Monitoring Of Cancer Incidence In Japan Research Articles

Impact of cancer and other causes of death on mortality of cancer patients: A study based on Japanese population-based registry data.

Cancer registry data provide a very important source of information for improving our understanding of the epidemiology of various cancers. In this work, we estimated the 5-year crude probabilities of death from cancer and from other causes for five common cancers, namely stomach, lung, colon-rectum, prostate and breast, in Japan, using population-based registry data. Based on data on 344 676 patients diagnosed with one of these cancers between 2006 and 2008 in 21 prefectures participating in the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) and followed-up for at least 5 years, we used a flexible excess hazard model to compute the crude probabilities of death for different combinations of sex, age and stage at diagnosis. For tumours diagnosed at the distant stage, as well as for regional lung tumours, the vast majority of deaths at 5 years in cancer patients were attributable to the disease itself (although this proportion was only around 60% in older prostate cancer patients). For localised and most regional tumours, the impact of other causes of death on the total mortality increased with age at diagnosis, especially for localised breast, colorectal and gastric cancer. By allowing the partition of the mortality experience of cancer patients into a cancer- and an other-cause-specific component, crude probability of death estimates provide insight into how the impact of cancer on mortality might differ among populations with different background mortality risks. This might be useful for informing discussions between clinicians and patients about treatment options.

Prognostic impact of tumor location in colon cancer: the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) project

BackgroundColorectal cancer (CRC) is globally one of the most common cancers. Although studies have found a significant prognostic impact of cancer location for right-sided colon cancers compared with those of the left-side, evidence is lacking in a Japanese population. Therefore, we investigated 5-year net survival in colon cancer by tumor site in a Japanese population.MethodsDiagnoses obtained between 2006 and 2008 in 21 population-based cancer registries from the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) project were used. Colon cancer patients were categorized as having right-sided (C18.0–18.4) or left-sided colon cancer (C18.5-C18.7). We calculated the 5-year net survival for subjects diagnosed from 2006 until 2008 by anatomical subsite according to sex, age groups, tumor stage at diagnosis. We applied the excess mortality model to calculate excess hazard ratios (EHRs) and 95% confidential intervals (CIs) with and without adjustment for age, sex and cancer stages to evaluate the effect of location of colon cancer.ResultsThis study analyzed a total of 62,350 colon cancer subjects. Five-year net survivals for subjects with left- and right-sided colon cancer were 74.0% (95% CI, 73.4–74.7%) and 70.4% (95% CI, 69.7–71.0%), respectively. Compared with left-sided colon cancers, the EHR for right-sided colon cancers was 1.20 (95% CI, 1.16–1.25) after adjustment for age, sex and stage.ConclusionOur study found that the net survival for right-sided colon cancer was significantly lower than that for left-sided colon cancer. The anatomical site of cancer in the colon might be an important stratification factor in future studies of colon cancer.

The incidence and mortality rates of neuroblastoma cases before and after the cessation of the mass screening program in Japan: A descriptive study.

In 2003, Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare halted the neuroblastoma (NB) mass screening program, running since 1985. This study aimed to examine whether NB incidence and mortality changed before and after the program halted. This is a descriptive population-based study. We used data from the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) project, Vital Statistics of Japan, and Japanese CANcer Survival Information for Society (J-CANSIS). Incidence rate, cumulative incidence rate, mortality rate, cumulative mortality rate, and relative 5-year survival for NB were calculated. Children were divided into two birth cohort groups, consisting of children born before, or after the cessation of the NB mass screening program. We compared the two cohorts, with regards to the cumulative incidence and mortality rates at 5 years old. The incidence rate was lower after the cessation of the NB mass screening program. There was no substantial change in the mortality rate, and no significant variation in the relative 5-year survival between groups. The cumulative incidence rate in the latter cohort was significantly lower than that in the former cohort (rate ratio: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.25-0.61, p < 0.001). No significant difference in the cumulative mortality rate between the two cohorts was observed (rate ratio: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.80-1.22, p = 0.93). The NB incidence rate decreased markedly and the mortality rate did not substantially change after the cessation of the NB mass screening program. The NB mass screening program probably caused overdiagnosis, and its effectiveness was not clear.

