Compliance Monitoring Research Articles

Regional Approaches to Enforcing MARPOL: Lessons from the European Union and ASEAN

This paper provides a comparative analysis of the enforcement of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) within two regional frameworks: the European Union (EU) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Using a mixed-method approach, the study examines key factors such as regulatory coherence, institutional capacity, compliance monitoring, and economic challenges that affect MARPOL enforcement in these regions. The results reveal that the EU's enforcement is more advanced due to its harmonized legal frameworks, centralized oversight through the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA), and robust technical capacity. In contrast, ASEAN faces fragmented enforcement, limited institutional capacity, and economic constraints, leading to varying levels of compliance across member states. The study identifies best practices from the EU that could inform improvements in ASEAN’s enforcement mechanisms, emphasizing the need for enhanced regional cooperation and capacity building. These findings offer valuable insights for global efforts to strengthen MARPOL enforcement, particularly in developing regions with similar challenges.

Challenges Faced by Corporate Management Accounting

With the rapid advancement of globalization and technological innovation, the field of corporate management accounting is facing unprecedented challenges. This paper delves into the primary difficulties encountered by management accounting in the current environment, including the impacts of technological advancements, the complexities of globalization, and increasingly stringent regulatory requirements. Through a detailed literature review and typical case studies, this research comprehensively analyzes the specific effects of these challenges on corporate operations and proposes practical solutions. These strategies include adopting advanced data analysis and automation tools to enhance the accuracy and timeliness of accounting information; strengthening the cultivation of cross-cultural management capabilities to ensure effective communication and decision-making in diverse cultural contexts; and establishing robust regulatory compliance monitoring systems to maintain compliance in a complex regulatory environment. This paper aims to provide theoretical and strategic references for corporate management accounting practices, helping businesses optimize their management accounting operations, improve decision-making quality and operational efficiency, and achieve sustainable development and competitive advantage.

Healthcare waste management knowledge, attitudes and practices of laboratory workers at a regional hospital, Lesotho

Background: Safe management of healthcare waste (HW) safeguards laboratory biosafety and biosecurity. Knowledge and attitudes influence HW practices, presenting a need for evidence of the current status.Objective: This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes and practice of laboratory workers towards waste management at a regional hospital laboratory in Lesotho.Methods: The study was conducted from March 2023 to June 2023 using a mixed-methods descriptive case study design. The entire population (n = 30) of technical and non-technical laboratory workers and generated waste were sampled. A structured questionnaire and an observational checklist were used to collect data. Waste generation was assessed by weighing and measuring waste volumes. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics.Results: All respondents (26/26; 100%) can define HW and (3/3) laboratory assistants (100%) gave correct responses for three questions, namely: risk associated with HW, waste container colour-coding, and disposal requirements. Knowledge on waste management responsibilities ranged between 0% (0/4) for cleaners and 54.5% (6/11) among laboratory technicians. Attitudes were mainly positive, and practices conformed in part to standard operating procedures. Infectious solid waste comprised 77% of solid HW, while 63% of chemical liquid waste emanated from the full blood count area.Conclusion: Knowledge exists among workers and attitudes are predominantly positive; however, some unsafe practices continue, thus knowledge is not fully translated to safe practices. Regular training and measuring and recording of HW were recommended.What this study adds: The study contributes understanding of the status of HW knowledge, attitudes and management practices, highlighting the need for compliance monitoring.

CSPM for Healthcare: Securing Electronic Health Records (EHR) and Ensuring HIPAA Compliance

Cloud Security Posture Management (CSPM) has emerged as a critical solution for healthcare organizations navigating the complexities of digital transformation and cloud adoption. This comprehensive article examines how CSPM tools help healthcare providers secure Electronic Health Records (EHR) while maintaining HIPAA compliance in cloud environments. The article explores key challenges in maintaining data privacy and security requirements, evaluates the role of CSPM in automated security assessment and compliance monitoring, and presents real-world case studies demonstrating successful implementations. Additionally, it investigates future directions in CSPM development, including artificial intelligence integration and enhanced data protection features, providing insights into the evolving landscape of healthcare security management.

