Mongoloid Population Research Articles

Palatal rugae as an unique and stable marker in personal identification-An interracial pilot study.

In post-mortem scenarios, often it is a very difficult process to establish a person's identity. Rugae are unique in that they are protected from trauma as they are insulated from heat by tongue and buccal pad of fat unlike fingerprint or lip print that is prone to destruction. This study was aimed to compare the palatal rugae among people of different races. The sole objectives of the study were to assess the predominant pattern in the selected groups, reliability of rugae pattern in personal identification, to evaluate reliability of sex determination and to compare the total number of rugae on right and left sides of the palate among the males and females. A total of 90 subjects were enrolled into the study and divided into three groups that are African, Dravidian and Mongoloid population. Shapes of rugae present were analyzed according to the classification given by Kapali et al. (1997) and Thomas & Kotze (1983). The predominant rugae shape in African and Dravidian population was wavy pattern, whereas Mongoloid race was predominant in curve pattern. African and Dravidian males were predominant in wavy pattern when compared to Mongoloid males where unification type was more predominant. A statistically significant association between the rugae shape in three populations exists, although subtle yet definite.

Ethnic differences in risk factors and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the adult population of the Russian Federation

BACKGROUND: Russia is one of the most multinational states in the world. Identification of ethnic groups with a higher risk of developing DM2, analysis of risk factors for the development of DM2 will allow developing personalized approaches to the prevention and treatment of DM2.AIMS: To reveal ethnic features of the prevalence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders and risk factors for the development of DM2 in the adult population of the Russian Federation.MATERIALS AND METHODS. A retrospective analysis of the database of the national epidemiological cross-sectional study NATION was carried out. Depending on the self-specified nationality, on the basis of anthropological characteristics, the following ethnic groups were identified: “Mongoloid population”, “Peoples of the Volga region”, “Peoples of the North Caucasus”, “Peoples of Transcaucasia”, “Russians”. The analysis consisted of several stages and included: analysis of the anthropometric features of the selected groups, taking into account the presence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders (MO); study of the prevalence of violations of the MA in the selected ethnic groups; analysis of ethnic characteristics of risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes; analysis of the frequency of violations of the MA in various ethnic groups, taking into account the territory of residence. MR disorders were defined as the presence of DM and/or prediabetes. In accordance with the WHO criteria, HbA1c≥6.5% corresponded to the diagnosis of DM, HbA1c values in the range of 5.7%≤HbA1c<6.5% to the diagnosis of prediabetes.RESULTS: The highest frequency of violations of the MA was observed in the group «Peoples of the Volga region» (31.2%), the lowest in the «Peoples of the North Caucasus» (15.6%). BMI in the group “Peoples of the Volga region” was significantly lower than in the group “Peoples of the North Caucasus. Violations of MR were more often observed in the abdominal nature of obesity, obesity of the 1st stage, age over 45 years in the groups «Mongoloid population» and «Peoples of the Volga region» than in the peoples of the «Northern Caucasus» and «Transcaucasia». The frequency of occurrence of SR violations among representatives of the Volga Peoples group living in their historical territories was higher than among Russians living in the same regions: 32.5% and 24.3% (p<0.001 χ2 criterion), and also higher than in the Russian CFD: 32.5% and 27.4%, respectively, p=0.001 (χ2 test). The prevalence of violations of the MA among the peoples of the North Caucasus was less than among the Russians of the Central Federal District — 13.9% and 27.36%, respectively (p<0.001 χ2 criterion). The prevalence of MR violations among representatives of the “Peoples of the North Caucasus” group living in their historical territories (n=598) was less than among those living in other regions of the Russian Federation (n=164) (13.9% and 21.95%, p= 0.012 criterion χ2).CONCLUSION: In the present work, for the first time, we analyzed the prevalence of MR disorders in various ethnic groups of the population of the Russian Federation, identified certain ethnic characteristics of DM2 risk factors and their contribution to the development of the disease. The obtained results should be used for planning preventive programs in various regions of the Russian Federation.

Associations between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms and hepatocellular carcinoma risk: An update meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis.

