Mongolia Of China Research Articles

Special issue «environmental change on the Mongolian plateau: atmosphere, forests, soils and water»

The Mongolian Plateau forms a part of the Central Asian Plateau and covers an area of approximately 3,200,000 square kilometers in Mongolia and adjacent areas in China and Southern Siberia. It contains one of the world’s largest grassland areas, with the Gobi desert in the south and a transition via steppe and forest steppe to the taiga and mountain tundra in the North (Dulamsuren et al. 2005; Miao et al. 2015). Due to its location, the Plateau's climate is continental and semi-arid to arid, characterized by low precipitation (about 250 mm on average), high potential evapotranspiration (almost 1000 mm on average), large temperature amplitudes, long and harsh winters and recurrent droughts (Dorjgotov 2009; Liu et al. 2019). The Mongolian Plateau mostly drains into the Arctic Ocean basin, including the system of the Selenga River and Lake Baikal, which is not only the world's largest freshwater lake but also a natural heritage of global importance (Kasimov et al. 2017). Hydrologically, parts of the plateau also belong to the Pacific Ocean and Central Asian internal drainage basins.

Contrasting Biogeographic Patterns of Bacterial and Archaeal Diversity in the Top- and Subsoils of Temperate Grasslands.

Biogeographic patterns and drivers of soil microbial diversity have been extensively studied in the past few decades. However, most research has focused on the topsoil, while the subsoil is assumed to have microbial diversity patterns similar to those of the topsoil. Here we compared patterns and drivers of microbial alpha and beta diversity in and between topsoils (0 to 10 cm) and subsoils (30 to 50 cm) of temperate grasslands in Inner Mongolia of China, covering an ∼1,500-km transect along an aridity gradient. Counter to the conventional assumption, we find contrasting biogeographic patterns of diversity and influencing factors for different bacterial and archaeal groups and between depths. While bacterial diversity remains constant or increases with increasing aridity in topsoil and decreases in subsoil, archaeal diversity decreases in topsoil and remains constant in subsoil. Microbial diversity in the topsoil is most strongly influenced by aboveground vegetation and contemporary climate but is most strongly influenced by the factor historical temperature anomaly since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and by soil pH in the subsoil. Moreover, the biogeographic patterns of topsoil-subsoil community dissimilarities vary for different microbial groups and are overall most strongly influenced by soil fertility differences between depths for bacteria and by contemporary climate for archaea. These findings suggest that diversity patterns observed in the topsoil may not be readily applied to the subsoil horizons. For the subsoil in particular, historical climate plays a vital role in the spatial variation of bacterial diversity. Overall, our study provides novel information for understanding and predicting soil microbial diversity patterns at depth.IMPORTANCE Exploring the biogeographic patterns of soil microbial diversity is critical for understanding mechanisms underlying the response of soil processes to climate change. Using top- and subsoils from an ∼1,500-km temperate grassland transect, we find divergent patterns of microbial diversity and its determinants in the topsoil versus the subsoil. Furthermore, we find important and direct legacy effects of historical climate change on the microbial diversity of subsoil yet indirect effects on topsoil. Our findings challenge the conventional assumption of similar geographic patterns of soil microbial diversity along soil profiles and help to improve our understanding of how soil microbial communities may respond to future climate change in different regions with various climate histories.

Analysis of Lignite Character in Inner Mongolia China

The character of indigenous lignite was measured by proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, coal ash analysis, coal true relative density, specific area.et al. The results showed that the internal moisture content is 8-9%, volat ile matter content is more than 45%, the oxygen content is above 20% while the sulphur content less than 0.5%.The main ash content is SiO2 and Al2O3, ash fusion point is above 1200 degree centigrade. The calorific value is between 12∼19MJ/kg. Macropore and mesopore is the pattern in the lignite.