Self-Regulation as an Alternative Mechanism of Private Governance and Dispute Resolution in Russia and Kazakhstan

The article seeks to explore self-regulation as an innovative, effective legal mechanism of private governance of any economic or professional activity and dispute resolution, which aims to substitute state regulation and thereby limit state interference in the economy. The research methodology consists of the critical analysis of scholars’ publications, different legislative acts and judicial practice of their enforcement in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan as well as finding legal uncertainties and gaps and making solutions for their settlement in the sphere in question. Special attention is paid to the comparative method. On the examples of the law of these two countries, it is argued that self-regulation as such lays down the freedom of economic activity guaranteed in the constitutional, business and other legislative provisions and stipulates uniting the subjects of economic or professional activity within a self-regulatory organization mainly under the scope of corporate law. It includes (a) setting standards and other rules for pursuing any economic or professional activity by members of a self-regulatory organization; (b) monitoring compliance with such requirements and applying different alternative methods of resolution of legal disputes with the participation of its members. Such corporate normative acts adopted by non-governmental actors are suggested to be recognized as a specific type of source of private law to be clearly enshrined in the present legislation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan. Unlike recommendatory documents of most non-profit organizations, they are mandatory and can be enforced through legal instruments determined in the special legislation on self-regulation. It allows the proper balance of private and public interests under the joint state and private governance of economic and professional activities. The article also stipulates enlarging the application of self-regulation to digital and other new spheres, which require a lot of rules to be adopted.

Conceptual framework for AI-driven tax compliance in fintech ecosystems

This paper comprehensively reviews the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into tax compliance processes within fintech ecosystems. It explores the theoretical foundations of AI technologies, such as machine learning and predictive analytics, and how they can automate tax reporting, auditing, and compliance monitoring. Conceptual models for AI-driven tax compliance are proposed, highlighting the potential for increased efficiency, accuracy, and cost reduction. The paper also examines challenges associated with AI adoption, including algorithmic biases, ethical concerns, data privacy issues, and regulatory hurdles. Strategies for overcoming these challenges and fostering broader adoption are discussed. Finally, the paper offers recommendations for fintech companies and policymakers, emphasizing the need for transparent AI models, bias mitigation, data privacy, and updated regulatory frameworks to ensure fair and effective AI-enabled tax systems.

Sustainable data management and governance using AI

In the digital era, sustainable data management and governance have become paramount as organizations grapple with increasing volumes of data and stringent regulatory requirements. This article explores the transformative role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing sustainable data management practices. We examine how AI technologies, including machine learning and natural language processing, support data governance frameworks by automating compliance monitoring, improving data quality, and managing risks. The article highlights the benefits of AI-driven approaches, such as energy efficiency, resource optimization, and environmental impact reduction. Through real-world case studies, we illustrate successful AI implementations and the lessons learned, addressing challenges and solutions encountered during these processes. Looking forward, we discuss emerging AI technologies, predictions for the future, and their potential impact across various industries. The article underscores the importance of adopting AI for sustainable data practices and calls for organizations to integrate ethical considerations into their AI-driven governance models to achieve both operational efficiency and responsible data stewardship.

A governance framework model for cloud computing: role of AI, security, compliance, and management

The rapid adoption of cloud computing has transformed how organizations manage their IT resources, necessitating robust governance frameworks to address the complexities and risks inherent in cloud environments. This review proposes a comprehensive governance framework model that integrates the roles of artificial intelligence (AI), security, compliance, and management to enhance the effectiveness of cloud operations. AI plays a critical role in optimizing resource allocation and improving decision-making processes within cloud governance. By leveraging machine learning algorithms, organizations can achieve dynamic resource management, predictive analytics, and automated compliance monitoring, which enhance operational efficiency and reduce human error. Furthermore, the integration of AI in security management facilitates real-time threat detection and response, allowing organizations to proactively mitigate risks associated with data breaches and cyberattacks. Security is a paramount concern in cloud governance, given the shared responsibility model between cloud providers and clients. This framework emphasizes the implementation of comprehensive security measures, including data encryption, identity management, and incident response protocols, to safeguard sensitive information and maintain customer trust. Compliance with regulatory requirements is essential in ensuring organizational accountability and minimizing legal risks. The proposed governance model incorporates automated compliance checks and reporting mechanisms, ensuring adherence to industry-specific regulations such as GDPR and HIPAA. Moreover, effective management of cloud resources is crucial for optimizing performance and controlling costs. The governance framework outlines best practices for lifecycle management, cost optimization, and resource allocation, enabling organizations to achieve their strategic objectives. This governance framework model underscores the importance of integrating AI, security, compliance, and management for a holistic approach to cloud governance, providing organizations with the necessary tools to navigate the complexities of cloud computing while maximizing its benefits.