Aim:To evaluate the associations between the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis.Methods:PubMed, Embase, the Google Scholar, Wan fang database, VIP database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were extensively searched before April 2021. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated. Review Manager Version 5.3, STATA version 12.0 and TSA 0.9.5.10 Beta software were used.Results:Nineteen studies with 6941 HCC patients and 9436 controls were finally included. The MTHFR rs1801133 (C677T) SNP was associated with increased HCC risk under heterozygote genetic model (OR = 1.10, 95% CI = [1.01, 1.20]). For Subgroup analysis, increased risks of HCC were detected in Mongoloid, Chinese. For MTHFR rs1801131 (A1298C) SNP, increased risk of HCC was only observed in Caucasians (allelic: OR = 1.86, 95% CI = [1.49, 2.31]; homozygote: OR = 3.39, 95% CI = [2.18, 5.27]), interesting decreased risk was detected in Mongoloid (recessive: OR = 0.30, 95% CI = [0.15, 0.58]; homozygote: OR = 0.41, 95% CI = [0.24, 0.72]). Sensitivity analysis indicated stability in our results. Publication bias was not detected based on Begg test and Egger test. Trial sequential analysis indicated further studies to confirm the associations in MTHFR C677T polymorphism.Conclusion:The MTHFR rs1801133 SNP was associated with an increased risk of HCC in Mongoloid population especially in Chinese. Increased HCC risk is also observed in Caucasian population for the MTHFR rs1801131 SNP, and decreased risk of HCC is remarkably discovered in Mongoloid and Chinese subgroups, which need further validation.

The prevalence and distribution of sternalis muscle: a meta-analysis of published literature of the last two hundredyears.

The sternalis muscle (SM) is an anatomical variant that lies subcutaneously and is superficial to the pectoralis major muscle or sternum. The present meta-analysis was conducted to analyze the prevalence, anatomical features, and variance of the SM in different population. In total, 98 studies were included for this meta-analysis. Eighty-two studies dealt with adult subjects, and sixteen studies with fetuses. The worldwide prevalence of SM was observed to be 6% or 0.06 [0.05-0.7, 95% CI] in 27,470 adults, whereas it was 0.29 [0.20-0.39, 95% CI] in 673 fetuses. In 259 anencephalic fetuses, the prevalence was 44% or 0.44 [0.26-0.63, 95% CI], while the same in 414 fetuses without anencephaly was 16% or 0.16 [0.06-0.27, 95% CI]. The reported prevalence rate in Asian mongoloid population (9.1% = 0.091) was three times that of the Asian Caucasian population (3.33% = 0.0333). The prevalence in European descent was 3.93%. Interestingly, the reported prevalence rates in North and South American populations were 3.44% and 3.66%, almost being equivalent. The cadaveric investigations revealed that the SM had an overall prevalence of 5.96% in adults based on 76 studies, which was higher than other modalities of investigations. The multi-detector computerized tomography (MDCT) had shown the prevalence of approximately 4.33%. The same was reported in surgical studies and mammographic studies as 0.47% and 0.02%, respectively. The SM is not an unusual variant of the chest wall musculature. MDCT could be a new method to precisely demonstrate the morphology, course, and size of the SM in vivo.

Nomogram predicting the risk of three-year chronic kidney disease adverse outcomes among East Asian patients with CKD

BackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common health challenge. There are some risk models predicting CKD adverse outcomes, but seldom focus on the Mongoloid population in East Asian. So, we developed a simple but intuitive nomogram model to predict 3-year CKD adverse outcomes for East Asian patients with CKD.MethodsThe development and internal validation of prediction models used data from the CKD-ROUTE study in Japan, while the external validation set used data collected at the First People’s Hospital of Foshan in southern China from January 2013 to December 2018. Models were developed using the cox proportional hazards model and nomogram with SPSS and R software. Finally, the model discrimination, calibration and clinical value were tested by R software.ResultsThe development and internal validation data-sets included 797 patients (191 with progression [23.96%]) and 341 patients (89 with progression [26.10%]), respectively, while 297 patients (108 with progression [36.36%]) were included in the external validation data set. The nomogram model was developed with age, eGFR, haemoglobin, blood albumin and dipstick proteinuria to predict three-year adverse-outcome-free probability. The C-statistics of this nomogram were 0.90(95% CI, 0.89–0.92) for the development data set, 0.91(95% CI, 0.89–0.94) for the internal validation data set and 0.83(95% CI, 0.78–0.88) for the external validation data-set. The calibration and decision curve analyses were good in this model.ConclusionThis visualized predictive nomogram model could accurately predict CKD three-year adverse outcomes for East Asian patients with CKD, providing an easy-to-use and widely applicable tool for clinical practitioners.