Analyses of observed features and future trend of extreme temperature events in Inner Mongolia of China

Lying in the north boundary of China, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is highly sensitive to climate change, which is greatly influenced by the new features of present-day and future extreme temperature events. Based on daily temperature records of 108 meteorological station from 1961 to 2009 and future projections under the representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios from the regional climate modeling system PRECIS in high-resolution (~ 50 km in horizon), the observed and projected changes in temperature-related extreme climate events over Inner Mongolia are investigated for the present day, the mid-twentieth (2041~2060) century, and the late twenty-first (2071–2090) century. Temperature extremes associated with a warming tendency all show as increasing trend by a slope of around 0.2, especially for growing season length which has a slope of 0.36 at present, and these extreme events are projected to increase with an extension of 5 more warm days during the mid-twenty-first century before increasing less sharply in the late twenty-first century under the RCP2.6 scenario, while the increase of warming extremes are projected as around 15, 30 over most Inner Mongolia, particularly for southwest parts, with an increase over 30, 45 at the end of twenty-first century under the RCP4.5 and 8.5 scenarios respectively. Temperature extremes concomitant with a cooling tendency change with a slope of − 0.261 and − 0.421 for icing and frost days in present-day, and are likely to display a contrary trend as warm extremes over two periods under the RCP2.6 scenario, with a decrease of 10 cold days over the whole Inner Mongolia. While the mid-twenty-first century would go through minor changes of cold extreme as the RCP2.6 scenario under both the RCP4.5 and 8.5 scenarios, the late twenty-first century would witness most dramatic decrease of cold extremes, more specifically, with over 20 and 30 less cold days separately over most areas and particularly over 35 less cold days in central and southwest regions. Since the control of greenhouse gas emissions halts the increase of warming extremes and higher emission scenarios lead to more warm extremes, the benefits and risks of warming trend for central plantation areas and southwest desert regions of Inner Mongolia should be considered comprehensively by local policy making and social-economic development planning.

Field and numerical investigations of gateroad system failure under an irregular residual coal pillar in close‐distance coal seams

AbstractThe Gaojialiang Coal Mine in Inner Mongolia in China was used as an example to investigate the process of chain pillar and gateroad failure in the lower coal seam under the effect of an irregular residual coal pillar in the upper close‐distance coal seam. The results indicated that after the longwall face in the lower coal seam retreated through the area under the large irregular residual coal pillar in the upper coal seam, the bearing area of the residual coal pillar decreased and the roof pressure continuously concentrated in the elastic core area of the residual coal pillar. Isolated triangular slab rock was formed above the triangular residual coal pillar, and the weight of the overlying strata was transferred downward through the triangular slab rock. When the chain pillar under the residual coal pillar was destroyed due to loading that exceeded its carrying capacity, the upper triangular slab rock rotated and sank, which resulted in the intensification of the concentrated stress in the solid rib of the gateroad in the lower coal seam. Based on the analysis, it is suggested that in the design of a longwall system, a gateroad under an isolated residual coal pillar in the upper coal seam should be avoided when mining in close‐distance coal seams.

Perlodinella mazehaoi sp. nov., a new species of Perlodidae (Plecoptera) from Inner Mongolia of China.

A new species of the perlodid genus Perlodinella Klapálek, 1912, P. mazehaoi sp. nov. from Inner Mongolia of northeastern China is described and illustrated based on the male, the female and eggs. The aedeagus and egg described herein are the first known for the genus Perlodinella. Morphological comparisons between the new species and congeners are given. This species is the first record of Perlodinella from Inner Mongolia.

A global analysis of distribution and endemism within Late Llandovery (Telychian) brachiopods

Cocks, L.R.M. & Jiayu, R. 10 July 2019. A global analysis of distribution and endemism within Late Llandovery (Telychian) brachiopods. Alcheringa 43, 406–422. ISSN 0311–5518The genera of brachiopods of early Silurian (late Llandovery: Telychian) age have been critically reviewed and are listed from the major continental areas: South China, Avalonia-Baltica, Laurentia, Siberia and adjacent areas, and Gondwana (including the adjacent Kazakh terranes, Southwest Tien Shan and Iran). All those continents lay within tropical latitudes, apart from the South American sector of Gondwana, which hosted the Clarkeia Fauna, the earliest constituent of the largely high-latitude Devonian Malvinokaffric Province in the southern hemisphere. Additionally, the then northern (today’s southern) part of the Siberian continent, which included parts of Mongolia and North China, was at temperate latitudes in the northern hemisphere so that it hosted the Tuvaella Fauna, which was also dominated by endemic brachiopod genera. Of the 202 genera listed, 50 are endemic to one of the six regions, and a further eight must have lived during Telychian times since they are known from both the underlying Aeronian and the overlying Sheinwoodian.L. Robin M. Cocks [rcocks@nhmacuk], Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; Rong Jiayu [jyrong@nigpasaccn], State Key Laboratory, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China.

