Tank Monitoring Research Articles

RANCANG BANGUN MODEL MONITORING UNDERGROUND TANK SPBU DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN SENSOR ULTRASONIK BERBASIS INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

The management of underground tanks at gas stations is a crucial aspect to ensure the availability and safety of fuel. However, conventional methods for monitoring fuel levels in tanks are often ineffective and prone to human error. To address this issue, this research designs and develops a model for an underground tank monitoring system using ultrasonic sensors Internet of Things (IoT) integrated technology. The ultrasonic sensors are used to measure the fuel level in the tank in real-time, and this data is then transmitted to an IoT platform for analysis and monitoring through a user interface that can be accessed remotely. This system is expected to enhance operational efficiency and safety in the management of underground tanks at gas stations and provide early warnings in the event of abnormal conditions, such as leaks or excessively low fuel levels. The implementation results demonstrate that this system can provide accurate and reliable information, enabling better decision-making in fuel stock management

Non-Invasive Bio-Impedance Imaging and Sensing for Medical Diagnostics and Industrial Applications

Bio-impedance-based imaging technique stands at the intersection of medical/industrial imaging techniques and is also known as electrical impedance tomography (EIT), imparting a non-invasive, value-powerful approach for imaging biological tissues and procedures. We begin by elucidating the essential standards underlying EIT, focusing on the size of impedance variations inside an object (plastic pipe) to reconstruct its inner conductivity distribution. Subsequently, we delve into the numerous programs of EIT across numerous fields and discuss recent experimental strategies and advancements aimed at mitigating these boundaries, such as novel electrode configurations, advanced reconstruction algorithms, and incorporation of complementary imaging modalities. Finally, we underscore the importance of experimental research in advancing the capabilities and packages of EIT as a valuable device in industrial monitoring, specifically in bedside tracking, process pipelines, tank monitoring and also used for other medical or industrial detection, even as additionally exploring its rising roles in commercial and environmental applications.

IoT based Smart Aquaculture Monitoring System for Fish Tank Management

Aquaculture, the farming of aquatic organisms, plays a critical role in meeting the increasing global demand for seafood. Effective monitoring and management of aquaculture systems are essential for ensuring optimal conditions and maximizing productivity. This research presents a comprehensive aquaculture-based fish tank monitoring system designed to enhance operational efficiency and fish welfare. At the heart of the system is the Arduino Uno microcontroller, serving as the central processing unit to coordinate various functions. Key components include pH sensor for continuous monitoring of acidity levels, turbidity sensor for detecting suspended particles, and water level sensor for maintaining optical water levels within the tank. In the event of abnormal pH levels or high turbidity, the system triggers automated alerts, sending notifications to the designated owner through SMS and transmitting data to an IoT website for remote monitoring. To ensure consistent environmental conditions, two pump motors are utilized: one for automatic water replenishment in case of water level fluctuations and another for removing water in case of particle accumulation. Furthermore, the system integrates a servo motor mechanism for precise dispensing of fish feed at predetermined intervals, promoting healthy growth and nutrition. Control over pump motors and feeding schedules is facilitated through a user-friendly website interface, providing operators with seamless management capabilities.

Diesel Level Monitoring System

Abstract: The ultimate objective of this project is to create a wireless diesel tank monitoring system that employs WebSocket protocol to connect fuel sensors and a mobile app in remote areas in real time. Through the use of Wi-Fi networks, customers can obtain consumption information, monitor the current diesel levels in various tanks, and log in to the mobile app, which has a straightforward interface. Diesel levels are shown as a percentage, translated from voltage readings, and alerts are delivered by the system when levels drop below preset limits. The goal of this effective and user-friendly technology is to maximize the use of diesel and make timely refills in distant places easier. A reliable and smooth solution for diesel level monitoring is made possible by the integration of the ESP32 microcontroller, WebSocket connection, and capacitive fuel level sensor. Accurate mapping of sensor readings to ESP32 values is made possible by the use of a 20k ohm potentiometer, which guarantees accurate and dependable data transfer. This work advances the area of remote monitoring systems by providing a workable and expandable method for monitoring diesel level in a variety of applications.