Evaluation of dental arch forms of Indo-Aryan and Mongoloid ethnicity using 3D models and its correlation with preformed archwires: A cross-sectional study

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare two ethnic groups in India: Indo-Aryan and Mongoloid for variation in arch dimensions, and to determine best-fitting preformed archwire for each group using three-dimensional (3D) models. Materials and Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted on 40 subjects from two ethnic groups. Sample subjects were divided into Group I (n = 20) Indo-Aryan and Group II (n = 20) Mongoloid population. Their maxillary and mandibular plaster models were aligned and laser scanned to obtain 3D virtual models. Linear measurements included intercanine width, intermolar width, canine depth, and molar depth, whereas proportional measurements included canine width/depth ratio, and molar width/depth ratio. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software (version 22; IBM, Armonk, New York). Shapiro–Wilk test was done to find if data for both groups were normally distributed (P < 0.05) and Mann–Whitney test for nonnormal distribution groups. Statistical significance was determined at the P < 0.05 level. Results: Intercanine width was similar in both groups, whereas Group II (Mongoloid) showed highly statistically significant increased IMW and IMW/D ratio (P ≤ 0.001) as compared to Group I (Indo-Aryan). Conclusion: Mongoloid arches were broader than that of Indo-Aryan group. For Indo-Aryan group, ovoid and tapered preformed archwire could be used in maxillary arch, whereas only tapered archwire was appropriate in mandibular arch. For Mongoloid group, both ovoid and tapered preformed archwire could be used in both maxillary and mandibular arch.

Prevalence of C-shaped Canals and Three-rooted Mandibular Molars Using CBCT in a Selected Thai Population.

C-shaped canals and three rooted mandibular molars are challenging to treat. These anatomies are commonly found in mandibular molars, especially in the Mongoloid population. However, there is no report on these anatomies using cone-beam computed tomography on all three mandibular molars in Thais. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of C-shaped canals and three-rooted mandibular molars in Thais and investigate whether there is a relationship between these morphology and gender. Three pre-calibrated observers independently determined the presence of each anatomy using a specific protocol in 753 molars from cone-beam computed tomographic images. The three observers randomly re-evaluated 20% of the samples to determine inter- and intra-observer agreement using Cohen's Kappa statistic. The relationship of these root canal anatomy with sex was analysed by the Chi-square test. The prevalence of C-shaped canals and three-rooted molars was 0.39% and 12.1%, 42.4% and 3.9%, and 16.6% and 9.1% in first, second, and third mandibular molars respectively. The inter-/intra-observer reliability of the results was extremely high. This cross-sectional study showed the prevalence of C-shaped canals in mandibular second molars was relatively high and should be considered normal root canal anatomy in Thais. The prevalence of three-rooted molars was highest in first molars and frequently found in third molars. Cone-beam computed tomography was a reliable technique to determine root canal anatomy.