PREECLAMPSIA CARE (A WEB-BASED INFORMASTION SYSTEM) EFFECTIVE FOR DETECTING THE RISK OF PREECLAMPSIA IN PREGNANT WOMEN

One of the leading causes of maternal and newborn fatalities worldwide is preeclampsia. Only healthcare professionals can now detect the risk of preeclampsia, and they still do so manually. Pregnant women can't know if they have preeclampsia risk factors or not. Preeclampsia risk detection is significant because it can determine a pregnant woman's preeclampsia risk, allowing for early diagnosis and prevention. A web-based information system can be used to identify pregnant women who are at risk of preeclampsia. Women who are expecting can utilize laptops or smartphones linked to the internet. Numerous research studies have demonstrated that information technology solutions can enhance health services regarding data transmission, health outcomes, prescription adherence, and patient monitoring compliance. This descriptive study explained its usefulness; live sampling was used as the sampling method, and 33 pregnant women served as the study's subjects. Web-based information systems and questionnaires are used to collect data. Pregnant women's ability to independently recognize preeclampsia risk can be enhanced by employing a web-based information system to identify different levels of preeclampsia risk. Of these, 51.5% have no risk of preeclampsia, 18.2% have a moderate risk, and 24.24% have a high risk. The effectiveness rate used in the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) questionnaire is 92%.

Nursing Interventions for Preventing Hospital-Acquired Infections

Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are a significant contributor to patient morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. With an increasing emphasis on patient safety and infection control, nursing interventions play a vital role in reducing the incidence of HAIs. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effectiveness of nursing-led interventions in preventing HAIs, focusing on four primary strategies: hand hygiene, aseptic technique, environmental cleaning, and patient education. A total of 52 peer-reviewed studies, including over 50,000 patient cases across various healthcare settings, were analyzed. The meta-analysis revealed that hand hygiene adherence led to a 35% reduction in HAIs, with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.65 (95% CI: 0.54–0.79). Structured training in aseptic techniques for invasive procedures correlated with a 40% reduction in catheter-associated infections (OR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.50–0.75), while enhanced environmental cleaning protocols decreased HAI rates by 30% (OR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.55–0.89). Patient education showed a 15% reduction in HAIs, although results were less statistically significant. These findings highlight the essential role of nursing interventions in infection control and underscore the need for continuous training, compliance monitoring, and institutional support. Future research should explore integrated infection prevention programs and technological innovations to improve adherence and expand patient education initiatives. Overall, nursing interventions remain crucial to achieving lower HAI rates and enhancing patient safety.

AI-Powered Test Automation for Financial Cloud Applications Using LLMs and Serverless Computing

This article proposes a conceptual framework for AI-powered testing of financial cloud applications by integrating Large Language Models (LLMs) with serverless computing architecture. The framework addresses critical challenges in financial software testing, including regulatory compliance, security validation, and performance scalability. Through theoretical analysis, the design incorporates sophisticated prompt engineering techniques and automated compliance monitoring systems to achieve high compliance validation accuracy while potentially reducing monitoring costs. The architecture suggests superior performance capabilities, potentially processing concurrent test executions efficiently while reducing operational costs compared to traditional testing infrastructures. The framework design anticipates improvements in test generation efficiency, regulatory compliance coverage, and overall testing costs while maintaining robust security standards through enhanced vulnerability detection mechanisms. The theoretical integration of LLMs with serverless computing shows promise in addressing the complex challenges of financial software testing, offering a potential pathway to a scalable, cost-effective solution that could meet the stringent requirements of modern financial cloud applications while ensuring regulatory compliance and security.