Flavonoid glycosides from seeds of Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. Sinensis with α-glucosidase inhibition activity

Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. Sinensis is a famous traditional medicinal plant in Tibet and Mongolia of China. Three novel flavonoid glycosides and ten known analogues were obtained from the seeds of H. rhamnoides. The structures of new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopics, chemical methods as well as literature data. In vitro assay, compounds 5–9, kaempferol and 70% ethanolic elution fraction showed prominent α-glucosidase inhibitory activities with IC50 values ranging from 8.30 to 112.11 μM, better than that of the positive control, acarbose, whose IC50 value was 1727.07 μM.

Continuous monitoring of lake dynamics on the Mongolian Plateau using all available Landsat imagery and Google Earth Engine

Lakes are important water resources on the Mongolian Plateau (MP) for human's livelihood and production as well as maintaining ecosystem services. Previous studies, based on the Landsat-based analyses at epoch scale and visual interpretation approach, have reported a significant loss in the lake areas and numbers, especially from the late 1990s to 2010. Given the remarkable inter- and intra-annual variations of lakes in the arid and semi-arid region, a comprehensive picture of annual lake dynamics is needed. Here we took advantages of the power of all the available Landsat images and the cloud computing platform Google Earth Engine (GEE) to map water body for each scene, and then extracted lakes by post-processing including raster-to-vector conversion and separation of lakes and rivers. Continuous dynamics of the lakes over 1 km2 was monitored annually on the MP from 1991 to 2017. We found a significant shrinkage in the lake areas and numbers of the MP from 1991 to 2009, then the decreasing lakes on the MP have recovered since circa 2009. Specifically, Inner Mongolia of China experienced more dramatic lake variations than Mongolia. A few administrative regions with huge lakes, including Hulunbuir and Xilin Gol in Inner Mongolia and Ubsa in Mongolia, dominated the lake area variations in the study area, suggesting that the prior treatments on these major lakes would be critical for water management on the MP. The varied drivers of lake variations in different regions showed the complexity of factors impacting lakes. While both natural and anthropogenic factors significantly affected lake dynamics before 2009, precipitation played increasingly important role for the recovery of lakes on the MP after 2009.

Multi-objective energy-cost design optimization for the variable-speed wind turbine at high-altitude sites

As the development of wind power utilization, onshore wind turbines have been installed at various sites with different altitudes. Although the site-specific design is an effective way to reduce the levelized energy cost of the wind turbines, the influence of the site altitude on the energy cost is not considered in the existing site-specific designs. To fill the knowledge gap, this study presents the site-specific design optimization of the wind turbines at the high-altitude sites, based on a multi-objective trade-off between maximization of the energy production and minimization of the production cost. For this purpose, two improved estimation models of the annual energy production and the annual production cost are firstly introduced for the high-altitude wind turbines. On this basis, the multi-objective energy-cost optimization problem is formulated as two nonlinear functions relevant to two key designed parameters: the rated power and the rotor radius. After that, a multi-objective particle swarm optimization method is proposed. Finally, the proposed method is applied to the Huitengxile and Maanshan wind farms, located in Inner Mongolia and Yunnan-Kweichow plateaus of China, respectively. The results show that the energy cost has been noticeably increased by about 15% and 18% in the two applications comparing with the results ignoring the site altitude. Moreover, a trade-off between various alternative energy-cost solutions has been provided by the generated set of the optimally designed parameters. Thus, a two-step criterion has been proposed to help the turbine designers select the designed parameters according to their preference.