Successful Rate of Stature Estimation Using Odontometric Parameter with Carrea’s Index in Mongoloid Population

Background: Stature estimation is one of the four pillars in the anthropological identification protocol.During this time, stature estimation uses long bones, but if no long bones are found, tooth dimensions beginto be examined as a tool in stature estimation.Purpose: The aim of this study was to be able to determine the percentage of success in using tooth dimensionsto estimate height in the Mongoloid population in Indonesia, using the Carrea’s Index method.Method: The study was carried out by measuring the dimensions of arch and chord, then put into the Carreaformula, the results were compared with actual height, then calculated the frequency of predictions ofsuccess and non-success, compared to gender, and quadrant side of jaw.Results: The results of predictions of success for both women and men on both sides of the mandibular werea successful prediction of 69.6% and a non-successful prediction of 30.4%. In each sex, the success rate wasdifferent for each side, without a statistically significant difference (right p value 0.186; left p value 0.713)using Chi-square test. The results of the Pearson Correlation Coefficient test have a positive correlation (p&lt;0.05) indicating that there is a significant relationship between height and the results of height estimationobtained from tooth dimension measurements.Conclusion: Based on the successful rate of the Carrea’s Index method in this study shows that the Carrea’sIndex method can be used in the Mongoloid population in Indonesia as a tool for human identification.

Biometric analysis of apical surgery-related anatomy of mandibular first molars: a cone-beam computed tomography study in a Mongoloid population.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the apical surgery-related anatomy of two-rooted and three-rooted mandibular first molars (MFMs) in a Mongoloid population.MethodsA total of 502 cone-beam computed tomographic images were used to evaluate the root configuration, the distance from the buccal bone to each root, root dimensions, and the complete root resection distance at the resection level for roots of MFMs.ResultsThe prevalence of two-rooted and three-rooted MFMs was 85.1% and 14.9%, respectively. At the resection level, the distance from the buccal bone to the mesial and distal roots of two-rooted MFMs was 2.24 and 3.15 mm, respectively, while the distance was 2.44, 2.01, and 8.55 mm for the mesial, distobuccal, and distolingual roots of three-rooted MFMs, respectively. The distance from the buccal bone to each root was longer in men than in women. The largest distance for complete root resection was detected for the distal root in two-rooted MFMs and for the distolingual root in three-rooted MFMs.ConclusionsThe prevalence of three-rooted MFMs is common in the Mongoloid population. The distance from the buccal bone to root apex differs according to root configurations and sex. Surgical access to the distolingual root is difficult because of the long access distance.

English

English

The correlation between lower extremity morphometric and the presence of knee osteoarthritis symptoms in indonesian mongoloid population with knee osteoarthritis

Introduction: Knee osteoarthritis is the most common joint disease. The risk factors for knee osteoarthritis are lifestyle, obesity, history of knee injury, sex, and also race. Different race may also have different body habitus, including lower extremity shape, therefore it is important to study the morphometric parameters of the lower extremity. In this study, the morphometric parameters of lower extremity and body mass index in Indonesian Mongoloid population were measured to see their correlation with the presence of symptom of knee osteoarthritis. Methods: This study was a cross sectional study. The subjects of this study weremale and female with knee osteoarthritis KL grade 2 or more who agreed toparticipate in this study. From the physical examination, the subjects were then classified into symptomatic and asymptomatic knee osteoarthritis. The lower extremity morphometric parameters that weremeasured in this study: (1) Femoral Valgus Cut Angle (FVCA), (2) Neck Shaft Angle (NSA), (3) Femoral Head Offset (FHO), (4) Trans-Epicondylar Axis (TEA), (5) Tibial Bone Varus Angle (TBVA), and (6) Patellar Morphometry, which were measured by scanogramct scan. Body mass index was measured and classified into normal, overweight, and obese. Results: Fifty-eight subjects were included in this study, 38 male and 20 female. From the 58 subjects, 37 had symptomatic knee osteoarthritis and 21 had asymptomatic knee osteoarthritis. An increase in the Neck Shaft Angle (right OR=6.51, p 0,05). The data showed that Femoral Valgus Cut Angle (p 0,05) among male and female of Indonesian Mongoloid Population. Another finding was that BMI had a statistically significant correlation with the presence of symptom ofknee osteoarthritis with a positive and very strong correlation (r=0.776, p<0.05). Conclusion: From six lower extremity morphometries in Indonesian Mongoloid population, only Neck shaft angle that had a statistically significant correlation with the presence of knee osteoarthritis symptoms. FVCA and Patellar Morphometry, however, were found to be statistically different between the male and female patients with knee osteoarthritis. BMI also had statistically significant correlation with the presence of symptom in knee osteoarthritis patients of Indonesian Mongoloid population.