Leakage monitoring and diagnosis of LNG storage tanks with temperature sensing network integration and artificial intelligence algorithm

Temperature is the most important safety monitoring indicator for leakage diagnosis during the operation phase of liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage tanks. Timely monitoring and accurate identification of LNG leakage events are crucial for accident prevention, loss reduction, and facility safety maintenance. This study integrates artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms and temperature sensing data to achieve intelligent monitoring and diagnosis of leakage in LNG storage tanks. Firstly, a comprehensive temperature sensing network is constructed by combining numerical simulation of the temperature field and temperature sensing experiments using fiber Bragg grating sensors. Secondly, Python is used to perform linear grid interpolation and flattening on the sensing network, generating 2D temperature nephogram samples that are conducive to AI algorithm recognition. Finally, sample features are extracted using machine vision, and leakage location calculation, leakage diagnosis and leakage volume calculation are implemented with the help of machine learning algorithms, achieving satisfactory accuracy on the test set. In addition, the ConvLSTM framework is introduced for deep learning and recurrent neural network training, enabling spatiotemporal prediction of the leakage area.

Resonant sandwich-structured piezoelectric cantilever for volatile alcohol level monitoring

The demand for accurate and real-time liquid level monitoring of storage tanks has increased dramatically in recent decades, particularly in industries such as chemical processing and petroleum refining. However, challenges can arise when liquid levels drop due to volatilization. To address this issue, we propose a resonant Sandwich-structured piezoelectric transducers-cantilever system for volatile alcohol level monitoring. We conducted a COMSOL numerical simulation to determine the frequency shift caused by volatilization at different alcohol levels. Experimental results confirmed the simulation and showed a linear trend within a certain range. This system has potential applications in micro-scale level monitoring systems for various industries.

Structural Health Monitoring of Chemical Storage Tanks with Application of PZT Sensors.

Chemical pressure storage tanks are containers designed to store fluids at high pressures, i.e., their internal pressure is higher than the atmospheric pressure. They can come in various shapes and sizes, and may be fabricated from a variety of materials. As aggressive chemical agents stored under elevated pressures can cause significant damage to both people and the environment, it is essential to develop systems for the early damage detection and the monitoring of structural integrity of such vessels. The development of early damage detection and condition monitoring systems could also help to reduce the maintenance costs associated with periodic inspections of the structure and unforeseen operational breaks due to unmonitored damage development. It could also reduce the related environmental burden. In this paper, we consider a hybrid material composed of glass-fiber-reinforced polymers (GFRPs) and a polyethylene (PE) layer that is suitable for pressurized chemical storage tank manufacturing. GFRPs are used for the outer layer of the tank structure and provides the dominant part of the construction stiffness, while the PE layer is used for protection against the stored chemical medium. The considered damage scenarios include simulated cracks and an erosion of the inner PE layer, as these can be early signs of structural damage leading to the leakage of hazardous liquids, which could compromise safety and, possibly, harm the environment. For damage detection, PZT sensors were selected due to their widely recognized applicability for the purpose of structural health monitoring. For sensor installation, it was assumed that only the outer GFRP layer was available as otherwise sensors could be affected by the stored chemical agent. The main focus of this paper is to verify whether elastic waves excited by PZT sensors, which are installed on the outer GFRP layer, can penetrate the GFRP and PE interface and can be used to detect damage occurring in the inner PE layer. The efficiency of different signal characteristics used for structure evaluation is compared for various frequencies and durations of the excitation signal as well as feasibility of PZT sensor application for passive acquisition of acoustic emission signals is verified.

Assessment of Tank Water Spread Area in Cheyyar Sub Basin Using Sentinel 1A Data

A research study was conducted for estimating the water spread area of tanks in Cheyyar sub basin for the year 2022. Tanks are low-cost irrigation water source and play a key role in recharge of ground water. Mapping and regular monitoring of tanks plays an important role in water resource planning. Sentinel-1A SAR data has high potential in estimating water spread area as it is unaffected by cloud cover, light or weather conditions. After processing the obtained satellite data using SNAP software, the water spread area was obtained by threshold approach. The backscattering (dB) value ranged between -30.641 and 22.898 during the course of study. The total water spread area was noticed maximum and minimum during the month of January and July with 5728.20 ha and 1123.44 ha (21.88% and 4.29 % of total tank area) respectively. The total rainfall received in Cheyyar sub basin was about 1290 mm. The water spread area seems to be proportional to the rainfall of previous and current months.

