Moller's Theory Research Articles

Heavy quark energy loss in the quark-gluon plasma in the Moller theory

We study the energy loss of a heavy quark propagating in the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) in the framework of the Moller theory, including possible large Coulomb logarithms as a perturbation to BDMPSZ bremsstrahlung, described in the harmonic oscillator (HO) approximation. We derive the analytical expression that describes the energy loss in the entire emitted gluon frequency region. In the small frequencies region, for angles larger than the dead cone angle, the energy loss is controlled by the BDMPSZ mechanism, while for larger frequencies it is described by N = 1 term in the GLV opacity expansion. We estimate corresponding quenching rates for different values of the heavy quark path length and different m/E ratios.

How Global Is Global Constitutionalism?

This paper is a comment on Kai Moller, The Global Model of Constitutional Rights (Oxford University Press 2012). In his book, Moller aims to develop a theory of rights which could explain the main features of what he calls the model of constitutional rights. These main features are: rights inflation, positive obligations and socio-economic rights, horizontal effects, and balancing and proportionality. Moller's theory is substantive, reconstructive and general, in contrast to formal, normative or particular theories. In this paper, I focus on the first two characteristics and attempt to analyse whether (1) his reconstructive theory can be substantive, and whether (2) his substantive theory can be global. Additionally, since the proportionality test is a central feature of Moller's global model, I will also analyse one specific element of his account of this test.

Relativistic collisions: The work of Christian M�ller in the early 1930s

In 1928 Paul Dirac published his relativistic quantum theory of the electron and George Gamow applied quantum mechanics to the emission of alpha particles from atomic nuclei. Together with attempts to formulate a quantum theory of the electromagnetic field, these two theories marked a new phase of quantum physics in which high-energy phenomena and atomic nuclei moved to the forefront of physicists' interests. The theory of collision between particles and the corresponding theory of stopping of charged particles in matter were revitalized by the impact of these developments in quantum mechanics. By 1930 collision and stopping theory attracted increasing interest among theoretical physicists, who realized that it was of vital importance in understanding the elementary processes taking place in the cosmic radiation. The problem was particularly important in connection with high-energy, relativistic collisions where the new quantum electrodynamics seemed to face grave difficulties.1 One way of circumventing these difficulties was to make use of a connection between electromagnetic fields and quantum mechanics first proposed by Oskar Klein in 1927. The resulting theory, worked out by the Danish physicist Christian Moller in 1931-32, was relativistic, but made no use of quantized fields. Mdller's theory of electronelectron scattering received unexpected experimental support in 1932, and became an important tool in the early phase of high-energy physics, where it was frequently used as a substitute for a proper electrodynamical treatment. This paper analyses the background and development of Moller's theory. That theory grew out of a research tradition cultivated at Niels Bohr's institute in Copenhagen and was in important respects influenced by what was called the

On the scalar-tetradic theories of gravitation: Cosmology and gravitational radiation

The so-called scalar-tetradic theoriesA andB generalize Moller's theory of gravitation. In this work, some results previously obtained in Moller's theory are extended to the theoriesA andB. When the parametersW andλ*. of the theoryA are not too small (or large), the losses of energy and angular momentum of a nongravitationally bound system are proved to be the same as in general relativity. The basic equations of cosmology are derived and some topics are treated. In particular, any density of energyρ0 (10−29 g cm−3 ≳ρ0 ≳ 10−31 g cm−3) appears to be compatible with the observational values ofH0 (Hubble constant) andqo (deceleration parameter) in the theory A; thus, no intergalactic energy assumption is necessary.

On Møller's tetrad theory of gravitation. Gravitational radiation

In the background of Moller's theory, two energy-momentum complexest andP, are defined. From them, the losses of energy and angular momentum of a nongravitationally bound system due to the radiation of gravitational waves are evaluated. To solve the field equations some approximation procedures are used. The post-Newtonian limit is studied. When the modulus of the coupling constant of the theory is smaller than 103 and some reasonable conditions are assumed, the results here obtained appear to be identical to those of general relativity. The work performed here would be basic when dealing with some important questions in generalizing Moller's theory.

On Mø11er's tetrad theory of gravitation cosmology

We use a particular tetrad field to describe homogeneous isotropic cosmologies in the background of Moller's theory of gravitation. We prove that the universe can be closed or open for any possible value of the density of energy. The relation between the apparent magnitudem and the number of galaxies with a magnitude greater thanm is proved to be different from that of general relativity.

Monte Carlo simulation of fast secondary electron production in electron beam resists

Monte Carlo calculations of fast secondary electron production have been performed with a hybrid model for the discrete and continuous energy-loss processes. The Moller theory was adopted for the differential inelastic scattering cross-section which determines the production rate of fast secondary electrons. The calculations were made for both a bulk polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) sample and 4000-Å-thin films of PMMA (with and without a silicon substrate) at 10 and 20 keV. The new model is discussed and comparison made with results obtained from the old model, which is based on the continuous slowing down approximation of Bethe for energy loss and the screened Rutherford equation for elastic angular scattering. The new model predicts a larger absorbed energy density than the old model for an isolated line source exposure on a resist film. The consequences of this fast secondary electron contribution on the ultimate limit in electron lithography is discussed.

Positron–electron scattering and Bhabha exchange effects

The study of positron–electron scattering is made using a Wilson cloud chamber to check the presence of Bhabha exchange effects. The observed scattering cross section is more than the value calculated from Moller's theory of positron–electron scattering, where only the Coulomb interaction between the particles is considered. However, the experimental results are in good agreement with the theory if the exchange effects suggested by Bhabha are also included.

M ller's Energy Momentum Pseudo-tensor and its Application to the Born-Infeld Model of a Charged Particle

A simple derivation is given of both the Einstein and Moller total energy-momentum conservation laws in general relativity from Komar's covariant identity. The Einstein and Moller theories are briefly compared. The main purpose of the paper is to use the Moller theory to obtain the energy distribution in the field associated with the Born-Infeld model of a charged particle incorporated in general relativity. It is shown that the Maxwell-Einstein point charge may be regarded as a limiting case of the Born-Infeld model provided an infinite negative mass of non-electromagnetic origin is introduced to compensate for the infinite Maxwell self-energy.