A "Wise" Intervention to Increase Hand Hygiene Compliance of Nurses in Acute Care Units in US Hospitals: A Multiple Baseline Interrupted Time-Series Evaluation.

Objective: This study tested a 'wise' intervention (quick prompt of a specific psychological mec) in acute care hospital units to improve nurses' hand hygiene compliance (HHC). Design: A multiple baseline design in two medical-surgical teaching hospitals in the United States. Measurements: Hand hygiene data was collected using an electronic compliance monitoring system with sensors placed in doorways and on corresponding soap and alcohol-based hand rub dispensers. The outcome measure was the proportion of opportunities in which HH was undertaken by staff per week in each unit. Intervention: A quick-and-easy psychological prime to reinvigorate professional identity. Methods: Interrupted time series analysis using a quasi-Poisson regression model with statistical process control charts for each unit. Results: A statistically significant increase in HHC rates that was sustained for months post-intervention. However, the patterns by unit were not statistically significant once temporal trends were considered. Other factors, such as the unit type and the use of incentives could have impacted the results. Conclusions: These analyses suggest that the aggregate impact should not be taken as evidence of intervention effectiveness. This study therefore cannot be considered to have provided a strong foundation for use of a 'wise' intervention, despite its relatively small financial, logistical and psychological cost.

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF BANKING REGULATION AND SUPERVISION IN UKRAINE

Effective banking regulation and supervision are key factors for ensuring the stability of the national banking system of Ukraine. The purpose of this article is to analyze the peculiarities of banking regulation and supervision in Ukraine in order to identify problems and possible ways of development, including in the context of world experience. The article examines the theoretical aspects of the essence of the concepts of banking regulation and banking supervision. The main indicators of the banking system of Ukraine for 2020-2024 and the mechanism for identifying risks in the activities of banking institutions are also considered. The global trends in banking regulation at the current stage are its centralization, the concept of risk-oriented supervision, the introduction of new financial technologies, the development of the principles of proportional banking regulation. The main positive and negative methods of supervision in the banking sector are singled out. It has been proven that the conditions of a full-scale military conflict significantly undermined the development of the banking system of Ukraine. The destruction of infrastructure, loss of customer confidence, risks to the bank's loan portfolio and capitalization have become major problems. In addition, the decrease in liquidity and the growth of inflation risks create serious challenges for the banking system. The degree of suitability of world models in terms of the priority tasks of the state regarding the regulation of the banking sector is analyzed. Directions for improving banking supervision through improvement of banking activity licensing procedures are proposed; introduction of permanent monitoring of the activities of domestic commercial banks, in particular their financial condition; implementation of constant monitoring of compliance with banking regulations and current legislation; introduction of permanent inspections of banking activities; implementation by commercial banks of ongoing internal control and external audit control; developing and sending supervisory instructions for banking institutions regarding the implementation of Basel III standards.

Identifying the Bundle/Care Development Process in Clinical Risk Management: A Systematic Review.

A bundle is a set of three to five evidence-based interventions designed to improve the quality and outcomes of care processes. Numerous international studies have evaluated the effectiveness of Bundles/Care Bundles (BCB) in reducing morbidity and mortality. The Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) has defined the concept of a bundle but has not outlined the development process. To identify the BCB development process in clinical risk scenarios from September 2005 to September 2023. A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines to identify studies describing the BCB development process in managing clinical risk situations. The databases consulted included PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL, along with manual searches on institutional websites. Relevant studies concerning the BCB development process were included. A total of 1372 studies were retrieved, of which 16 were included. Duplicates were removed, and titles and abstracts were analyzed. The identified methods for BCB development include IHI guidelines, expert opinions, international guidelines, and flowcharts. The most common BCBs relate to the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia, surgical site infections, catheter-associated infections, and sepsis. This study has identified the development processes of Care Bundles (BCBs) in clinical risk scenarios, highlighting how these tools facilitate compliance monitoring among members of the healthcare team. The review has revealed effective methods for designing evidence-based BCBs. However, the scarcity of studies on the methodology for developing BCBs is a limitation, suggesting the need for further research. In Italy, there is a growing interest in the use of care packages. It is essential to encourage research that optimizes the effectiveness of intervention strategies.

