Monetary Fines Research Articles

Integrating TRA and SET to Influence Food Waste Reduction in Buffet-Style Restaurants: A Gender-Specific Approach

As one of the major greenhouse gas emission contributors, the food service industry, particularly buffet-style restaurants, is responsible for reducing food waste. This study explores the factors that shape consumer behavior toward food waste reduction in buffet-style restaurants based on the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and Social Exchange theory (SET), as well as analyzing the gender differences in these determinants, offering practical insights for the restaurant industry. This study also uses structural equation modeling and group analysis to examine a total of 547 valid responses gathered through an online survey, including 286 male (52.3%) and 258 female (47.2%) respondents. The findings underscore the attitudes, subjective norms, and establishment policies that emerge as critical drivers of consumer behavior in buffet-style dining settings. Notably, significant gender differences are observed in attitudes and establishment policies. In light of these results, we recommend strategies that include enhancing consumer attitudes and implementing penalty policies within restaurant operations. Restaurants could display visual signs and images related to reducing food waste, provide detailed portion size information, and apply monetary fines for excess waste to reduce consumers’ food waste intentions. These strategies are particularly effective for male consumers, who are more influenced by these factors compared to female consumers. This research contributes valuable guidance for the industry’s efforts to address food waste concerns, emphasizing gender differences and promoting environmentally responsible behavior among consumers.

A COMPARISON BETWEEN FIKIH SYAFI'IYAH AND THE SEXUAL VIOLENCE CRIMINAL ACT LAW RELATING TO WOMEN'S LEGAL PROTECTION

This research is driven by the disparities in the eradication of violence against women as outlined in Law Number 12 of 2022, which pertains to Criminal Acts of Sexual Violence (UU-TPKS), and the teachings of Imam Syafi'i. The research methodology employed is library research, utilizing primary and secondary sources as data sources. Primary data is derived from scholarly sources that are directly relevant to the central topic, such as articles, newspapers, books, and scientific journals. Secondary data refers to additional data that complements and supports primary data. After conducting extensive investigation, the author discovered many findings: Law no. 12 of 2022 was enacted to safeguard the rights of those who have experienced sexual violence, as such crimes frequently manifest in society as physical, psychological, and sexual abuse. In addition to overseeing the enforcement of criminal penalties, such as monetary fines. Furthermore, Imam Syafi'i strongly highlighted that Islamic law unequivocally forbids any and all manifestations of sexual aggression. According to Shafi'i scholars, sexual assault can be penalized with Qishash, diyat, and ta'zir, depending on the specific offense

An exploratory study of parent acceptance of sanctions for driving offenses committed by their children

Objective Graduated driver licensing (GDL) systems are effective at reducing young driver crashes but rely on active parental involvement. However, some parents may accept sanctions (e.g., demerit points, monetary fines) for traffic offenses committed by their children, leading to experiences of punishment avoidance by young drivers. This aim of this exploratory study was to investigate several demographic and psychosocial influences that could possibly be associated with parent acceptance of sanctions. Method An online survey was completed by parents of young drivers (N = 149, M = 48.88 years, SD = 4.76 years; female = 86%) from 3 Australian states. The survey included measures of sociodemographic characteristics and driving history (e.g., crash involvement), socioeconomic status, parenting style, knowledge of their child’s driving behavior, perceptions of their ability to manage their child’s driving, attitudes toward GDL, and previous or potential acceptance of demerit points or payment of fines for road offenses committed by their child. Results Twenty-nine percent of parents had accepted or would accept a sanction on behalf of their child. Number of children overall, number of children licensed, and household income were associated with parent acceptance of a sanction. Parenting style, attitude toward GDL restrictions, parent confidence in their knowledge of GDL restrictions and ability to manage their child’s driving, and belief that their child would follow rules were not associated with (non)acceptance of a sanction. Conclusions These exploratory findings suggest that family size and income may be important influences on parent acceptance of sanctions on behalf of their offending children. The findings related to the psychosocial variables are discussed considering other research and the limitations of the study.