Complete genome sequences of five prunus necrotic ringspot virus isolates from Inner Mongolia of China and comparison to other PNRSV isolates around the world

Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) is an important virus of stone fruit trees (Prunus sp.). In this study, complete genomic sequences of five PNRSV isolates from P. persica (Pea1 and Pea4), P. avium (Che1 and Che2) and P. cerasifera (P.cerasifera1) in Inner Mongolia of China were determined and analyzed together with other previously published PNRSV sequences in the world. Phylogenetic analysis based on RNA3 sequences divided the five isolates into PV32 (Che1, Che2 and P.cerasifera1) and PV96 (Pea1 and Pea4) group, and re-grouped PNRSV isolates in the world into six groups including a new proposed group (PchMx-Azt) composed of two flowering peach isolates from Mexico. Distinct origins for RNAs of isolate P.cerasifera1 suggested potential reassortment in evolution of PNRSV. In addition, nine recombination events were predicted in RNA1–3 among the isolates.

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Chinese Triops granarius and implications for species delimitation

The mt genome of T. granarius (15.121 bp), containing 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs) and one control region, present the typical pattern of phyllopod mt genomes from the perspective of gene content and order. All PCGs initiate with standard start codon of ATN and share the complete stop codon of TAA or TAG, whereas nd1 initiates with GTG, nd2 terminates with AGA and nd4 terminates with a single T. The secondary structures of rrnL and rrnS comprise of 48 helices and 32 helices, respectively. The patterns of evolutionary rate heterogeneity were observed at different levels in Triops. Phylogenetic analyses were performed based on the nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences showed that Asian T. granarius was a sister group to (T. longicaudatus + T. australiensis), and T. cancriformis was the basal clade of Triops. Furthermore, we investigated the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of different T. granarius s.l. populations. Ten phylogenetic lineages are separated on species level by mean maximum likelihood distance ≥ 12.2% in the cox1 gene. While the six populations occurring in Inner Mongolia of China, Mongolia and Russia, investigated for haplotypes belonged to the same haplotype networks.

Spatio-Temporal Pattern of Land Degradation along the China-Mongolia Railway (Mongolia)

The increasingly serious problem of land degradation has a direct impact on the ecosystem and sustainable development in Mongolia. The influence of land degradation on the main China–Mongolia–Russia traffic arteries is currently unclear and poses a risk to the construction of transportation infrastructure. In this study, for the first time, we obtained land cover data from 1990, 2010, and 2015, at a 30 m, resolution based on the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat Operational Land Imager (OLI) images along the China–Mongolia railway (Mongolia section). We then analyzed the change in the obtained land cover data using the geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis technology to obtain the land pattern and development trend of this region. Results showed that the newly-increased degraded land was distributed mainly in the center of the region and tended to expand northward. The joint effect of natural and socioeconomic factors resulted in land degradation. We speculated that the significant temperature fluctuation and the decrease in rainfall were the inducing factors. Population migration, overgrazing, infrastructure construction, unreasonable mineral exploitation, and rapid urbanization aggravate the degree of land degradation. It is thus necessary to use a broader view to observe patterns of desertification and variations in regions along the Railway facing its sustainable development.

Shamanic Sports: Buryat Wrestling, Archery, and Horse Racing

This paper presents the religious aspects of the historical and present forms of the traditional sports competitions of the Buryats—a Mongolian ethnic group settled in Southern Siberia, Northern Mongolia, and North-Eastern China. Both historically and in our time, their traditional sports have been closely linked to shamanic rituals. This paper provides insights into the functions of these sports competitions for Buryat shamanic rituals—why they have been, and still are, an inevitable part of these rituals. They are believed to play an important role in these rituals, which aim to trick and/or please the Buryats’ spirits and gods in order to get from them what is needed for survival. The major historical changes in the Buryats’ constructions of their relationship to their imagined spiritual entities and the corresponding changes in their sports competitions are described. The effects of both economic changes—from predominantly hunting to primarily livestock breeding—and of changes in religious beliefs and world views—from shamanism to Buddhism and from Soviet Communist ersatz religion to the post-Soviet revival of shamanism and Buddhism—are described. Special attention is given to the recent revival of these sports’ prominent role for Buddhist and shamanist rituals.

