Unit Of Money Research Articles

Basal cortisol level modulates stress-induced opioid-seeking behavior

In preclinical studies and our human laboratory, the α2-noradrenergic autoreceptor antagonist yohimbine was found to promote drug-seeking behavior. This study evaluated effects of dose-combinations of yohimbine and the glucocorticoid receptor agonist hydrocortisone to model intensity-dependent effects of stimulating each neurochemical system, alone and together, on stress-reactivity and opioid-seeking. Twelve regular heroin-using participants diagnosed with opioid use disorder (OUD) were stabilized on sublingual buprenorphine (8-mg/day), then passed a hydromorphone 18-mg vs. placebo intramuscular reinforcement screen. Across 9 experimental conditions (3 × 3 within-subject, randomized crossover, placebo-controlled, double-blind design) during inpatient buprenorphine maintenance, combinations of oral pretreatment doses of yohimbine (0, 27, 54-mg; t = 0 min) then hydrocortisone (0, 20, 40-mg; t = 45 min) were administered. In each condition, subjective drug and mood effects, cardiovascular responses, and saliva cortisol and α-amylase levels were assessed to evaluate stress-reactivity, and participants completed a 12-trial choice progressive ratio task during which they could earn units of hydromorphone (1.5-mg intramuscular) and/or money ($2.00). Yohimbine dose-dependently increased blood pressure, α-amylase, and anxiety scores, and decreased opioid agonist symptoms; hydrocortisone dose-dependently increased cortisol levels. Yohimbine/hydrocortisone dose-combinations significantly shifted within-session responding from money to opioid-seeking among participants with lower basal cortisol levels. These findings replicate yohimbine effects on stress biomarkers and demonstrate that noradrenergic/glucocorticoid-potentiated opioid-seeking is modulated by basal cortisol level. In persons with OUD stabilized on buprenorphine, basal HPA-axis activity and acute stressors can enhance opioid relative reinforcing efficacy. These factors may limit OUD treatment efficacy and highlight the need for novel interventions that prevent stress-induced opioid-seeking.

Analysis of the Ratio of Growth, Effectiveness and Budget Efficiency at the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia in 2017 – 2022

A budget is a written plan regarding the activities of an organization which is expressed quantitatively for a certain period or period and is generally expressed in units of money. The Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia is one of the ministries that has authority over the State revenue and expenditure budget. The Ministry of Religion is ranked 2nd with the largest APBN ceiling after the Police of the Republic of Indonesia. The ratios for assessing financial performance in the Ministry of Religion used in this research include: Growth Ratio, Effectiveness and Efficiency Ratio. This research aims to analyze the level of Growth, Effectiveness and Efficiency Ratios during the 2017-2022 period to see the financial performance of the Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia. In writing this journal, a quantitative descriptive analysis method was used. The results of this research show that the financial performance of the Ministry of Religion using the Growth Ratio or the Ministry of Religion's budget growth ratio is around 4.39% every year. The Ministry of Religion's budget effectiveness ratio is relatively high at an average level of 112%, which means that budget realization is able to exceed the set targets. The highest achievement of 121% was recorded in 2017. The Ministry of Religion's budget efficiency ratio for 2017-2022 is at an average of 0.97%, which is very efficient considering the nature of the public sector budget, the smaller the efficiency ratio, the better the government's performance.

The Function and Role of Money: Analysis in Islamic Economic Studies as a Unit of Value and as a Medium of Exchange

In Islamic economic studies, there are only 2 functions of money: money as a unit of value and money as a medium of exchange. There are four functions of money in the conventional economic system: money as a unit of calculation, money as a unit of exchange, but in conventional principles, money not only functions as a legal medium of exchange but also as goods that can be traded or to get profits, money as a unit of store of value, and money as a standard unit of payment in the future. This study aims to find out how the people of Bukittinggi perceive the function of money from an Islamic economic perspective. The type of research used is qualitative descriptive research. The research informant was the Muslim community of Bandar Lampung City. Collecting data is done through documentation, observation, and interviews. The data analysis techniques used are data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. From the results of research conducted by researchers, it was found that most people's perceptions about the function of money are in line with Islamic economics, but a small number have perceptions that are not in line with Islamic economics because they think that money can be used as a tool to take personal advantage. This is contrary to the concept and function of money in Islam