Enforcing economic sanctions by tarnishing corporate reputations

AbstractWhat strategies work best for enforcing sanctions? Sanctions enforcement agencies like the US Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) face resource limitations and political constraints in punishing domestic firms for violating sanctions. Beyond monetary fines, sanctions enforcement actions also serve a “naming and shaming” function that tarnishes violators’ reputations. Larger, higher-profile companies tend have much more at stake in terms of their reputations than smaller or less well-known firms. At the same time, punishing higher-profile companies for sanctions violations is likely to generate more publicity about the risks and potential consequences of not complying with sanctions. We theorize that OFAC should impose larger fines on high-profile companies to draw attention to those cases, make the enforcement actions more memorable, and enhance the reputational costs that they inflict. We conduct a statistical analysis of OFAC enforcement actions from 2010 to 2021 and find support for our theory.

The punitive-penitentiary system of Transcarpathian Ukraine

A study of the process of normative-legal regulation of the activity of the punitive-penitentiary system in the territory of Transcarpathia in 1944-1946 was carried out.After the liberation of the territory of Transcarpathia in October 1944 local authorities faced the need to address a number of issues, including the formation of a system of punishments and the implementation of penitentiary activities. The processes of punitive-penitentiary nature took place as a gradual process of transformation, as a result of which Czechoslovak democratic traditions gradually adopted the features of the Soviet administrative-totalitarian system.The implementation of the above tasks began with the proclamation of a full amnesty to citizens of Transcarpathian Ukraine for crimes committed before the liberation of Transcarpathia. At the same time, work on the creation of correctional institutions begins. According to the relevant Resolution of the People’s Council of Transcarpathian Ukraine, a labor camp was established to serve sentences by persons sentenced to imprisonment.In some cases, as a form of punishment, the death penalty could be applied. However, such court decisions were executed only after approval by the People’s Council, which could replace them with imprisonment.At the same time, the leaders of Transcarpathia considered the re-education of offenders to be their main task. Therefore, forced (corrective) labor was considered the main type of punishment for offenders. For its organization, the position of referents for forced labor was established.
 At the same time, parole measures, pardon of convicts could be applied, and in cases where trials were inappropriate, a monetary fine was imposed. All this testified to the significant social orientation of state policy in Transcarpathia in the period 1944-1946.

Review of Statutory Obligations for Reporting Ballistic Injuries.

Google and PubMed searches were performed utilizing keywords "ballistic," "gunshot," "physician," and "reporting" as terms. Inclusion criteria included the English language, official state statute sites, legal and scientific articles, and websites. Exclusion criteria included nongovernmental sites and information sources. Data collected were analyzed to include statute numbers, time to report, infraction consequences, and monetary fines. The resultant data are reported by state and region. All but two state jurisdictions mandate healthcare providers to report knowledge and/or treatment of ballistic injuries, regardless of the timeline of injury. Violations of mandatory reporting may lead to fines or imprisonment, depending on the specific state. The timeline for reporting, fines, and subsequent legal action varies by state and region. Requirements for reporting injuries exist in 48 of 50 states. The treating physician/surgeon should thoughtfully question patients with a chronic ballistic injury history and provide reports to local law enforcement.

ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ ОЧЕРК ПРАВОВОГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ НАКАЗАНИЙ, НЕ СВЯЗАННЫХ С ИЗОЛЯЦИЕЙ ОТ ОБЩЕСТВА ПО УГОЛОВНОМУ ПРАВУ РОССИИ