Identifying land restoration regions and their driving mechanisms in inner Mongolia, China from 1981 to 2010

Land degradation is a global environmental issue and efforts to achieve land restoration call for urgent action. This study selected Inner Mongolia of China as a research area and assessed the relative contribution of climate variability and human activities affecting land restoration during different time intervals from 1981 to 2010. The results showed that the spatial extent of land restoration in Inner Mongolia has increased significantly from 1981 to 2010, to more than 248,512 km2, accounting for 2.11% of the total area. Climatic factors showed heterogeneity in different time intervals; temperature and sunshine duration were the main factors induced land restoration from 1981 to 1995, which mainly attributed to its’ positive effect on promoting vegetation photosynthetic efficiency; however, the decrease in wind speed played the most important role in land restoration from 1996 to 2010. The land restoration areas have also been closely associated with human activities, particularly from 1996 to 2010, when afforestation was the main factor driving the increase of land restoration areas, showing that the implementation of the ecological restoration policy of China has played a positive role in land conservation. In addition, the mutual impacts of climate variability and human activities on land restoration have been observed at different scales.

Geodynamic Positions of Large and Superlarge Precious-Metal and Uranium-Ore Districts and Clusters in East Asia

The geophysical, sesimotomographic, and mineragenic data unraveling the regularities of the distribution of large and superlarge precious-metal and uranium-ore clusters in southeastern Russia, eastern Mongolia, and northern China are analyzed. It is shown that the fact that ore clusters and districts of global class are located above the perimeter of the oceanic slab, stagnated in the transitional zone of the mantle, were probably predetermined by the concentration of lower mantle fluid-thermal flows at the frontal boundary of the slab and in its flanks represented by sublatitudinal paleotransform faults.

Mineral Elements and Active Ingredients in Root of Wild Paeonia lactiflora Growing at Duolun County, Inner Mongolia.

Roots of wild Paeonia lactiflora are often used as herbs in traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, the contents of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) and the concentrations of three active ingredients such as paeoniflorin (PF), catechin (CA) and benzoic acid (BA) in roots of wild P. lactiflora collected from Duolun County of Inner Mongolia in China were evaluated. The results showed that the mean contents of eight elements followed the following order: Ca > K > P > Mg > Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu, and the concentrations of three active ingredients decreased in the order: PF > CA > BA. It was found that PF concentration was positively correlated with the contents of Fe and Mn. However, the concentration of CA was linearly decreased with Mg content. Moreover, BA concentration showed positive linear dependence upon the contents of P and Mn. Results of stepwise regression analyses showed that 39.2% of the variance in PF concentration could be explained by Fe content, whereas 28.1% of the CA concentration changes could be explained by Mg content; moreover, 42.5% of the variance in BA concentration could be accounted for by the combination of Mn and P contents. In a word, the concentrations of active ingredients in roots of P. lactiflora can be changed by adjusting mineral elements levels in roots to meet the need of appropriate quality control of P. lactiflora.

Spatial and Temporal Variations in Grassland Production from 2006 to 2015 in Mongolia Along the China–Mongolia Railway

Grassland biomass is the embodiment of grassland productivity, and the material basis for the maintenance of the grassland ecosystem. Grassland is the main vegetation type in the Mongolian Plateau. Grassland changes in the core region of the China–Mongolia–Russia Economic Corridor of the Belt and Road Initiative have an important impact on regional ecology, environmental conservation, and sustainable development. This study established three types of models for estimating grassland production through statistical analysis methods using NDVI, EVI, MSAVI, and PsnNet remote sensing indices retrieved from a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) dataset. This was combined with ground-measured grassland data and meteorological data. Based on model evaluation, the spatial and temporal distribution and variation characteristics of grassland along the Mongolia part of the China–Mongolia Railway were obtained through inversion for the period from 2006 to 2015. The results showed that all the models had good simulation effects. The optimal model was an exponential model based on MSAVI—with its simulation accuracy reaching 78%. Grassland production in the study area has increased slightly in the past ten years, with little change in the first five years and a fluctuating increase in the next five years. The average grassland production (per unit production) in the past ten years was 3400.39 kg/ha and the average total production was 9707.88 × 104 t. Grassland production increased slightly in most areas along the railway, and in some areas it continued to decline. The regional spatial distribution of increased and decreased grassland production was significantly different. With better grassland resources in the northeastern part of the study area—the area around Chinggis City and the capital of Hentiy Province—had the most significant growth. However, the southern Gobi area—with its trend towards land degradation in the area where the southern Gobi and desert steppe transitions to steppe and dry steppe—had a significant decrease. This meant that the risk of grassland degradation still existed. There were also quantitative and spatial differences in the areas where grassland production decreased on both sides of the railway. The decrease in grassland production on the western side of the railway was more obvious than on the eastern side, and the reduction area was dispersed on the western side and relatively concentrated on the eastern side. In future research, the identification of key areas of grassland degradation along the China–Mongolia Railway as well as its driving forces should be investigated further.