An Embedded Smart System for Water Monitoring and Leakage Detection of Storage Tanks

An Embedded Smart System for Water Monitoring and Leakage Detection of Storage Tanks

Research on digital twin based temperature field monitoring system for LNG storage tanks

The temperature distribution is a critical indicator of the health condition of liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage tanks. Point measurements are the main method of traditional LNG tank temperature field monitoring. To obtain more abundant temperature data and realize the digital transformation of temperature field monitoring, an LNG tank temperature field monitoring system was constructed, which consists of a model layer, a data layer, and an application layer, by combining sensing data with digital twin (DT) technology. First, the temperature distribution of the LNG storage tank under working and leaking conditions was simulated, and the sensing monitoring network was constructed by combining Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor temperature-sensing experiments. Second, a finite element calculation model of the steady-state temperature field of an LNG storage tank was developed, and the twin model was generated by fusing the sensing data to realize the inversion from local sensing data to the whole temperature field. Finally, an LNG temperature field monitoring system based on the DT was constructed. Based on physical field leakage simulations performed with the Fluent software, the functions of visual interaction, construction splitting, temperature chart analysis, leakage diagnosis, and historical data management of the twin models were realized, which provided system building samples for digital monitoring of new LNG storage tanks.

Smart Water Tank Web-based

In this modern era, automatic equipment dominates human life because it can ease the burden of human work. A variety of practical and flexible electronic devices have been created to help people more easily meet their needs. This research designed an automated water tank monitoring system using microcontrollers and utilizing the internet and websites as visualization of monitoring data. This smart water tank consists of pH sensors, turbidity sensors, and TDS sensors. In addition, there is a water level to detect the water level in the reservoir, a solenoid valve as an automatic faucet, and water flow to calculate the discharge of water that fills the reservoir. When tds sensors and turbidity sensors detect water in a bad state it will automatically drain the Tandon. After the water drain is drained, the water level will be detected and then the water pump will automatically turn on. The purpose of this smart water tank is to make it easier for users to monitor the water tank in real time and accurately. The results of the test were carried out that every time the water detects turbidity levels above 25 NTu and Tds above 1000 mg / l then the water will be automatically wasted even though the reservoir is in full condition. The test results also proved the system is able to work by sending water data and displaying it on the web www.tandonair.online.

IoT-enabled smart water tank monitoring system with android application control

This paper proposes a more efficient water monitoring and control system for water utilities to address the current water wastage problem, utilizing IoT and Android applications. The integrated system aims to enhance real-time data collection, analysis, and remote management, empowering water utilities to optimize resource usage and mitigate environmental impact. Conventional water tanks cannot monitor or control the water level in the tank, leading to a significant amount of wastage. Implementing smart water tank systems with automated monitoring and control features can not only prevent wastage but also enhance overall water management efficiency. Ultrasonic sensors are used to measure the water level, while other parameters such as pH, TDS, and turbidity of the water should be calculated. Additionally, these sensors play a crucial role in ensuring accurate and real-time monitoring of water quality in various applications, such as industrial processes, aquaculture, and environmental monitoring. The integration of ultrasonic technology for water level measurement enhances the overall efficiency and reliability of water management systems. The calculated values from the sensors can be processed by the microcontrollers and uploaded to the internet through the Wi-Fi module (ESP 8266). Some other technologies have certain drawbacks in one way or another. The removal of these shortcomings and the provision of an efficient and economical solution have been the main focus of this paper. Through extensive research and innovation, our team has strived to overcome these limitations, paving the way for a more robust and seamless technological landscape.

Design of a Smart Biofloc Monitoring and Controlling System using IoT

In this paper, an IoT based real-time monitoring and controlling system have been designed and developed for an eco-friendly aquaculture system namely a biofloc fish farm. Currently, technology has a vital role in improving aquaculture production which leads to attaining sustainable development. The microorganisms in the biofloc fish tank are utilized for detoxifying the toxic waste materials by recycling as well as transforming them into fish food e.g. protein cells. Hence, it not only manages good water quality in the biofloc system but also produces additional feed for the fish. Water quality monitoring of biofloc fish tanks is a significant aspect to guarantee a better environment for producing fish. This paper focuses on developing an IoT based device for biofloc fish tanks to monitor various water quality parameters as well as control water temperature and air pump. Using this device, users can monitor the water quality data received from sensors and control the actuators accordingly from any remote location through the graphical user interface (GUI).

Long term monitoring of rainwater harvesting tanks: Is multi‐years management possible in crystalline South Indian aquifers?