Introduction: punishments not associated with isolation from society traditionally hold an important place in the system of criminal law measures. The author of this article adheres to the periodization concept according to which the development of criminal legislation on the discussed problem is divided into periods based on the content of the main normative acts (monuments of law) regulating such punishments. In the course of development, they transformed from vira (or wergeld, subsequently – a monetary fine), ‘putting to sack and pillage’ (which obtained the form of confiscation of property), to forced labor in its various forms (hard labor, correctional labor, compulsory labor, all alternative to imprisonment). Punishments not associated with isolation of the convicted person from society are restrictions of a right (or a combination of those) affecting different aspects of the convict’s status, including restrictions on freedom (exile, expulsion) or labor/property rights (correctional, compulsory works, fines, etc.). Purpose: to form an idea of the nature and process of legal regulation of punishments not associated with isolation from society under the criminal law of Russia on the basis of analysis of scientific sources, historical monuments of law, and foreign literature. Methods: comparative-legal and historical analysis, description, interpretation; theoretical methods of formal logic and synthesis; system-structural method; concretization, methods of deduction and induction. Results: the analysis of scientific commentaries, historical monuments, and foreign literature showed that during the Soviet period, the transformation of the complex of punishments not involving isolation from society consisted primarily in the use of public means of influence (public censure). Conclusions: the legal analysis revealed gradual abandoning of the type of punishments under discussion, with preservation of fines, various kinds of forced labor (obligatory, corrective, compulsory works), and confiscation of property as a supplementary measure of the criminal law nature.

A Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) with alveolar echinococcosis bitten to death by a dog – a challenge for the forensic pathologist as an expert witness

We present a case that illustrates the complex contexts in which forensic veterinary pathology examinations may be carried out. A wild muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) had died after a putative bite attack from a domestic dog. Bite attacks by privately owned dogs on wild animals in Switzerland violate the Swiss civil (and/or hunting) laws, and dog owners are generally punished with a monetary fine; hence, this case appeared to be straightforward. However, the results of the subsequent post-mortem examination of the muskrat not only confirmed the presence of injuries related to the bite attack, but also detected alveolar echinococcosis (ie, infestation with Echinococcus multilocularis). Therefore, as an intermediate host of the parasite, the muskrat could have contributed to further spread of a severe helminthic zoonosis had it not been killed by the dog. It was probably an easy prey for the dog as it probably had been weakened by the disease. Furthermore, muskrats are considered as pests and invasive species, and are non-indigenous huntable game in Switzerland and other European countries in which programmes for the prevention of their further spread and endangerment of native wildlife are established. The role of the forensic veterinary pathologist in such a complex scenario is to adopt an unbiased approach and establish the facts, which in this case was to determine the cause of death and suspected perpetrator, identify any concomitant and/or underlying diseases and consider potential animal welfare issues.

Applying Benford’s law to detect earnings management

Aim/purpose – This paper analyzes the role of Benford’s law in the detection of earn- ings management in Poland. Previous research that uses Benford’s law does not split the sample into a fraud and a control group; however, this method is used in logistic regres- sion and data mining analysis. Design/methodology/approach – The sample comprises 126 observations of Polish non-financial companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange for the years 2010-2021. The author uses first, second, and first-two digits analysis as a proxy for earnings man- agement detection. Findings – The results indicate that fraudulent companies have different deviations in the digits than control firms. Accordingly, the statistical test results indicate that control compa- nies have weaker conformity with the Benford distribution than fraudulent companies. Research implications/limitations – The study sample is limited to 126 observations, which is due to the small number of listed firms that received a monetary fine from the Polish Financial Supervision Authority (UKNF Board) for violation of IAS/IFRS princi- ples related to their financial statements during the study period. Originality/value/contribution – The author offers a significant contribution to the accounting literature by proposing the separation of fraudulent and control observations in Benford analysis due to differences in the deviations of digits. Also, analyzing the full sample may lead to the identification of inappropriate areas for further auditor analysis. Keywords: earnings management, digital analysis, Polish companies. JEL Classification: C46, M40, M42.