Analisis Persepsi Masyarakat Mengenai Fungsi Uang Perspektif Ekonomi Islam

In the perspective of Islamic economics, there are only 2 functions of money, namely money as a unit of value and money as a medium of exchange. There are 4 functions of money in a conventional economic system, namely money as a unit of account, money as a unit of exchange but in a conventional economic system, money does not only function as a valid medium of exchange but also as goods that can be traded or to make a profit, money as a storage unit. value, money as the standard unit of payment in the future. This study aims to find out how the perceptions of the Bukittinggi community regarding the function of money from an Islamic economic perspective. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative research. The research informant is the Muslim community of Bukittinggi City. Data collection is done by documentation, observation and interviews. The data analysis technique used is data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. From the results of research conducted by researchers, it was found that most people's perceptions about the function of money are in line with Islamic economics, but a small number have perceptions that are not in line with Islamic economics because they think that money can be used as a tool for personal gain. This is contrary to the concept and function of money in Islam.

Time and toll trade-off with heterogeneous users: A continuous time surplus maximization bi-objective user equilibrium model

This paper presents a continuous time surplus maximization bi-objective user equilibrium (C-TSmaxBUE) model, in which the users’ variability toward the time and toll trade-off in a tolled road network is explicitly considered. Different users are assigned with different ratios of the time saved per unit of money (RTSMs), the values of which represent the different expectations to trade more money for less travel time. Infinite indifference curves are then generated by considering continuously distributed RTSMs in the population. Accordingly, we extend the definition of the path-based time surplus for the C-TSmaxBUE model, which can be formulated as a Beckmann-type mathematical program operating in the space of RTSM boundaries. To solve the problem, we develop a path-based single-boundary adjustment (SBA) algorithm that fits the non-additive structure of the model. The algorithm involves a Newton-type flow equilibration procedure that simultaneously adjusts RTSM boundaries and path flows, as well as a column generation scheme that firstly enumerates all efficient paths and then identifies the paths that have the potential to reduce generalized travel times. Numerical results on a small network show the feature of the equilibrium flow pattern, whereas instances of practical size confirm that SBA is an efficient tool to obtain high-quality equilibrium solutions. Compared to the original TSmaxBUE problem, we found that a larger set of efficient paths will be used when the users’ heterogeneity is considered.

Analysis of transportation mode choice for Electric Rail Train (KRL) and bus for Yogyakarta-Surakarta travel routes

<p>The presence of the electric rail train (KRL) on the Yogyakarta-Surakarta route expands the list of public transportation modes available to residents of Yogyakarta, Surakarta, and surrounding areas. The Yogyakarta-Surakarta route was previously served by one of the road-based transportation, namely Bus, which was widely used but was abandoned by its users due to a variety of factors. The presence of various alternative modes of transportation today, combined with the Covid-19 pandemic, allows users of public transportation services, particularly the Yogyakarta-Surakarta route, to freely make their choices. Data was gathered through direct interviews and online questionnaires distributed using Google forms. Multiple linear regression and binary logit nisbah were used in the data analysis, and the results were obtained using software, specifically Microsoft Excel and Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS). The Study by binary logit results show that lowering the CBUS (Bus fee) by 1,58 times the unit of money from the CKRL (KRL fee) to Rp7.595/trip from the original Rp12.000/trip will increase bus users by 30%. If TBUS (bus time) is accelerated by 1,81 times the unit time from TKRL (KRL time) to 1 hour and 23 minutes/trip from the original 2 hours and 12 minutes, bus users increase by 50%. Bus users will increase by 70% while KRL users will decrease by 30%, so the number of FBUS (bus frequency) must be increased to 16 times/day from the original 10 times/day by 1,69 times FKRL (KRL frequency).</p>

The effect of locally based and imported lick stones on the growth and economic productivity of African dwarf sheep during the dry season in Benin

Objective: This study aimed to make and compare the effects and economic viability of lick stones based on local feedstuffs and imported ones. Materials and Methods: Two-lick stones (minerals and multi-nutritional) based on local feedstuffs were made. An imported lick stone (ILS) was purchased at a local market. Four dietary treatments (the three different lick stones and a control group) were established, with six dwarf sheep receiving each treatment. The experiment was carried out over 90 days. Growth and economic parameters were calculated and compared. Results: The feed intake of sheep in the multi-nutritional lick stone group was better than that of the other groups. The feed conversion ratio was best for the lick stones made with local feedstuffs. The economic return (economic feed efficiency) was best for the mineral lick stone. For a unit of money invested in the feed supplements, the sheep fed with lick stone based on local feedstuffs have been allowed to gain 100.21 basic monetary unit of some West African countries more than the ones fed with imported feeds (p < 0.05). Conclusion: It is not desirable to use ILS because the economic and growth performance of sheep fed with the ILS was even lower than that of the non-supplemented sheep.