AbstractIn semi‐arid regions as in India, where agriculture relies on groundwater abstraction, increase of water resources availability through managed aquifer recharge (MAR) or rainwater harvesting (RWH) is often perceived as a major solution. Studies on these structures’ efficiency exists but despite the interest, limited information is available on the temporal variation of their replenishment. In a monsoon driven climate, the inter‐annual variations are crucial to assess the potential of water storage and multi‐year management especially for these structures. Here, we aim at developing a methodology to reconstruct water storage of RWH tanks to further improve our understanding on long term efficiency and multi‐years drought management. To tackle this issue, long‐term monitoring of a RWH tank located in Telangana in Southern India is achieved by a combination of field monitoring over 2 years (tanks surface and water levels) and a daily water balance compared to LANDSAT measurements of the tank area. The procedure allows reconstructing the tank filling dynamic over a 14‐years period at a daily time step and show the extreme variability of the tank filling level. During this period, the yearly maximum tank volume ranges from 8650 to ~200 000 m3. On the 14‐years period, the tank reach its maximum capacity only once and, for 1/3 of the time, yearly maximum replenishment is below 15% of its capacity. The surface water availability remains limited in time since the tank dries‐up annually, except for 2 years. However, water percolation to the aquifer is slightly enhanced for some years. During this monitoring period, very few extreme raining events (6) contribute for more than 50% of the collected volume. This observation highlights (1) the dependency of the structure to extreme storm events, (2) the limited capacity for a multi‐year's management and (3) the farmers vulnerability to successive droughts.

Improving Embryologists’ Sleep Quality: Implementation of a Weight-Based Monitoring System for Gamete and Embryo Cryostorage

Background: Storage of gametes and embryos in our laboratories represents the highest concentration of risk for an ART clinic. A single storage tank may contain material of several hundred patients and vacuum failure is a scenario that haunts embryologists’ nightmares. Temperature sensors are currently the most prevalent mechanism for ‘alarming’ storage tanks, however, such approaches are akin to closing the gate after the horses have bolted. Aim: To assess the implementation of a fully redundant, weight-based monitoring system for ensuring the security of liquid nitrogen storage tanks in a high-capacity ART unit. Method: Forty flat-bed scales were fitted with alarm conversion units allowing a standard ‘open/closed’ alarm output to be relayed in the event a reading fell below the user defined weight limit. Output was routed through a security monitoring system via phone line and mobile-SIM, with no overlap of the existing, internet-based temperature probe system. Relationship between liquid nitrogen level (HC35 vessel), tank weight and temperature reading (probe positioned at top of canister), was established by sequential measurements. Results: Addition of the flat bed scales proved minimally disruptive to the space allocation per tank, requiring no additional ‘width’ but a slight increase in ‘depth’ behind tanks to accommodate the screen support. As expected, a clear, linear relationship was evident between liquid nitrogen level and tank weight, with every 1cm drop in liquid nitrogen equating to approximately 0.5kg weight loss. Concerningly, the temperature probe remained below -190∘ with just 0.5cm of liquid nitrogen remaining, only rising above the alarm trigger threshold once nitrogen had fully evaporated, resulting in a precipitous rise to above devitrification temperature in a matter of hours. Conclusion: Introducing a weight-based tank monitoring system is both feasible and effective. This system provides vastly superior performance in the timely identification of impending tank failure, allowing ample opportunity to ensure safe relocation of material.

Fluid Level Measurement System in Oil Storage. Python, Lab-Based Scale

Refineries, fuel depots, airports and storage terminals commonly use fluid level measurement in storage tanks. Different fluid level measurement techniques and devices differ in the inaccuracy of measurement results, costs, and company needs. In addition, these measurements seek reliability of measurement data, immediate response times, control in operations, oil movement, custody transfer and inventory control. The objective is to develop a computer system for measuring fluid levels in oil storage tanks, using ultrasonic and temperature sensors, creating a web application for an automated measurement system (SAM) for managing volumes of Petroleum. The study methodology is i) Analysis of measurement reports. ii) Selection of physical components of the computer system. iii) SAM algorithm design and web application, and iv) Validate the system. The SAM application developed in open source proposes functional modules for administration, control, security, management and monitoring of storage tanks, the status of physical components and generation of dynamic reports in real-time. The results show the control characteristics of storage tanks such as maximum and minimum volume, temperature, time, precise data records in less time than certain current computer structures.