Lock-In Amplified Fluorescence Spectroscopy in a Digital Microfluidic Configuration for Antibiotic Detection of Ciprofloxacin in Milk

Antibiotic detection in dairy is crucial, as introduction of antibiotics in food can lead to antibiotic resistance and cause allergic reactions in consumers. Dairy farmers risk monetary fines for shipping contaminated milk. Microfluidics is an appealing technology, as it is portable, can be implemented on-site, and is highly automated. This work presents a digital microfluidic dairy device for antibiotic detection. The digital microfluidic dairy device explores integration of a lock-in amplifier with droplet-based microfluidic techniques, being electrowetting actuation and droplet control. The lock-in amplifier setup is initially demonstrated for the fluorescent dye rhodamine B, to establish baseline operation. Ultimately, the lock-in amplifier setup is demonstrated for detection of ciprofloxacin in milk. The limit of detection is significantly lowered through the integration of the lock-in amplifier technology. Actuation of milk and water samples is shown, demonstrating full two dimensional control over the position of water and milk droplets, to enable a complete lab-on-a-chip system. The results show promise for modern dairy testing of antibiotic signatures. [2022-0120]

Judicial protection of trademarks in Italy

Keywords: trademark, civil litigation, judicial examination, judicial expert, court order, legal proceedings, piracy, counterfeiting
 The article analyses the system of judicial protection of trademark rights on the example of Italy. The main focus is on the judicial procedures provided for by the Italian civil procedural law in the event of an appeal to the court for the protection of the rights of interested persons. Jurisdiction for consideration of cases related to the protection of trademark rights, as well as cases related to unfair competition, is defined. The examination is also carried out by specialized chambers of intellectual property in general courts that consider civil and criminal cases (first and second instance). The legislation distinguishes between two types of legal grounds for lawsuits: violation of the rights of the plaintiff (owner of the trademark certificate)and recognition of the trademark certificate as invalid. The types of decisions that can be made by the court are analysed. First, the court can decide on «descrizione», according to which the plaintiff, with the participation of a bailiff and an expert, can examine and draw up a detailed description of the goods and/or production methods that infringe his rights. The purpose of this procedure is to officially record the violation of the plaintiff's rights. Secondly, the court can may decide to impose a sequestration on the defendant's property. Sequestration is carried out by a bailiff. In some cases, the plaintiff may participate in order to correctly identify the goods subject to seizure. The court may decide on the application of sequestration in the presence of a real threat and the possibility of causing irreversible damage to the plaintiff.Thirdly, the court may issue a decision imposing a ban on the infringer's activities related to the production, distribution, marketing, promotion and sale of counterfeit goods. When deciding on the above-mentioned grounds, the court can provide for the collection of a certain monetary fine from the defendant.The conclusion is formulated that the system of judicial protection of the rights of trademark owners in Italy is characterized by a balance of interests between the owners of trademark certificates, state and public interests. The court that examines this category of cases takes a fairly balanced approach to the application of certain sanctions, considering all the specifics of intellectual property rights, the interests of business entities and the damage caused by violations.

The Collaborative Advocate: Psychiatrists' Role in Addressing Criminal Legal Involvement.

The Collaborative Advocate: Psychiatrists' Role in Addressing Criminal Legal Involvement.

Alternative Punishment as a Suitable Alternative to Imprisonment

Aim. The philosophy of alternative punishment is based on keeping the convicted person free, while imposing a punishment that will act preventively against committing another felony. The paper focuses on perceiving the importance of alternative punishment as part of restorative justice, and on presenting the results of the questionnaire survey which aimed to identify the public´s preferences in the context of various forms of alternative punishments as an option, instead of imprisonment. Attention is paid to three alternative punishments, specifically: community service, house arrest, and monetary sentence (fine). Methods. The questionnaire survey aimed to find out what forms of alternative punishment are, according to the respondents, a suitable alternative to incarceration. The survey sample comprised of Slovak individuals (N=1078) aged from 16 years and older, thereof 31.3% men (N=337) and 68.7% women (N=741). Results. Based on the analysis of the data collected from the 1078 respondents´ answers to the individual questions in the questionnaire, community service was identified as the most favorable alternative to imprisonment, whereas the least preferences the respondents gave to the option of monetary fines. Conclusion. The concept of alternative punishment is understood as a form of punishment that fulfills the purpose of a sentence, without deprivation of freedom, but still guaranteeing the fulfilment of a court-ordered unconditional retribution. Compared to traditional forms of punishment, alternative methods of resolving judicial cases do not enforce repression and prefer the individual approach to punishing the accused (convicted) persons with emphasis on corrective aspects of alternative punishment. The results of the survey showed that the respondents strongly prefer one form of alternative punishment, namely the community service.