Changes of the relationship between spring sand dust frequency and large-scale atmospheric circulation

Sand/dust occurrences are one of major disasters in arid and semi-arid areas. Understanding its time evolution as well as the impact factors is crucial for policy makers to protect human from health and economic losses. In this paper, we investigate the features of spring sand/dust frequency during 1961–2016 based on 201 surface meteorological stations in northern China, which are divided into four regions as Xinjiang, Northwest China, North China, and Northeast China according to the spatial distribution of sand/dust frequency. Although the regional mean sand/dust frequency exhibits a general declining trend in the last 56 years, it shows fluctuations with the maximum occurrence in the 1970s and the minimum in the 2010s, and abrupt changes can be found in the late 1980s by the Lepage test. We choose 1961–1988 as the active sand/dust period and 1989–2016 as the inactive sand/dust period. Apparent differences are found between these two epochs in the large-scale atmospheric circulations. The geopotential height over Mongolia and Inner Mongolia of China at mid-and lower troposphere became much higher, and the Asian polar vortex weakened and shrank noticeably in the inactive sand/dust period. For 1961–1988, a meridional dipole pattern of significant correlation in heights at mid-and lower levels was dominant over the northeastern Eurasian continent, while for 1989–2016, sand/dust frequency seems to have much closer relationship with local circulation and a zonal dipole structure at lower troposphere dominated over China. The relationship between the 850 hPa vorticity over Mongolia and sand/dust frequency was strengthened after the late 1980s for the western areas, but that was weakened for the eastern areas of northern China. Besides, the intensity of Asian polar vortex at 500 hPa had higher correlation with sand/dust frequency during 1989–2016 particularly for Northwest China. All these findings are important to refine reliable models for short-term climate prediction of sand/dust occurrence in East Asia.

Geochronology and ore genesis of the Shuangjianzishan Ag-polymetallic deposit, Inner Mongolia, China

The newly discovered Shuangjianzishan Ag-polymetallic deposit is in the southern part of the Great Xing’an Range of Inner Mongolia in NE China, and is China’s largest Ag deposit with a 21,665 t silver reserves. Three types of hydrothermal mineralization are evident: relatively early disseminated and stringer mineralization, succeeded by a breccia-hosted and younger vein-type mineralization. Preliminary studies show that the deposit might represent a mixed ore system where the early disseminated and stringer mineralization is overprinted by the breccia-hosted and vein-type mineralization.Muscovite Ar–Ar and Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb dating of zircon, and geochemical analyses were completed at the deposit. The zircon U–Pb dating for the argentiferous quartz-veins yield a crystallization age of 148 ± 1 Ma, and muscovite coexisting with sulfides yields an Ar–Ar plateau age of 147 ± 2 Ma. Both dates, being the same within error indicate that the mineralization is ca. 148 Ma, which is a date that coincides with a wide-spread ca. 159–144 Ma magmatic event in the region.Stable isotopic data (δ18OH2O and δD) collected from fluid inclusions from the quartz vein-type mineralization are characterized by systematic and small variation, and this difference reflects the higher fluid fluxes and smaller amount of rock-buffering for the quartz veins. The δ13C values of −10.6 to −14.3‰ and δ18O values of 0 to 5.1‰ for calcite from the veins indicate that the carbon in the mineralizing fluid had a mixed magmatic and highly evolved meteoric fluid source.In addition, the δ34S values of 28 sulfides range from −4.70 to 1.40‰, which are values markedly close to that of granitic rocks and the mantle, indicative of a magmatic source. Lead-isotopes values for sulfides are indicative of a mixed mantle and crustal source.Many features of intermediate-sulfidation epithermal deposits are present at Shuangjianzishan, which is therefore interpreted as an intermediate sulfidation deposit derived from a mixed source during a phase change in temperature and pressure interpreted as being related to fluid mixing and boiling.