Asset Quality and the Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in DRC

This study aimed at assessing the impact of asset quality management on the financial performance of commercial banks in DR Congo from 2010 to 2020. This study had one specific objective which was to assess the relationship between the NPL and the performance of commercial banks in DR Congo. After analysis made by SPSS; After analysis the table n°3 shows that the asset quality as assessed by the NPLR has a negative impact on financial profitability because the return on assets decreases by 0.190 monetary units for every unit rise in nonperforming loans (Y=-0,190x1+1,351 ). In actuality, a non-performing loan is a loss, and the higher it is, the less profitable it is. Since the sig value is 0.00, or less than 5%, the negative link between the two variables is statistically significant. Moreover, the NPLR had a negative impact on financial profitability (ROE), as the return on assets decreases by 1.717 units of money for every unit of money that the nonperforming loan increases (Y= -1,717x1+13,157) . In actuality, a non-performing loan is a loss, and the higher it is, the less profitable it is. Since the sig value is 0.00, or less than 5%, the negative link between the NPL and ROE is statistically significant.

BUILDING MATHEMATICS MODELING FOR SOLVED TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS AND OPTIMIZING WITH MORE FOR FEWER ALGORITHMS IN THE BUSINESS COMMUNITY

Mathematical modeling supports the development of the business world and the industrial world, especially in transportation (Widana, 2020). Many emerging algorithms are combined with the adoption of changes in the form of real problems modeled into mathematical problems. The modeling aims to optimize to produce the most optimal objective function value based on the formed constraints. Optimization of the mathematical model can be assisted by several optimization algorithms, such as the More for Less Algorithm. The algorithm, as a form of looping, is based on the constraint function with the specified parameters until it reaches the final objective function, namely optimization related to time and cost(Muftikhali et al., 2018). In general, it is hoped that supply and demand will be balanced in transportation. However, in reality, often in field conditions, mixed transportation problems result in non-optimal costs. The study results show that the More for Less Algorithm can provide the most optimal solution according to the allocation of factory requests to shops with the minimum cost. The dual variable matrix index is positive, so the solution to the transportation problem with mixed constraints is called optimal. The solutions obtained in the transportation case study with mixed constraint functions in the field of the Amarta Bakery industry community business are as follows:with a total cost of 580 (in units of money). Combinations - factory-to-store combinations for companies are interpreted as first factory at the first store with an allocation of 90 product units, first factory at the second shop with an allocation of 110 product units, second factory at the second shop with an allocation of 0 product units, factory the second factory at the third store with an allocation of 70 units of product, and the third factory at the third store with an allocation of 0 units of product. The number zero means that to carry out efficiency and optimization according to mixed constraints, it is necessary to make conditions where factories do not distribute to shops.

ANALYSIS OF ACCOUNTING TREATMENT OF GOLD PAWN LOANS AT ISLAMIC BANKS IN PADANGSIDIMPUAN

Accounting is the art of recording, classifying and summarizing events and transactions of a financial nature in an efficient manner and in the form of units of money, and interpreting the results of the process. Accounting as an information system that identifies, records and communicates economic events of an organization to interested parties. Gold pawning is a financing product on the basis of collateral in the form of gold as an alternative to obtain financing quickly. Gold pawn loans are non-refundable loan facilities with gold guarantees with the obligation to borrow at once or in installments within a certain period of time in accordance with the agreement of the lender and the pawner.

The Law of Instant Equality of the Purchasing Power of Money

The article proves effectiveness of the law of instant equality of money unit buying capacity. It is shown that the law explains the phenomenon of money unit arising as a value measure and, consequently, grounds the unity of money arising principles as virtual value measure and real measures, i.e. physical quantities. The author analyzes historical evolution of money types and provides arguments that it is underlain by changing methods of fixing the money unit buying capacity. It is demonstrated that the quality of money units and, thus money systems, changes, when the method is altered. It is stated that the phenomenon of arising a unique buying capacity of all money units of the national currency at any moment of time possesses the same character as the method of providing the unity of measuring physical quantities. Consequently, the author comes to the conclusion that money units acting as a cost value should obey the basic principles of science dealing with measurements, i.e. ‘metrology’. The article grounds that methods providing the unity of value measuring through money, as well as methods providing the unity of measuring physical quantities correlate with the level of available technological possibilities. It could be concluded that due to the correlation requirement a new type of virtual money with constant buying capacity or ‘virtual gold’ will come into being. It is underlined that virtual gold can be used only within the frames of a brand new, i.e. bi-currency money system. It is characterized by simultaneous functioning of traditional paper money and previously unknown money with constant buying capacity.