New regression equations for mixed dentition space analysis in Nepalese mongoloids

BackgroundMixed dentition space analysis methods using regression equations, namely, Moyers’ analysis and Tanaka-Johnston analysis are commonly used around the world. However, the applicability of these analyses among different racial groups have been questioned. The primary objective of this study was to assess the applicability of the Moyers’ and Tanaka-Johnston analyses among Nepalese Mongoloids and to develop regression equations for the same population if needed.MethodsOne hundred (50 males and 50 females) pre-treatment study models of the Nepalese Mongoloid patients undergoing orthodontic treatment were retrieved from the archives of the department of Orthodontics. The mesiodistal widths of mandibular incisors and widths of canines and premolars of all 4 quadrants were measured by a single investigator using a digital caliper to the nearest 0.01 mm. Predicted widths of canines and premolars were obtained using standard Moyers’ and Tanaka-Johnston analyses and then compared with the measured widths.ResultsThe measured widths of canines and premolars were significantly different from the predicted widths obtained from Moyers’ and Tanaka-Johnston analyses. Strong and positive correlations were found between the sum of mesiodistal widths of mandibular incisors and the sum of mesiodistal widths of canines and premolars in males (0.73 for maxillary arch and 0.68 for mandibular arch) and females (0.64 for maxillary arch and 0.79 for mandibular arch).ConclusionsThe Moyers’ and Tanaka-Johnston analyses did not accurately predict the mesiodistal width of unerupted canines and premolars for Nepalese Mongoloid population. Hence, new regression equations have been developed for this population. However, validation studies should be conducted to confirm the applicability and accuracy of these equations.

Polymorphisms in BER genes and risk of breast cancer: evidences from 69 studies with 33760 cases and 33252 controls.

Recently, numerous studies have reported an association between single nucleotide polymorphisms in base-excision repair genes and the risk of developing breast cancer, however there is no consensus. The aim of this meta-analysis was to review and quantitatively assess the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms in base-excision repair genes and breast cancer risk. The results suggested that a mutation of T to G in rs1760944 may lead to a higher risk of developing breast cancer in the Mongoloid population, and G to A of rs25487 significantly reduced the risk of breast cancer in Mongoloid and Caucasoid populations. In contrast to the CC and CG genotypes, the GG genotype of rs1052133 located on theOGG1 gene appeared to be a protective factor against developing breast cancer in both Mongoloid and Caucasoid populations. There was no evidence to suggest that rs25489, rs1799782, rs1130409, rs1805414 and rs1136410 were associated with breast cancer risk. In conclusion, this study provides evidence to support the theory that DNA repair genes are associated with breast cancer risk, providing information to further understand breast cancer etiology. and The potential biological pathways linking DNA repair, ethnic background, environment and breast cancer require further investigation.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРОЦЕССОВ ЛИПОПЕРОКСИДАЦИИ И АНТИОКСИДАНТНОЙ ЗАЩИТЫ У МУЖЧИН-МОНГОЛОИДОВ, НОСИТЕЛЕЙ НЕФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ПОЛИМОРФИЗМОВ ГЕНОВ GSTT1 И GSTM1, С РАЗЛИЧНЫМ СТАТУСОМ ФЕРТИЛЬНОСТИ