Cancer incidence and incidence rates in Japan in 2009: a study of 32 population-based cancer registries for the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) project.

The Japan Cancer Surveillance Research Group aimed to estimate the cancer incidence in Japan in 2009 based on data collected from 32 of 37 population-based cancer registries, as part of the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) project. The incidence of only primary invasive cancer in Japan for 2009 was estimated to be 775 601. Stomach cancer and breast cancer were the leading types of cancer in males and females, respectively.

Five-year Relative Survival Rate of Larynx Cancer in the USA, Europe and Japan

In order to compare survival rates in Japan with those in the USA and European countries, we abstracted the 5-year relative survival rate from several data sources. Survival rates of cancer diagnosed in 1995 – 99 in the USA were abstracted from 18 cancer registries in the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) data (1). Survival rates of cancer diagnosed in 1995 – 99 in the UK and Norway were from four cancer registries (Norway, the UK: Northern Ireland, the UK: Scotland and the UK: Wales) in the European Network of Cancer Registries (ENCR) data (2), and the rate of cancer diagnosed in 2000 – 2002 in Japan was reported from six cancer registries (Miyagi, Yamagata, Niigata, Fukui, Osaka, and Nagasaki) in the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) project (3). Here, we compared the cancer survival rate for larynx coded as C32 (ICD10). Figure 1 shows the 5-year relative survival rate of larynx cancer by age category for males; Fig. 2 shows these data for females. In these figures, even if the 5-year relative survival rate was over 100%, the rate was shown as it was. The survival rates for males are in the range from 60 to 80% for all age categories. In Japan, the rates are the highest in almost all age groups. In the USA and the UK (Scotland and Wales), survival rates are the highest in the youngest age category and they decrease with age afterwards. The degree of the decrease in survival rate with age in the USA is a little smaller than those in the UK, and is almost constant especially after 55 – 64 years old. The rates in Japan, Norway, and Northern Ireland show a similar trend. Those in the former two countries are the highest in those aged 45 – 54 years, and that in Northern Ireland is the highest in those aged 55– 64 years. Survival rates in these three countries decrease gently after these peaks. The survival rates for females are in the range from 40 to 100%. Since the incident rates of larynx cancer among females are considerably low (4), the relative survival rates in Japan and UK exceed 100% and the age trends are not smooth. However, it seems to be clear that the survival rate in Japan is higher than those in other countries, and that the survival rate in the advanced age group tends to be lower.

Five-year relative survival rate of gallbladder cancer in the USA, Europe and Japan.

In order to compare survival rates in Japan with those in the USA and European countries, we abstracted the 5-year relative survival rate from several data sources. Survival rates of cancer diagnosed in 1995 – 99 in the USA were abstracted from 18 cancer registries in the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) data (1). Survival rates of cancer diagnosed in 1995 – 99 in the UK and Norway were from four cancer registries (Norway, the UK: Northern Ireland, the UK: Scotland and the UK: Wales) in the European Network of Cancer Registries (ENCR) data (2), and the rate of cancer diagnosed in 2000 – 2002 in Japan was reported from six cancer registries (Miyagi, Yamagata, Niigata, Fukui, Osaka, and Nagasaki) in the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) project (3). Here, we compared the survival rate of gallbladder and other biliary cancer coded as C23 – C24 (ICD10). Figure 1 shows the 5-year relative survival rate of gallbladder and other biliary cancer by age category for males; Fig. 2 shows these data for females. The 5-year relative survival rate of gallbladder cancer was decreasing with age; however, the age differences were not so large compared with other cancer sites. This is because the rates in those below 55 years old were relatively lower than those of other cancer sites. The rates were between 10 and 30% for males, and between 10 and 20% for females. In Japan, the rates tend to be high in all age categories, and in the USA and European areas, the rates were similar.