Moderation of Opportunistic Behavior between Budget Participation Preparation and Managerial Performance in the Telkom Pension Fund

A budget is a plan that is expressed quantitatively in units of money to achieve predetermined organizational goals. This study aims to determine whether there is an effect of opportunistic behavior on budgeting participation and managerial performance. Therefore, this study was conducted to see its consistency with previous studies. Researchers are interested in conducting research in the PT. Telkom Indonesia because of the phenomenon that occurs in the lack of effective managerial performance which results in opportunistic behavior related to the preparation of budget participation in the Employee Pension Fund of PT. Telkom Indonesia. This research was conducted in the PT. Telkom Indonesia Employee Pension Fund environment with the number of samples used as many as 78 employee respondents who were involved in the budgeting process. Analysis of the data used a moderating regression test (MRA) Moderated Regression Analysis with SPSS Software Version 20. The results of this study indicate that the preparation of budgetary participation has a significant effect on managerial performance, while opportunistic behavior is a moderating variable that strengthens the influence of budgetary participation on managerial performance.

Rational Degree of Belief Ceases to Be Additive When the Dutch Book Argument Is Transported to a New Environment

The strength of a person’s beliefs can be measured by the buying and selling prices they offer on contingent promissory notes. Consider a promissory note contingent on a proposition; it pays off one unit of money if the proposition is true and nothing otherwise. The more strongly a person believes the proposition, the higher the minimum price would be at which they would sell it. The same would apply to the maximum purchase price. The well-known Dutch Book Argument claims that, if the person’s beliefs are rational, their buying/selling prices should combine additively, meaning that the price of a promissory note contingent on the disjunction of two incompatible propositions should be the sum of the prices of the promissory notes contingent on the individual incompatible propositions. This paper shows that the essence of the Dutch Book Argument is that rational belief is additive because money is additive. It is proved that, if the structure of the Dutch Book Argument is kept, but a nonadditive resource is substituted for money, then rational belief will follow a nonadditive combining rule. It is also shown how rational buying/selling prices behave when the pay-off amount of a contingent note changes.

STUDI KELAYAKAN PEMBANGUNAN INSTALASI PENGOLAHAN AIR TIPE REVERSE OSMOSIS UNTUK SUMBER AIR PERMUKAAN DI KOTA BALIKPAPAN

Water sources that can be utulized in large quantities by water treatment plants come from surface water, namely rivers. Water is a basic need for life, the increase in population is followed by the rate of use, the burden of populations is also increasing rapidly. Based on data from PDAM Balikpapan in December 2017, the river currently used with a turbidity parameter of 6 – 24 NTU. Water treatment plants is a production unit to change the properties of water so that it is suitable for consumption. The design of water resources includes various choices among alternatives that that are physically feasible, in general each choice of several alternatives must be based on economic considerations, each alternative that receives serious attention must be stated in units of money before the choice is determined or economically feasible. The purpose of this research is to determine the payback periode and to analyze whether development is feasible from economic (financial) perspective or not. Based on the economic feasibility analysis, the payback periode for the type of reverse osmosis treatment for surface water sources with a capacity of 30 L/s is 16 years an 1 month with selling price or Rp.9.118/m3, to get a payback periode of reverse osmosis type treatment for surface water sources with a capacity of 30 L/s less than 10 years, the selling price of drinking water is Rp.16.000/m3 with a payback periode of 9 years and 3 months.

Response of soybean (Glycine max) to different sources and levels of sulphur application

Sulphur (S) is an important nutrient element for increasing soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill.] yield and oil content. The present study was conducted for three years to evaluate the effect of four levels of S (0, 20, 30 and 40 kg S/ha) applied through three different S sources (single super phosphate: SSP), gypsum and bentonite-S). Soybean responded to S application and its yield increased significantly up to 30 kg S/ha through different S sources. Across the S levels, the improvement in seed yield under SSP, gypsum and bentonite-S ranged from 0.257, 0.253 and 0.280 t/ha over the control. Application of sulphur has a positive effect on S concentration and total S uptake by the crop. All the three sources of S recorded equivalent effect on soybean at 30 kg S/ha. From the above, it may be concluded that application of 30 kg S/ha has maximized the productivity of soybean under sulphur deficient soils. The returns per rupee spent values increased with an increase in S application from 20 to 30 kg S/ha, indicating higher returns from these levels per unit of money spent on sulphur. Sulphur applied through SSP, gypsum and bentonite was equally efficient in meeting the S requirement of soybean under S deficient soils.

