available did not report a pretravel consultation with a healthcare provider. Minimizing bites and other animal exposures requires education (particularly during pretravel consultations) and behavioral modification. These should be supplemented by the use of pre-exposure rabies vaccination for travellers to high-risk countries (especially to those with limited access to rabies immunoglobulin), as well as encouragement of timely (in-country) post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies and Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 (herpesvirus B) when warranted.

Zika virus (ZIKV) disease: past, present and future

The mosquito-borne arbovirus Zika virus (positive-stranded RNA virus, ZIKV, Flavivirus, Flaviviridae), has caused an outbreak imposing by its extent and quick spread. This became the focus of a current pandemic and public health crisis all around the world because of the incessant geographic growth of both the virus and its mosquito vectors; it is often misdiagnosed with other disease like yellow fever, west nile, dengue and chikungunya because of same clinical manifestation. After unprecedented huge scale outbreak of ZIKV in Pacific, Micronesian island of Yap in 2007, though ZIKV infections are in general sporadic cases or causing mild self-limiting illness, harsh symptoms have been explained including neurological disorders, autoimmune disorder, fetal anomalies, impaired central nervous system of the fetus, microcephaly in newborns, meningoencephalitis, myelitis and Guillain Barre´Syndrome supposed to be linked with ZIKV. The virus is transmitted mainly by a mosquito Aedes aegypti, whereas, other routes of viral broadcast includes monkey bite, coitus and body fluids such as semen, blood and saliva which needs further corroboration. The relationship between these conditions with ZIKV infection is still not established and is under assessment. Till now there is no vaccine or specific antiviral against ZIKV, therefore the public health authority focuses on preventing infection, mainly in pregnant women and virus transmitted area. WHO and other health officials are working on the expansion of new projects and mosquito control techniques to manage up with infection as there is very fewer literature present on the pathogenesis of the ZIKV to help understand the clinical disease spectrum and target treatments to decrease or stop infection. The future status of ZIKV dispersal to other parts of the world is still unknown. The present review emphasizes various features of ZIKV and its history, epidemiology, transmission, clinical manifestations, progress and advances in developing effective diagnostics, vaccines and drugs/therapeutics along with accepting suitable avoidance and control strategies to undertake this deadly emerging disease.&#x0D; Keywords: Zika virus, Flavivirus, Aedes aegypti, Pregnancy, Transmission, Microcephaly, Africa

İhmal edilmiş hayvan ısırıklarına bağlı yara iyileşmesi gecikmesi ve yumuşak doku enfeksiyonu: bir olgu sunumu

One of the reasons of skin and soft tissue infections are infections due to animal bites. People who live in places where wild animals are found or travelers visiting these places are more likely under the risk of animal bites. These people should be careful about animal biting and after exposure should take appropriate treatment and use regularly. Interruption of treatment and poor wound cause to soft tissue infections. We aim to present this soft tissue infections due to animal bites for those who are living in areas where the wild animal population is and that could create risk for travelers to those area. In this case, we presented a seven years old child with a monkey bite and his delayed wound recovery due to insufficient public health conditions.

Monkey Bites and Injuries in the Zagreb Antirabies Clinic in 2014

SUMMARY – Travelling around the world and visiting distant places and countries (especially national parks, parks of nature, natural resorts, etc.) sometimes may result in animal bites and injuries from the species which are not usually represented as the source of human rabies cases, such as monkeys. In the last ten to fifteen years, monkey bites and injuries present an unpleasant experience and cause a lot of problems for travelers and tourists when travelling to India, Thailand, Indonesia or Bali because they have to seek a medical facility for wound treatment, tetanus prophylaxis, antimicrobial therapy and rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). In 2014, 706 persons were registered at the Zagreb Antirabies Clinic as having sustained bites by various animals, ten of them reported to have been bitten or injured by monkeys. Nine of them sustained injuries during their travel to India, Thailand, Indonesia and Bali. All injuries occurred when they wanted to pet or tried to feed monkeys, or refused to give them food. Most of the monkeys were macaques, capuchins, or of unknown type. Only one monkey bite recorded in the city of Zagreb occurred in the Zagreb ZOO while a professional animal handler was feeding a capuchin monkey in the cage. He did not receive rabies PEP, but instead, the capuchin monkey was put under veterinary supervision. All other patients started with PEP in the countries where the injuries occurred and continued/completed it at the Zagreb Antirabies Clinic. They received antirabies vaccine only (PVRV, RABIPUR) upon 5-dose regimen (Essen scheme) and 2-1-1 (Zagreb scheme) regimen. None of them contracted rabies. After many years, monkeys were the animal species immediately following dogs and cats in the official report of the Zagreb Antirabies Clinic, which was quite surprising. Usually, monkey bites and injuries do not present a serious problem in daily routine because they occur sporadically.