Five-year relative survival rate of uterus cancer in the USA, Europe and Japan.

In order to compare survival rates in Japan with those in the USA and European countries, we abstracted the 5-year relative survival rate from several data sources. Survival rates of cancer diagnosed in 1995 – 99 in the USA were abstracted from 18 cancer registries in the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) data (1). Survival rates of cancer diagnosed in 1995 – 99 in the UK and Norway were from four cancer registries (Norway, the UK: Northern Ireland, the UK: Scotland and the UK: Wales) in the European Network of Cancer Registries (ENCR) data (2), and the rate of cancer diagnosed in 2000 – 2002 in Japan was reported from six cancer registries (Miyagi, Yamagata, Niigata, Fukui, Osaka, and Nagasaki) in the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) project (3). Here, we compared the survival rate of cervix uteri cancer coded as C53 and corpus uteri cancer coded as C54 (ICD10). Figures 1 and 2 show the 5-year relative survival rate of cervix and corpus uteri cancer by age category, respectively.

Cancer Incidence and Incidence Rates in Japan in 2008: A Study of 25 Population-based Cancer Registries for the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) Project

The Japan Cancer Surveillance Research Group aimed to estimate the cancer incidence in Japan in 2008 based on data collected from 25 of 34 population-based cancer registries, as part of the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan project. The incidence in Japan for 2008 was estimated to be 749 767 (C00-C96). Stomach cancer and breast cancer were the leading types of cancer in males and females, respectively.

Five-year Relative Survival Rate of Cancer in the USA, Europe and Japan

In order to compare survival rates in Japan with those in the USA and European countries, we abstracted the 5-year relative survival rate from several data sources. Survival rates of cancer diagnosed in 1995 – 99 in the USA were abstracted from 18 cancer registries in the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) data (1). Survival rates of cancer diagnosed in 1995 – 99 in the UK and Norway were obtained from three cancer registries (Norway, the UK: Northern Ireland, the UK: Scotland and the UK: Wales) in the European Network of Cancer Registries (ENCR) data (2), and the rate of cancer diagnosed in 2000 –0 2 in Japan was reported from six cancer registries (Miyagi, Yamagata, Niigata, Fukui, Osaka and Nagasaki) in the monitoring of cancer incidence in Japan (MCIJ) project (3). Here, we compared the survival rate of all cancer sites coded as C00 – 97 (ICD10) in the SEER and ENCR data and as C00 – 96 (ICD10) in the MCIJ data. Figure 1 shows the 5-year relative survival rate of all cancer sites by age category for males; Fig. 2 shows these data for females. The 5-year relative survival rates for females ,65 years old were higher than those for males and the rates for males and females aged � 65 years were in the same range. The reason why survival rates for young females are higher could be that breast and uterus cancers, which have high survival rates, are the main cancer for young females. The survival rates in the USA were the highest in all age – sex categories, except in 15 – 44 years for males. Otherwise, the rates in the UK were relatively lower than those in other countries. Norway and Japan showed similar survival rates in both sexes and all age categories. Basically, the older the age at diagnosis of cancer, the lower the 5-year survival rate; however, only in the USA for males, the rates in those ,75 years old were not changed. The reason why the survival rates for patients � 45 years of age in the USA were at the same level is that patients diagnosed with prostate cancer from PSA screening test had very high survival rates.

Cancer Incidence and Incidence Rates in Japan in 2007: A Study of 21 Population-based Cancer Registries for the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) Project

The Japan Cancer Surveillance Research Group aimed to estimate the cancer incidence in Japan in 2007 based on data collected from 21 out of 33 population-based cancer registries as part of the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) project. The total number of incidences in Japan for 2007 was estimated to be 704 090 (C00-C96). Stomach cancer and breast cancer were the leading types of cancer in males and females, respectively.