Strengthening the Application of the DAIDS GCLP Guidelines: The Implementation of an Integrated Laboratory Oversight Framework.

The Division of AIDS (DAIDS) Good Clinical Laboratory Practice (GCLP) Guidelines establish a framework to guide the oversight of laboratories supporting DAIDS-sponsored clinical research or trials. Compliance with these guidelines promotes data reliability, validity, and safety of the clinical research or trial participants and laboratory staff and ensures adherence to regulatory requirements. Acknowledgment and adoption of the DAIDS GCLP Guidelines are critical in building laboratory capacity and preparedness for conducting clinical trials. In collaboration with DAIDS, laboratory experts support the implementation of the DAIDS Integrated Laboratory Oversight Framework (Framework) activities. This article describes the implementation of the GCLP Guidelines, the Framework activities, and the coordinated efforts to strengthen laboratory performance. The Framework activities include four components: Quality Assurance Oversight, GCLP Audits, GCLP Training, and Laboratory Quality Improvement. Comparison of GCLP Guidelines with other regulations or standards, including U.S. Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments regulation 42 CFR 493, College of American Pathologists, World Health Organization GCLP, and International Organization for Standardization, ISO 15189:2012 standards, highlighted the differences and similarities to guide integration and harmonization efforts. Processes related to the Framework activities are outlined in detail, including key data derived from the managed activities of over 175 laboratories worldwide. Via the evolution of the DAIDS GCLP Guidelines and laboratory oversight workflows, the laboratories participating in DAIDS-sponsored clinical research and trials have successfully participated in internal and external regulatory audits. The collaborative and integrated oversight approach promotes knowledge-sharing and accountability to support the implementation of the DAIDS GCLP Guidelines and compliance monitoring. Lessons learned have helped with the implementation of the DAIDS integrated laboratory oversight approach and quality oversight programs at multiple laboratories worldwide.

Distributed Backface Strain Sensing of Composite Adhesively Bonded Joints under Mode II Fatigue Loading

When investigating the fracture behaviour of adhesive joints, accurate crack tip localization is under mode II loading is particularly challenging due to the absence of crack opening. The crack front often has a curved shape, so methods that inspect the side of the specimen cannot capture the crack length throughout its width. In this study, distributed backface strain sensing using Optical Backscatter Reflectometry fibre sensors is used to monitor fatigue crack growth in adhesively bonded composite End Notched Flexure Specimens. The obtained backface strain profiles were compared with analytical and Finite Element solutions to understand their relationship with the crack length. Results show that the crack tip position can be found by a local extremum in the first derivative of the strain profile. The proposed monitoring technique was compared with more established techniques for crack length measurement, such as Visual Testing, Compliance Monitoring, and Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing, and was shown to provide good accuracy. The evaluation of these techniques not only plays a crucial role in ensuring accurate testing, but can also contribute to the development of effective strategies for inspection and monitoring of adhesive joints.

Evaluating the accuracy of an automatic counting system to detect dispensing of hand hygiene product

BackgroundHand hygiene (HH) is an essential element of infection prevention and control programs. Direct observation of adherence to the 5 moments for HH is considered the gold standard in compliance monitoring. However, as direct observation introduces potential bias, other strategies have been proposed to supplement HH compliance data in healthcare facilities. This study evaluated the accuracy of an automatic counting system (MEZRIT™) to detect when a HH product (soap or alcohol-based hand rub) was dispensed, and thus measure product usage as opposed to compliance with the 5 moments for HH. MethodsA quasi-experimental study was conducted in a nursing simulation lab where seven participants undertook basic nursing tasks which included performing HH. Sensors were attached to soap and alcohol-based hand rub dispensers to record the time at which a product was dispensed. HH events were video recorded (time-stamped) and validated against timestamps from the automatic counting system. Results260 HH events were detected by the automatic counting system and confirmed by video recordings. 5182 non-HH events were calculated from analysis of the video recordings. The automatic counting system had 90 % sensitivity (95%CI 85.8–93.1 %), and 100 % specificity (95%CI 99.9–100 %). This model generated a positive predictive value of 100 % (95%Cl 98.4–100 %), and a negative predictive value of 99.5 % (95%CI 99.3–99.7 %). ConclusionThe MEZRIT™ system accurately identified 90 % of HH events and excluded 100 % of non-HH events. The real-time monitoring of HH product usage may be beneficial in responding quickly to changes in product usage.