Awareness and practice of animal bite management among patients attending rabies clinic of a tertiary hospital, Burdwan, India

Introduction: Rabies is a neglected disease of poor and vulnerable populations whose deaths are rarely reported. Although rabies is 100% fatal, it is 100% preventable also, but unfortunately, lots of death is occurring around the year. With this, the present study was performed to assess the sociodemographic profile and awareness and practice regarding management of animal bite among patients attending Rabies Clinic of Burdwan Medical College and Hospital (BMCH interestingly, monkey bite was seen in 4.1% (9) of the cases. Nearly sixty-six percent (65.8%) patients were classified as Category III according to the World Health Organization classification of the severity of wounds. Almost half of the victims (102, 46.3%) washed wound with soap under running tap water, whereas 12.9% (28) had taken no action. Most of the animal bite victims (177, 80.5%) received injection of tetanus toxoid and anti-rabies vaccine following animal bite. Conclusion: The present study showed that more than half of the participants got animal bite-related information from health personnel (doctors, nurses, etc.) and 12.9% (28) had taken no action after animal bite. These indicate proper control of stray animals as well as right medical advice and adequate treatment of animal bite cases can reduce the incidence of rabies.

Zika Virus: Infection, Virus, Development and Process of Vaccines

Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne positive stranded virus of the family Flaviviridae which causing an unprecedented outbreak. Zika virus (ZIKV) has two main authors: African and Asian.[2] Zika virus was established as a cause of severe neurological complications in fetuses. In this review, we are focusing on diagnostic challenges, epidemiology, vaccine developments, syndromes and transmission of virus and anatomy of Zika virus.[8] This virus was first established in Uganda in 1947.[9] The first person infected by Zika virus is in Nigeria in 1952.Now, large amount of the outbreaks are found in Americans and emerged in Brazil in 2015.[5] Zika virus has risk of infection through blood transfusion, sexual practices and perinatal transmission.[7],[8] The routes of perinatal transmission are during delivery, breastfeeding and by close interaction between the mother and newborn. Due to infected blood or monkey bite, organ transplantation, the mucocutaneous is exposure.[5],[10],[12] The viruses are initially in dendritic cells and then spread to lymph nodes and the blood stream.[2],[4] This shows the symptoms like low grade fever, conjunctivitis, headache, retro-orbital pain, arthritis and many.[11],[15] For diagnosis of ZIKV infection, the laboratory tests are needed because there is no information about pathognomonic clinical, biochemical or radiological features. There is no development of the vaccine of ZIKV.[1],[2]

Streptococcus oraliscerebral abscess following monkey bite in a 2-month-old infant

Although cerebral abscesses caused by animal bites have been reported, they are extremely rare in infants and have not been described following monkey bite. A 55-day-old male infant presented with a multi-loculated Streptococcus oralis cerebral abscess following a monkey bite on the scalp. There was a clinical response to antibiotic therapy and repeated surgical aspiration followed by a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. This is the first report of a patient with a brain abscess following a monkey bite.

An epidemiological study of animal bites among rural population in Tamil Nadu, India

Background: There are many zoonotic diseases which are deadly to human like Rabies, Plague, and Monkey pox etc. But Human rabies continues to be endemic in India and according to recent estimate 20,000 person’s die of this disease every year. Hence this study was conducted to know the prevalence and pattern of animal bites during last one year. The aim was to estimate the prevalence and pattern of animal bites in a rural population and to determine health care seeking behaviour for animal bites. Methods: This study was conducted at rural health training centre and field practice area of AMCH Erumapatti & Kandantheri, Salem, India between March 1 st -March 31 st 2014. It is a cross sectional study, where convenient sampling method was used. The sample size was 688 subjects above 1 year age group. Using pre-tested structured questionnaire, the sample adult population were interviewed for any animal bites in the past one year in the family. The socio demographic characteristics, epidemiological and associated factors for animal bites were studied. Results: It was found that during last one year 69 (10.03%) of study population had animal bites and majority of them were bitten by dogs 44 (63.77%), others bites like millipede, centipede, scorpion, snake 17 (24.64%), cat 5 (7.25%), rat 2 (2.90%) and monkey 1 (1.45%). It was found that majority had animal bites on leg 42 (60.87%). It was found that majority of them were bitten by pet animals 41 (59.42%). It was found that 42 (60.87%) took first aid after bite, while 27(39.13%) had not taken first aid. It was found that 51 (81%) took treatment for animal bites, while 18 (19%) did not take any treatment. Conclusions: The prevalence of animal bites in our study population is 10.03%. Among that, dog bites were majority about 44 (63.77%). Only 51 (81%) people had taken treatment for their bites. Knowledge about animal bite is essential because it causes many fatal diseases to human beings. People living in the rural areas should be aware of animal bites like dog bite, cat bite, rat bite, monkey bite and other bites like snake bite, scorpion bite, bites caused by centipedes which may cause morbidity & mortality among rural population.