Background. Genetic factors cause 30-50 % of cases of male infertility different forms. We have conducted the investigation of the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection system components, associated with the biotransformation genes polymorphisms, in men with infertility. Aims: to study parameters of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system associated with polymorphisms of biotransformation genes in infertile Mongoloid men. Materials and methods. The main group included 143 men of reproductive age from Mongoloid population who came to the Public Health Institution "Republican Perinatal Center" in Ulan-Ude with the problem of one year and more infertility after the marriage. Fifty-three almost healthy males with proven fertility were included in the control group. Blood samples of all men were genotyped by glutathione S-transferase (GSTP1, GSTM1, GSTT1) gene family and activity of glutathione system enzymes was determined. Results. In the fertile Mongoloids with non-functional genotype GSTT1(0/0)/GSTM1(0/0) we have established an increase concentration of a-tocopherol in serum, activity of glutathione peroxidase and a decrease in glutathione-S-transferase, as well as a decrease in the concentration of a-tocopherol. In infertile Mongoloids with non-functional GSTT1(0/0)/ GSTM1 (0/0) genotypes, an increase in the tiobarbituric acid reactants, glutathione peroxidase and a decrease in the concentration of a-tocopherol was found in the ejaculate; we also detected a decrease in the concentration of a-tocopherol, the level of oxidized glutathione and glutathione-s-transferase activity. Conclusions. Genetically determined peculiarities of functioning of the xenobiotic biotransformation system make each individual unique with regard to their adaptive capacity - resistance or sensibility to the damaging exo- and endogenous factors.

Anthropometric measurement among elderly Mongoloid and Tharu population of Sunsari and Morang districts of Eastern Nepal

Anthropometric measurement among elderly Mongoloid and Tharu population of Sunsari and Morang districts of Eastern Nepal

A Haplotype of Two Novel Polymorphisms in δ-Sarcoglycan Gene Increases Risk of Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Mongoloid Population.

The role of genetic abnormality of δ-sarcoglycan (δ-SG) gene in dilated (DCM) and hypertrophied (HCM) cardiomyopathy patients is still unfolding. In this study we first defined the promoter region and then searched for polymorphisms/mutations among the promoter, 5'-untranslated region, and the encoding exons in δ-SG gene in 104 Chinese patients with DCM, 145 with HCM, and 790 normal controls. Two novel polymorphisms were found, an 11 base-pair (bp) deletion (c.-100~-110; -) in the promoter region and a missense polymorphism of A848G resulting in p.Q283R in the highly conserved C-terminus. The prevalence of homozygous genotype -/- of c.-100~-110 was slightly higher in DCM (14.42%) and HCM patients (14.48%), as compared with normal controls (11.01%). The prevalence of genotype of 848A/G was significantly higher in DCM (6.73%; OR = 9.43; p = 0.0002), but not in HCM patients (1.38%; OR = 1.37; p = 0.62), as compared with controls (0.76%). Haplotype -_G consisting c.-100~-110 and A848G was associated with increased risk of DCM (OR = 17.27; 95%CI = 3.19–93.56; p = 0.001) but not associated with HCM (OR = 1.90; 95%CI = 0.38–9.55; p = 0.44). Co-occurrence of the genotypes -/- of c.-100~-110 and 848A/G was found in 5 patients with DCM (4.81%; OR = 39.85; p = 0.0001), none of HCM patients, and only 1 of the controls (0.13%). Both polymorphisms were also found in the Japanese population, but not in the Africans and Caucasians. C.-100~-110 resulted in a decrease of δ-SG promoter activity to 64±3% of the control level (p<0.01). Both co-immunoprecipitation and in vitro protein pull-down assays demonstrated that δ-SG-283R interacts normally to β- and γ-SG, but significantly decreased localization of β/δ/γ-SG on the plasma membrane. In conclusion, haplotype -_G composed of c.-100~-110 and A848G confers higher susceptibility to DCM in the Mongoloid population.

Meta-analysis for the Association of Apolipoprotein E ε2/ε3/ε4 Polymorphism with Coronary Heart Disease.

Background:Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a multifactorial disease and is thought to have a polygenic basis. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is one such candidate with its common ε2/ε3/ε4 polymorphism in CHD. In recent years, numerous case-control studies have investigated the relationship of APOE polymorphism with CHD risk. However, the results are confusing.Methods:To clarify this point, we undertook a meta-analysis based on 14 published studies including 5746 CHD cases and 19,120 controls. Crude odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were assessed for association using a random-effects or fixed-effects model using STATA version 10 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA).Results:Overall, the analysis showed that carriers of APOE ε2 allele decreased risk for CHD (ε2 allele vs. ε3 allele: OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.75–0.90, P < 0.001; ε2 carriers vs. ε3 carriers: OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.73–0.89, P < 0.001), compared with those carrying ε3 allele, especially in Caucasian population. However, those with ε4 allele had a significant increased risk for CHD (ε4 allele vs. ε3 allele: OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.15–1.57, P < 0.001), especially in Mongoloid population. Potential publication bias was observed in the genetic model of ε4 versus ε3, but the results might not be affected deeply by the publication bias. When we accounted for publication bias using the trim and fill method, the results were not materially alerted, suggesting the stability of our results.Conclusions:Taken together, our meta-analysis supported a genetic association between APOE gene and CHD. ε4 increased the risk of CHD, whereas ε2 decreased the risk of CHD.