Advances in environmental compliance monitoring in the oil and gas industry: Challenges and opportunities

Advances in environmental compliance monitoring in the oil and gas industry: Challenges and opportunities

Design and implementation of digital home blood pressure monitoring based on Bluetooth and WeChat App in the FAIR-Pilot study

Abstract Background Home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) could be an alternative way to office blood pressure and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring for hypertensive patient management. However, the measurement protocol of HBPM still requires standardization, which may be improved by digital technology. Purpose To investigate the use of digital HBPM management in hypertensive patients and its application in clinical practice. Methods Fractional Flow Reserve to Determine the Appropriateness of Percutaneous Renal Artery Intervention in Atherosclerosis Renal Hypertension Patients (FAIR)-pilot study is a multicenter pilot randomized controlled trial exploring the application of fractional flow reserve (FFR) to guide the renal artery stenting in patients with renovascular hypertension. After randomization and FFR measurement, participants were divided into stenting with FFR≥ 0.8 (Stent group), no stent implantation with FFR≥ 0.8 (No stent group), and stenting with FFR＜ 0.8 (Controlled group). Participants of the FAIR-pilot study enrolled from February 1st, 2023 to February 25th, 2024 were included. A validated Bluetooth blood pressure monitor was given to every participant at the time of enrollment. Participants were taught to undertake standardized HBP and were advised to take morning and night HBPs every day. HBPM data were automatically uploaded to a WeChat App developed by FAIR investigators and could be reviewed by both participants and investigators. Twice-daily blood pressure reports were automatically generated and sent to investigators for participant compliance monitoring and reminding (Figure 1). HBPM data and blood pressure variability were analyzed. Results A total of 93 participants with 58 males (62.4%) and a mean age of 59.97 ± 16.18 years, including 26,802 HBP readings were analyzed. The average numbers of daily HBP measurement were similar between three groups and were all less than twice a day. Systolic HBP decreased from 143.11 ± 14.91 to 133.01 ± 13.01mmHg after the procedure in the Controlled group, which was more than the other two groups (140.51 ± 13.38 to 138.53 ± 17.30 mmHg and 136.20 ± 15.67 to 130.84 ± 11.04 mmHg). During the follow-up after the procedure, the HBP variability (BPV) of overall participants was 13.78 ± 4.87 and 5.46 ± 3.14 for systolic and diastolic BP, respectively. The systolic BPV of No stent group was higher than the other two groups (No stent vs. Stent vs. Controlled: 33.00 ± 9.49 vs. 8.34 ± 2.86 vs. 9.12 ± 2.71, P=0.125), however without statistical significance. Similar was found for morning and night systolic BPVs. (Table 1). Conclusion Digital HBPM management via novel information technology is feasible in the hypertension field and could be a helpful tool in clinical practice.

Natural language processing in finance: A survey

This survey presents an in-depth review of the transformative role of Natural Language Processing (NLP) in finance, highlighting its impact on ten major financial applications: (1) financial sentiment analysis, (2) financial narrative processing, (3) financial forecasting, (4) portfolio management, (5) question answering, virtual assistant and chatbot, (6) risk management, (7) regulatory compliance monitoring, (8) Environmental, Social, Governance (ESG) and sustainable finance, (9) explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) in finance and (10) NLP for digital assets. With the integration of vast amounts of unstructured financial data and advanced NLP techniques, the study explores how NLP enables data-driven decision-making and innovation in the financial sector, alongside the limitations and challenges. By providing a comprehensive analysis of NLP applications combining both academic and industrial perspectives, this study postulates the future trends and evolution of financial services. It introduces a unique review framework to understand the interaction of financial data and NLP technologies systematically and outlines the key drivers, transformations, and emerging areas in this field. This survey targets researchers, practitioners, and professionals, aiming to close their knowledge gap by highlighting the significance and future direction of NLP in enhancing financial services.