High frequency of HTLV-1 infection in Bantus and Pygmies from rural Cameroon bitten by non-human primates during hunting

HTLV-1 infection is endemic in Central Africa, as well as the closely related STLV-1 found in several non-human primates (NHPs). Like other retroviruses, acquisition through interspecies transmission is strongly suggested but needs to be investigated. We analyzed 269 selected individuals (254 men, 15 women, average age 43.5 years) for whom a direct contact (mainly a severe bite) with a NHP occurred. This happened mostly during hunting activities and involved bleeding and body fluids exchange with at least saliva/blood contact. The same number of persons who live in the same villages/settlements but did not report any bite by NHPs was matched according to sex, age and ethnicity. Both groups include either Pygmies or Bantus living in the rain forest of South Cameroon. Plasma were tested for HTLV serology by WB, and proviral DNA was searched in buffy-coat DNA by 3 HTLV generic and one HTLV-1 specific PCR. HTLV-1 prevalence was of 8.5% (23/269) among bitten individuals versus 1.5% (4/269) observed in the controls (p<0.001). The 23 HTLV-1+ bitten individuals reported a gorilla (17), chimpanzee (3) or monkey (3) bite. Interestingly, 13/23 were coinfected by a simian foamyvirus, for which cross-species transmission from NHP to humans through bites is demonstrated. Moreover, familial studies excluded the other established routes of virus acquisition among some positive bitten individuals. Lastly, a phylogenetic analysis showed a HTLV-1 subtype F in a bitten subject closely related to the STLV-1 strain from a Cercocebus agilis with whom he was in contact, thus strengthening these new findings.

Primary cutaneous actinomycosis of upper extremity masquerading as soft tissue neoplasm: a case report

Primary cutaneous actinomycosis of the extremity is extremely rare. It is usually misdiagnosed clinically as soft tissue tumour or soft tissue infection. We present the case of a 55-year-old woman with primary cutaneous actinomycosis of the right forearm that had been erroneously diagnosed as soft tissue tumour. It had probably occurred following direct inoculation of the micro-organism after a monkey bite. The patient was successfully treated with surgical excision followed by treatment with antibiotics.

Unique lentivirus infecting feral simians from forests of Rajasthan, India

Lentivirus infection of wild rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and langurs (Semnopithecus entellus) from forests of Rajasthan was suspected based on testing of simian plasma samples by commercial HIV-1 WB in 1998. Though simians have a religious connotation in India, aggressive monkey bites are frequently reported from urban and rural areas due to habitat fragmentation of wild simians. Blood samples from 34 feral rhesus macaques and 9 langurs were collected recently from forests of Rajasthan. Plasma samples were tested using monoclonal antibody against capsid proteins of SIVmac (p27) and HIV-1 (p24). Mitochondrial gene analyses confirmed the species of origin. Integrated provirus was detected by Alu-LTR amplification. Lentiviral genes, gag, pol, env, nef, vif, vpr and LTR were amplified and sequenced. Viral load assay was performed independently. Virus purified from simian plasma by ultracentrifugation was used to infect human PBMC, H9 (CD4+, CXCR4+) and U87 (CD4+, CCR5+) cell lines. Virus replication in vitro was detected by p24 antigen capture ELISA and microscopic syncytia formation. Phylogenetic analyses of viral sequences demonstrated intriguing homology to subtype B HIV-1 rather than any known SIV. Significant sequence divergence from HXB2 existed in different regions of viral genome except for conserved pol (RT) region, ruling out inadvertent laboratory contamination. Serological activity was observed against HIV-1 p24 but not SIVmac p27. Reverse transmission of subtype B HIV-1, which is transmitted in north India from infected humans to feral simians due to bleeding monkey bite followed by horizontal spread of the infection in troops of wild simians is proposed.

Novel Simian Foamy Virus infection of wild Indian rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta)

Simian Foamy Viruses (SFVs) infect many non-human primates, (NHP) by species-specific strain of SFV. Infection in humans occurs through zoonosis form NHP in areas where hunting for bush meat is common, as in Africa. To investigate natural retroviral infection of wild Indian simians, blood samples were collected from forested regions of Rajasthan state. Using degenerate primers from the pol region of retroviral genome, 3 out of 24 (~12%) wild rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) gave positive signals. Direct sequencing of PCR products revealed novel SFV infection of wild Indian rhesus macaques, M1, M2 and M4. The sequences were aligned with known SFV sequences from various NHP species. The SFV sequences from pol (Integrase) region had the characteristic core domain and the conserved zn finger domains (His 2-Cys2). Pol sequences of SFV infecting wild Indian rhesus macaques were 8-10% divergent from available SFVmac sequences. Overall the novel SFV sequences were related to other SFV sequences from Genbank but formed a unique cluster in Neighbor Joining phylogenetic tree. Close man-monkey interaction has existed in India for centuries because of the religious connotation of simians, but bush meat consumption is not common except in some tribal populations from the northeastern regions. Future investigation with specific rather than degenerate primers will determine the actual prevalence of SFV infection in wild simian population from India. Similarly, analyses of blood samples from humans with history of bleeding monkey bite at temple and tourist sites will reveal if simian to human transmission of SFV exists in India.

Eyelid Avulsion from Monkey Bite

A 19-day-old infant was bitten by a macaque monkey in western Singapore, resulting in a full thickness laceration of his upper eyelid, which was successfully repaired with good structural, functional and aesthetic outcome. Periorbital injuries of children are of concern in view of the risk of visual impairment. In addition, monkey bite inoculations carry the risk of transmitting multiple bacterial, Rabies and Herpes B viral infections. The acute management and surgical repair, as well as learning points on management of Simian injuries are discussed.