Nasal index of the Tharu and Mongoloid population of Nepal: a cross sectional study

The nasal index measurement is one of the methods anthropologists have used to differentiate living race and subspecies of man. Ethnic influences can result in different appearances of the nose and can be found in many shapes and sizes. A total number of 1000 healthy people (500 males and 500 females) aged between 25-45 years belonging to pure race of Tharu and Mongoloid communities were participated in the study. The nasal index was calculated as (Nasal height / Nasal Breadth) × 100 and their significance was tested by Student t-test. Results — Nasal index among the Mongoloid male and female were 74.6 and 75.9 respectively and the Tharu male and female were 83.8 and 82.4 respectively (p<0.05). The result of this study revealed significant difference in Nasal index and in Nasal height (P<0.05) of male and female of Tharu and Mongoloid ethnic races. The study revealed the racial as well as sexual dimorphism pattern in nasal ergonomics in this ethnic group. The sex and ethnicity had considerable effect nasal ergonomics related anthropometric measurements.

Caucasian Origin of Disease Associated HLA Haplotypes in Chinese Blood Donors with IgA Deficiency

Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency (IgAD) is the most common primary immunodeficiency in Caucasians with a prevalence of 1:600. However, the prevalence of IgAD is markedly lower in East Asian countries but no genetic studies have been performed on IgAD individuals in the Mongoloid population. We investigated the prevalence of IgAD in a large number of Chinese blood donors (n = 39,015) in Shanghai, China. We measured immunoglobulin class, IgG subclass and anti-IgA serum levels among the IgAD donors. These donors were subsequently tissue typed and the allele frequency was compared with the Shanghai bone marrow donor HLA registry. Seventeen IgAD Chinese blood donors were identified, giving a prevalence of 1: 2,295. Two previously identified IgAD blood donor samples were added in the subsequent tests. Most IgAD donors had serum IgG levels above the normal range with no major IgG subclass deficiency and one donor was weakly positive for anti-IgA. Two-thirds of the Chinese IgAD donors carried Caucasian IgAD associated risk haplotypes, including DRB1*0301-DQB1*0201, DRB1*0701-DQB1*0202 and DRB1*0102-DQB1*0501, giving a significantly higher frequency of these haplotypes as compared to the Shanghai bone marrow donor HLA registry. The prevalence of IgAD in Chinese in this study is markedly lower than in Caucasians. This is the first study to investigate the genetics of IgAD in the Mongoloid population and two-thirds of the Chinese IgAD donors showed a mixture of Caucasian IgAD risk haplotypes. The low prevalence of IgAD could potentially be due to the low frequency of the disease associated risk haplotypes in China.

IMPORTANCE OF ETHNIC DIFFERENCES OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF THE NORTH WITH REGARD TO THE CHILDREN’S CHRONIC TONSILLITIS

This article delivers an analysis of the chronic tonsillitis prevalence on the territory of the Russian Federation for the federal districts and in different ethnic groups of children’s population living in the North (Near the Arctic and the Arctic regions). The study has been conducted on the base of an analysis of information received from the Federal Children’s Health Examination Monitoring Database for 5 years (2005—2009). Statistically-valid higher prevalence of the chronic tonsillitis among the children of the indigenous people of the North has been detected. Considering such specificity as reduced cell energy exchange among the indigenous (Mongoloid) population which was formed as a result of centuries-long adaptation to the climatic extremes, a guess has been made that cell energy exchange contributed to formation of the chronic tonsillitis in the children.