RANCANG BANGUN SOUNDINGMETER FUEL OIL KAPAL PENANGKAP IKAN BERBASIS MIKROCONTROLLER ATMEGA328

This study discusses the design of a sounding system that measures the liquid contents in a vessel tank. The fuel tank sounding system on the ship still uses manuals. In this case it can be a problem that is often faced because it has not used an automated system. Monitoring the measurement of the level of fuel in the tank using a measuring line. In this Final Project a fuel tank monitoring model has been designed on the ship using the application of ultrasonic waves by reflecting sound waves. This monitoring model is to make a system know if the fuel in the tank on the ship has started to run out. The device system consists of a transmitter, an ultrasonic receiver based on the ATMega326 microcontroller. Transmitter and receiver are directed to the tank. Where the distance is directly proportional to the transmitter's transmitting time until it is received back by the receiver, then processed using the ATMega326 microcontroller as the main controller, and the LCD as a display of the state of the fuel that is in the tank of the ship.

Multi-Legged Inspection Robot with Twist-Based Crouching and Fine Adjustment Mechanism

The monitoring and inspection of buildings, towers, and large chemical tanks can be dangerous and costly. A wall climbing multi-legged robot can climb and crouch to move the inspection probe closer to the wall surface. The typical wall-sticking crouching motion of multi-legged robot is unable to achieve this without an additional actuator at the foot base. This limits the design of a magnetic leg that is bulky enough to keep the robot stable during inspections. This paper provides the concept and implementation details of a coarse-to-fine inspection using a novel twisting motion to crouch the robot towards the steel surface without the need for an additional actuator at the magnetized foot joint. The center position error of this method is reported as less than 1 cm in radius. Additionally, this paper suggests using a linear motor to provide fine-tuning capability for the gentle touch of the ultrasonic inspection probe to the steel surface, protecting the probe from a direct crash during the coarse twisting crouch movement. Experiments have been conducted to confirm the validity of this concept on horizontally flat steel plates. The robot successfully crouch towards the surface and gently touch it with the ultrasonic probe. The results were reliable and comparable to manual inspection. For the 2 mm and 3 mm sample plates, the average measurement error compared to the ground truth from a vernier caliper was less than 2%, which is better than the measurement error (3%) of humans. The total time used was 2.475 seconds per inspection spot, which is 5.6 times faster compared to the expected time used to cover the same distance with a typical probe extension using a lead screw drive.

An internet of things-based irrigation and tank monitoring system

<span>Agriculture plays a significant role in the development of a nation and provides the main source of food production, income, and employment to nations. It was the most practiced occupation in Nigeria and this formed the backbone of the economy in the early 1960s before the discovery of crude oil, which has led to the derail of sufficient food production, exportation, and the agricultural economy at large. Over time, the dry season has always been challenging with little or no rainfall and there are no irrigation facilities that incorporate different saving practices to adapt to these climate changes on their own. In this paper, a cost-effective internet of things irrigation system that is capable of reducing water wastage, manual labor, monitoring tank water level and that can be controlled remotely is designed. The system integrated Arduino UNO with a soil moisture sensor, HCSR04 ultrasonic sensor, and ESP8266 Wi-Fi module that gives the system capable of being controlled remotely via the internet, thus achieving optimal irrigation using the internet of things (IoT). Some of the challenges facing the existing irrigation system are water wastage, poor performance, and high cost of implementation. The design system helps to control water supply to crops when it is needed, and also monitors soil moisture, temperature, and water tank level. After carrying out the experiments for 15 days, the system saved approximately 49% of the water used in traditional irrigation method. The system is useful in large farming areas to minimize human effort and reduce the cost of hiring personnel.</span>

ESTIMATION OF THE DEFECT HAZARD CLASS IN BUILDING STRUCTURES: A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM

Technical condition monitoring of building structures located on hazardous facilities is a necessary requirement for their sustainable functioning. In this regard, the problem of development intellectual monitoring systems that allow to detect and classify operating defects by the hazardous level becomes very urgent. The study presents an approach of building decision support system (DSS) for detecting defects in building structures and estimation of their hazard class. Proposed approach is based on multi-criteria assessment of consecutive measurements acquired by acoustic emission method. A distinctive characteristic of the proposed approach is the ability to take into account the evolution of defects by mapping each AE time-series to diagnostic features matrix and analysing these matrices in sliding windows with overlay. Each matrix is validated by two criteria that form the necessary and sufficient conditions of the existence the evolving defects in building structure. They include the criterion for changing the number of clusters and the criterion for changing the acoustic emission activity. Proposed method was verified on the experimental data acquired from the technical condition monitoring of the vertical oil tanks. The results obtained fromthe experiment confirm the proposal that this approach can be utilized for effectively solving the problem of conditionalmonitoring of building structures located on the hazardous facilities allowing to detect and classify defects by theirhazardous level.