Cancer Incidence and Incidence Rates in Japan in 2006: Based on Data from 15 Population-based Cancer Registries in the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) Project

The Japan Cancer Surveillance Research Group estimated the cancer incidence in 2006 as part of the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) project, on the basis of data collected from 15 of 32 population-based cancer registries. The total number of incidences in Japan for 2006 was estimated as 664 398 (C00-C96). The leading cancer site was stomach for men and breast for women. Age-standardized incidence rates remained at almost the same level as for the previous 3 years.

Cancer Incidence and Incidence Rates in Japan in 2005: Based on Data from 12 Population-based Cancer Registries in the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) Project

The Japan Cancer Surveillance Research Group estimated the cancer incidence in 2005 as part of the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) project, on the basis of data collected from 12 of 30 population-based cancer registries. The total number of incidences in Japan for 2005 was estimated as 646,802 (C00-C96). The leading cancer site was the stomach for men and the breast for women. Age-standardized incidence rates remained almost the same level as the previous 2 years.

Cancer Incidence and Incidence Rates in Japan in 2004: Based on Data from 14 Population-based Cancer Registries in the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) Project

The Japan Cancer Surveillance Research Group estimated the cancer incidence in 2004 as part of the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) project, on the basis of data collected from 14 of 31 population-based cancer registries. The total number of incidences in Japan for 2004 was estimated as 623,275 (C00-C96). The leading cancer site according to the crude and age-standardized incidence rates was the stomach for men and breast for women. The apparent increase in age-standardized incidence rates in 2003 was calmed down in 2004.

Cancer Incidence and Incidence Rates in Japan in 2003: Based on Data from 13 Population-based Cancer Registries in the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) Project

The Japan Cancer Surveillance Research Group is involved in cancer monitoring in Japan (1–3). This group estimated the cancer incidence in 2003 as part of the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) project, on the basis of data collected from 13 of 31 population-based cancer registries: Miyagi, Yamagata, Chiba, Kanagawa, Niigata, Fukui, Shiga, Osaka, Tottori, Okayama, Hiroshima, Saga and Nagasaki. If data from all 31 registries were used, this would have led to a large underestimation of national cancer incidence because of under-registration. The methods of registry selection, estimation of incidence and the limitations of these methods have been explained in previous studies (4–6). There were two major methodologic changes in the present study: (i) this was the first time we invited all 31 population-based cancer registries in Japan to participate, and from these we selected the 13 cancer registries with high-quality data in order to estimate the national incidence, and (ii) in consideration of timeliness, we did not apply the moving average which calculates the annual mean incidence rates of a year by using preceding and following years, and we used 2003 data alone for the national estimation. Because of the enlargement of the coverage area, Hiroshima prefecture was newly selected as one of the registries with high-quality data for the national estimation, but the other registries remained since the previous estimations. In 2007, we estimated incidences with and without the moving average based on the same registry data to compare the two methods. In conclusion, the estimated incidence without the moving average was comparatively unstable from year to year, but the gaps of the incidence numbers between the two estimations were subtle. These new methods therefore do not bring about changes in the estimated incidence numbers. The number of incidences, crude rates, age-standardized rates and completeness of registration in 2003 are shown in Table 1, and the age-specific number of incidences and the rates according to sex and primary site are shown in Tables 2 and 3. The total number of incidences in Japan for 2003 was estimated as 620 011 (C00–C96). The time trends of age-standardized incidence rates for the five major sites and maleand female-specific sites in 1975–2003 are shown in Fig. 1 (standard population: the world population) and in Fig. 2 (standard population: the 1985 Japanese model population). The leading cancer site according to the crude and age-standardized incidence rates was the stomach for men and breast for women, as shown in Figs 1 and 2. The apparent increase in age-standardized incidence rates in 2003 is considered to be caused primarily by the development of hospital-based cancer registry in designated cancer care hospitals. The estimated cancer incidence data in Japan by sex, site, 5-year age group and calendar year during the period 1975–2003 are available as a booklet (7) and as an electronic database on the website (http://ganjoho.ncc.go.jp/ professional/statistics/statistics.html).