Dynamic inefficiency and fiscal interventions in an economy with land and transaction costs

Abstract The paper contributes to the discussion on whether real interest rates below real growth rates can be taken as evidence of dynamic inefficiency so that some fiscal intervention may be called for. A seemingly killing objection points to land, a non-produced durable asset in positive supply, as a reason why dynamic inefficiency can be ruled out. If real interest rates were expected to be below real growth rates forever, the value of land would be unbounded, which is incompatible with equilibrium. The paper shows that this objection is not robust to the presence of an arbitrarily small per-unit-of-value transaction cost. The paper also specifies fiscal interventions that provide for Pareto improvements even though they involve a resource cost. For the debate about public debt policy, the land argument is a red herring because it is incompatible with the presence of fiat money and debt denominated in units of fiat money.

Substituting dollar with hryvnia (peculiarities of translation of the English phraseological units with the components denoting units of money into Ukrainian)

Substituting dollar with hryvnia (peculiarities of translation of the English phraseological units with the components denoting units of money into Ukrainian)

PERANAN SISTEM INFORMASI AKUNTANSI DALAM MENGAMBIL KEPUTUSAN MANAJEMEN PADA PT WALET SOLUSINDO

The purpose of this study is to determine how big the role of accounting information systems is in management decision making. Information is one resource that is indispensable for management in making decisions. Accounting within the company plays an important role and can provide information about data expressed in units of money. To collect good financial data, a good information system is needed. The right business decisions can be made that are tailored to the information systems implemented in each company.The wrong decision will result in the policies set on the company or organization will also be wrong. Errors will also disrupt the operational activities of the organization, including the survival of the company or organization, both large and small are required to have a good and reliable information system, so as to produce relevant, accurate, and timely information. The application of accounting information systems in the company environment has developed. The results of the research carried out were that the accounting information system used at PT Walet Solusindo was good because it was done computerized, namely all existing accounting information was recorded into a computer so that if information was needed it could be obtained quickly and easily in the decision-making process. Keywords: Accounting Information Systems, Decision Making

La gran empresa de bebidas no alcohólicas en Colombia: rendimiento y EVA

Se pretende conocer el desempeño financiero de las grandes empresas de bebidas no alcohólicas en Colombia en el período 2014-2018, por medio del análisis y cotejo de los indicadores financieros que revelan su crecimiento, rendimiento financiero y beneficio económico. Se halla que este sector presenta rentabilidades del capital variables anualmente, provocado primordialmente por la orientación de la eficacia en la administración de erogaciones y del uso de un apalancamiento financiero positivo; además genera valor económico agregado (EVA) debido a que la rentabilidad del activo neto operacional después de impuestos es superior al costo de capital. No obstante, la rentabilidad del capital es inferior a la generadas por sectores homólogos externos en el ámbito mundial y de economías emergentes; pero el EVA creado por cada unidad monería invertida solo es superado por el sector equiparable global. Convendría profundizar estos hallazgos en grupos homogéneos de organizaciones de diferente tamaño y ubicación geográfica.

Функциональные особенности фразеологизма денег нет, но вы держитесь

The article describes the phraseological unit of money that is not enough, and it operates on the political Internet, electronic media and social networks. She has every reason to succeed in this matter. Based on contrast, due to the semantics of the union, the expression repeats the logic of the object of perception of the words of Dmitry Medvedev, the subject of phrase-making. Despite the fact that everyone knows the wide context and the situation in which the expression is pronounced, the phrase is attributed to the former prime minister and is sometimes quoted in quotation marks. The statistical analysis over the years, given in the article, shows that the winged expression is increasingly firmly entering our language. The grammatical form of phraseological sentence is presented as a source of semantic transformations. In the basis of the change in the meaning of phraseological units, according to the author, there is a change in speech acts laid down in the form of a wish. The article presents the prospects of studying options, transformations and a syntactic model of the phraseological unit and idiol of D. Medvedev as a political figure.