‘Constituencies of Control’ – Collective Punishments in Kenya’s Mau Mau Emergency, 1952–55

ABSTRACT Between 1952 and 1955, British Administrators in Central Kenya made wide use of livestock seizures and monetary fines known as collective punishments to penalise disloyal communities during the Mau Mau rebellion. Authorities were supported in these efforts by local collaborators drawn from the same communities as the insurgents, known as loyalists, through their support for the appropriateness and familiarity of these punishments. Based primarily on new archival material found in the controversial Hanslope disclosure, this article outlines the history of collective punishment, stresses the importance of the practice to the maintenance of localised control and argues that while interpersonal violence engendered fear, collective punishment alongside wider repertoires of coercion were the most immediate daily manifestation of dominaton. The article concludes by discussing the implications of the Kenya case for our broader understanding of everyday colonial control.

Differences in the perceived justice of penalties for road traffic offences between Lithuanian offenders and non-offenders.

Most countries around the world use the penalties’ system in order to increase compliance with road traffic rules. However, it can be argued that the most penalties’ systems are ineffective, as drivers do not change offending behavior due to received penalty and repeatedly violate them. The perceived fairness of these penalties may be related to the level of adherence to these traffic rules. Therefore, this research explored the perceived justice of penalties for road traffic rules in a sample of Lithuanian drivers and investigated the differences between offenders and non-offenders. The sample consisted of 358 participants (63.4 percent females, aged 18–75, mean age 35.2 years) who completed an online survey. Participants were asked to report how fair they believed penalties were for road traffic rule offences in general and using a list of 23 specific penalties, including: drink driving, speeding, dangerous maneuverings, illegal overtaking, handheld phone use while driving, etc. The survey measured demographic data, as well as data regarding driving exposure, traffic offences and crashes during the last 12 months. The results revealed that in general drivers perceived the penalties as fair or adequate. The answer “adequate/fair” was chosen most frequently for almost all penalties (from 41.1 to 71.3 percent), with only the penalty for carrying a child without a car seat (€30–50) being perceived as too mild (55.5%). Gender differences were found in the evaluation of the penalty for driving under the influence of alcohol, while age and driving frequency differences were found in the perceived fairness of the penalties for not using a seatbelt, aberrant driving and using a handheld mobile phone while driving. Drivers who reported no offences during the last year, perceived the penalties for speeding as being too mild, when compared to drivers with at least one penalty over the previous year. Contrarily, offenders reported the penalties for speeding as being too severe. Offenders, who experienced driving license suspension, perceived the penalties as being too severe for drink driving and aberrant driving than offenders who received monetary fines. In summary, both Lithuanian offenders and non-offenders generally perceived the penalties for traffic rule offences as adequate and fair, but individual differences and the experience of traffic sanctions were related to the perceived justice of specific penalties.

Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Korporasi Menurut Vicarious Liability Theory

The development of the corporation is eventually positioning itself as an entity that gets stronger and more powerful due to its advantages over entities in the form of natural humans. These advantages can be realized through a combination of a group of people and assets that they can create a social impact around them. Corporations that have been sentenced to criminal penalty in the form of monetary fine create injustice as they consist of a collection of people from various duties and their respective functions, hence only a few people have the authority to determine the direction of the corporate policy, therefore the penalty in the form of fine are distributed to all sectors of the corporation to share the burden. This shows that the corporation management is the party responsible for corporate crimes. This study uses a normative juridical method by parsing the doctrine of vicarious liability. The results of this study conclude that to identify who is most responsible for the criminal acts of the corporation through the approach of Vicarious Liability Theory, it is the actually the management, where every action of the corporations falls within the authority and the will of the management, thus it is the corporate management which becomes the party most responsible for the criminal action committed by the corporation

Drivers of snow leopard poaching and trade in Pakistan and implications for management

The snow leopard is one of the highly valued species from high-altitude mountain ecosystems of Central and Southeast Asia, including Pakistan. This keystone species is facing a myriad of conventional and emerging threats, including poaching and trade, that are poorly documented in Pakistan. To understand the dynamics and drivers of the poaching and trading of snow leopards in Pakistan, we investigated the issue in depth through a multifaceted survey in the snow leopard range of the country. We recorded 101 snow leopard poaching incidences from 11 districts during 2005–2017. The reported poaching incidences varied spatially (x̄ = 9 ± 2.6 [95% Cl: 3–15]) and temporally (x̄ = 7.8 ± 1.09) and accounted for 2–4% annual population loss (n = 200–420) in a period of 13 years. Poaching and trade together constituted 89% of the total incidence reported and animals were mostly shot (66%), poisoned (12%), snared (12%) and captured (4%), respectively. Only a fraction (3%) of the incidences were reported to the relevant law enforcement agencies. Trade routes included large cities and neighbouring countries, even the Middle East and Europe. The average base and end prices for each item were 245 ± 36 USD and 1,736 ± 520 USD, respectively, while maximum monetary fines set as per the law were 275 USD. Our results establish the need for developing multi-stakeholder coordination mechanisms at regional, national and international levels and information sharing to curb this menace. Improving the existing laws and surveillance system, while taking the local communities onboard, will further help to this end.

Paying people for getting vaccinated? A favorable solution for both vaccine-hesitant persons and the public.

Assume a pandemic in which, despite all efforts of vaccine persuasion, too many people are hesitant toward vaccination for a laissez-faire regime to reach herd immunity on a strictly voluntary basis. Then, basically four policy options are available-(a) moral appeals, (b) legal obligation, (c) monetary fines, and (d) monetary rewards. In this article, we demonstrate that the prevalent vaccination debate chooses the wrong starting point in discussing these options. Rather than asking how vaccine hesitancy can be overcome as a (bothersome) hindrance toward reaching herd immunity, we ask how one can reach herd immunity in due time while minimizing the (subjectively perceived) offense to the dignity of vaccine-hesitant citizens. This change in perspective favors paying people for getting vaccinated instead of sanctioning them for not doing so. With respect to the COVID-19 crisis, we show that a payment strategy is both feasible and advisable. This may be an important insight not only in the short term, but also with respect to future pandemics that are likely to come.

Nadużycie praw procesowych w postępowaniu cywilnym – zagadnienia ogólne

Nadużycie praw procesowych w postępowaniu cywilnym – zagadnienia ogólne

What’s Really Wrong with Fining Crimes? On the Hard Treatment of Criminal Monetary Fines

Among the advocates of expressive theories of punishment, there is a strong consensus that monetary fines cannot convey the message of censure that is required to punish serious crimes or crimes against the person (e.g., rape). Money is considered an inappropriate symbol to express condemnation. In this article, I argue that this sentiment is correct, although not for the reasons suggested by advocates of expressivism. The monetary day-fine should not be understood as a simple deprivation of money, but as a punishment that reduces the offender’s capacity to consume for a certain period of time. Conceived in this manner, I argue that it is perfectly suitable to convey censure. However, the practical impossibility of ensuring that the person who pays the fine is the same person who has been convicted of the offense seriously undermines the acceptability of the monetary fine as an instrument of censure. Minimizing the risk of the fine’s hard treatment being transferred to third parties is a necessary condition for the monetary fine to be considered a viable alternative to lengthy prison sentences.